The investigation of hardness and density properties of GFRP composite pipes under seawater conditions

Abstract

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite pipes are mostly used in transmission lines of submarine oil, natural gas, and chemical fluids. The alterations in mechanical characteristics of composite pipes used in submarine applications are of great importance to the lifespan of the material. Some important mechanical properties of composite materials are density and hardness value. In this study, the changes in the density and hardness values of GFRP composite pipes which were unexposed to seawater and exposed to seawater for 1, 2 and 3 months were investigated. As a result of the present study, it was deduced that the characteristics of the sample changed with the effect of seawater.

Keywords

• Composite pipes
• seawater effect
• hardness
• Density

References

1. Aktaş A & Uzun İ (2008). Sea water effect on pinned-joint glass fibre composite materials. Composite structures, 85(1), 59-63.
2. Alderson K L & Evans K E (1992). Low velocity transverse impact of filament-wound pipes: Part 1. Damage due to static and impact loads. Composite structures, 20(1), 37-45.
3. ASTM D 785 (1993), Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006, www.astm.org.
4. Baschek G, Hartwig G & Zahradnik F (1998). Effect of water absorption in polymers at low and high temperatures. Polymer, 40, 3433-3441.
5. Buehler F U & Seferis J C (2000). Effect of reinforcement and solvent content on moisture absorption in epoxy composite materials. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 31(7), 741-748.
6. Carter H G & Kibler K G (1978). Langmuir-type model for anomalous moisture diffusion in composite resins. Journal of Composite Materials, 12(2), 118-131.
7. Chakraverty A P, Mohanty U K, Mishra S C & Satapathy A. (2015). Sea water ageing of GFRP composites and the dissolved salts. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol. 75, No. 1, p. 012029). IOP Publishing.
8. Chu W, Wu L & Karbhari V M (2004). Durability evaluation of moderate temperature cured E-glass/vinylester systems. Composite Structures, 66(1-4), 367-376.

9. Davies P & Rajapakse Y D (2014). Durability of composites in a marine environment (Vol. 208). Springer, Berlin, Germany.
10. Dehkordi M T, Nosraty H, Shokrieh M M, Minak G & Ghelli D (2010). Low velocity impact properties of intra-ply hybrid composites based on basalt and nylon woven fabrics. Materials and Design, 31(8), 3835-3844.
11. Demirci I (2017). Karbon nanotüp ve nano silika takviyeli bazalt/epoksi hibrit nanokompozitlerin korozif ortamda darbe davranışları. Master’s Thesis, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
12. Doğan A (2014). Farklı çevresel koşullara maruz kompozitlerin mekanik davranışları. Master’s Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey.
13. Ferreira J M, Pires J T B, Costa J D, Errajhi O A & Richardson M (2007). Fatigue damage and environment interaction of polyester aluminized glass fiber composites. Composite structures, 78(3), 397-401.
14. Gellert E P & Turley D M (1999). Seawater immersion ageing of glass-fibre reinforced polymer laminates for marine applications. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 30(11), 1259-1265.
15. Kara M (2012). Düşük hızlı darbe sonrası yama ile tamir edilmiş filaman sarım CTP boruların iç basınç altındaki hasar davranışı. Doctoral Thesis, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey.
16. Kara M, Uyaner M, Avcı A & Akdemir A (2014). Effect of non-penetrating impact damages of pre-stressed GRP tubes at low velocities on the burst strength. Composites: Part B, 60, 507-514.
17. Kara M, Kırıcı M, Tatar A C & Avcı A (2018). Impact behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy composite tubes reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes at cryogenic environment. Composites Part B: Engineering, 145, 145-154.
18. Karakuzu R, Kanlioglu H, & Deniz M E (2014). Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties of Glass-Epoxy Composites. Materials Testing, 56(5), 355-361.
19. Katunin A, Gnatowski A & Kajzer W (2015). Evolution of static and dynamic properties of GFRP laminates during ageing in deionized and seawater. Advanced Composites Letters, 24(3), 096369351502400302.
20. Kawagoe M, Doi Y, Fuwa N, Yasuda T & Takata K (2001). Effects of absorbed water on the interfacial fracture between two layers of unsaturated polyester and glass. Journal of materials science, 36(21), 5161-5167.
21. Kootsookos A, Mourotz A P & St John N A (2001). Comparison of the seawater durability of carbon and glass polymer composites. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Composite Materials, ID-1200, Proceedings of ICCM-13, Beijing.
22. Lee T H Y C, Freddy & Loh N L (1993). Characterization of a fibre-reinforced PPS composite by dynamic mechanical analysis: effect of aspect ratio and static stres. Composite science and technology, 49, 217-223.
23. Liao K, Schultesiz C R, Hunston D L & Brinson L C (1998). Long-term durability of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composite materials for infrastructure applications: a review. Journal of advanced materials, 30(4):3–40.
24. Mouzakis D E, Zoga H and Galiotis C (2008). Accelerated environmental ageing study of polyester/glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRPCs). Composites part B: engineering, 39(3), 467-475.
25. Pal R, Murthy H N, Sreejith M, Mahesh K V, Krishna M & Sharma S C (2012). Effect of laminate thickness on moisture diffusion of polymer matrix composites in artificial seawater ageing. Frontiers of Materials Science, 6(3), 225-235.
26. Papanicolaou G C, Kosmidou T V, Vatalis A S & Delides C G (2006). Water absorption mechanism and some anomalous effects on the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of an epoxy system. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99(4), 1328-1339.
27. Pavan R M, Saravanan V, Dinesh A R, Rao Y J, Srihari S & Revathi A (2001). Hygrothermal effects on painted and unpainted glass/epoxy composites—Part A: moisture absorption characteristics. Journal of reinforced plastics and composites, 20(12), 1036-1047.
28. Pritchard G & Speake S D (1987). The use of water absorption kinetic data to predict laminate property changes. Composites, 18(3), 227-232.
29. Saha S & Bal S (2018). Long term hydrothermal effect on the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber doped epoxy composites. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 38(3), 251-261.
30. Schutte C L (1994). Environmental durability of glass-fiber composites. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 13(7), 265-323.
31. Shen C H & Springer G S (1976). Moisture absorption and desorption of composite materials. Journal of composite materials, 10(1), 2-20.
32. Shenoi R A & Wellicome J F (1993). Composite Materials in Maritime Structures: Fundamental Aspects (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press, England.
33. Summerscales J (2013). Durability of composites in the marine environment. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, Vol 208, no. 3, pp. 1–13.
34. Uyaner M, Kara M & Şahin A. (2014). Fatigue Behavior of Filament Wound E-Glass/Epoxy Composite Tubes Damaged by Low Velocity Impact. Composites: Part B, 61, 358-364.
35. Wei B, Cao H & Song S (2011). Degradation of basalt fibre and glass fibre/epoxy resin composites in seawater. Corrosion Science, 53(1), 426-431.
36. Visco A M, Campo N & Cianciafara P (2011). Comparison of seawater absorption properties of thermoset resins based composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42(2), 123-130.
37. Zhang S, Karbhari V M, Mai L Y & Mai Y W (2000). Evaluation of property retention in E-glass/vinylester composites after exposure to salt solution and natural weathering. Journal of reinforced plastics and composites, 19(9), 704-731.
38. Zhou H, Wang G, Chen L, Yu Z, Smith L M & Chen F (2019). Hydrothermal Aging Properties of Three Typical Bamboo Engineering Composites. Materials, 12(9), 1450.