Comparison of soil improvement techniques on the development of efficient consolidation response

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 619 - 639, 31.10.2024

Tanay Karademir

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1450442

Öz

A comprehensive experimental program including two distinct series of consolidation tests was performed on clay specimens prepared at different dry weight proportions including 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% polypropylene fiber or lime by weight mixed with clayey soil. Fiber inclusion into clay resulted in enhancement of compressive strength characteristics, improvement of hydraulic properties that is an advantage for modification of stability and durability properties of clayey soil under loads. Similarly, the higher hydraulic conductivity of clay resulted that will shorthen duration of consolidation settlement, hence, eventually influence completion of plastic consolidation deformation favorably for soft clays. Lime-treatment on clay specimens showed that the compressibility properties are improved such that the strength of clay against loading enhances, exhibits less consolidation deformation under load owing to increase in lime content. On the other hand, clay becomes highly impermeable, displays substantially larger water-resistant properties because of increased lime mass proportion (i.e. time-extension) in clayey soil that results in prolongation of expulsion of excess porewater pressure from clay due to load application, relevant induced stresses. Fiber-inclusion resulted in exhibiting logarithmic decrement with a mild rate of decline while lime-treatment led to exponential reduction with a sharp rate of drop for compression index (Cc), compressibility coefficient (αv), volume compressibility coefficient (mv). Further, fiber-inclusion stimulated exponential and quadratical increment whereas lime-treatment induced exponential decrement for coefficient of consolidation (cv), hydraulic conductivity (k), respectively. As a result, the Cc, αv, mv enhanced on the order of within 10 at average of 80% to 90% with a minimum of 70% by value for both fiber-reinforcement and lime-stabilization soil-stabilization techniques. The cv, k improved on the order of within 10 at average of 75% to 85% by value for fiber-reinforcement whereas dis-improved on the order of within 10 at average of 70% to 80% by value for lime-stabilization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil Stabilization, Fiber Reinforcement, Lime Stabilization, Consolidation Response, Cohesive Soils

Kaynakça

• Bell, F. G. (1996). Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering Geology, 42(4), 223-237.
• Maher, M. H., & Ho, Y. C. (1994). Mechanical properties of kaolinite/fiber soil composite. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(8), 1381–1393.
• Santoni, R. L., & Webster, S. L. (2001). Airfields and roads construction using fiber stabilization of sands. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 127(2), 96–104.
• Cai, Y., Shi, B., & Ng, C. W. W. (2006). Effect of polypropylene fibre and lime admixture on engineering properties of clayey soil. Engineering Geology, 87(3), 230–240.
• Tang, C. S., Shi, B., & Zhao, L. Z. (2010). Interfacial shear strength of fiber reinforced soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 28(1), 54–62.
• Tang, C. S., Wang, D. Y., & Cui, Y. J. (2016). Tensile strength of fiber-reinforced soil. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(7), 04016031.
• Maher, M. H., & Gray, D. H. (1990). Static response of sands reinforced with randomly distributed fibers. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(11), 1661–1677.
• Kumar, A., Walia, B., & Mohan, J. (2006). Compressive strength of fiber reinforced highly compressible clay. Construction and Building Materials, 20(1), 1063–1068.
• Tang, C., Shi, B., & Gao, W. C. (2006). Strength and mechanical behavior of short polypropylene fiber reinforced and cement stabilized clayey soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 24(1), 1–9.
• Gray, D. H., & Ohashi, H. (1983). Mechanics of fiber reinforcement in sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 109(3), 335–351.
• Gray, D. H., & Al-Refeai, T. (1986). Behavior of fabric versus fiber reinforced sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(8), 809–820.
• Ekmen, A. B., Algin, H. M., & Ozen, M. (2020). Strength and stiffness optimisation of fly ash-admixed DCM columns constructed in clayey silty sand. Transportation Geotechnics, 24, 100364.
• Ekmen, A. B., & Algin, H. M. (2023). Optimization of fiber-reinforced deep cement-fly ash mixing column materials. Revista de la Construcción. Journal of Construction, 22(3), 707-728.
• Dash, S. K., & Hussain, M. (2012). Lime stabilization of soils: Reappraisal. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24(6), 707-714.
• Abdi, M. R., & Wild, S. (1993). Sulphate expansion of lime-stabilized kaolinite: Physical characteristics. Clay Minerology, 28(4), 555-567.
• Geiman, C. M. (2005). Stabilization of soft clay subgrades in Virginia; Phase I laboratory study (Master’s thesis). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
• Barker, J. E., Rogers, C. D. F., & Boardman, D. I. (2006). Physiochemical changes in clay caused by ion migration from lime piles. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 18(2), 182-189.
• ASTM D2487. (2020). Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• ASTM D854. (2014). Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• ASTM D4318. (2018). Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• TS EN 459-1. (2015). Building lime – Part 1: Definitions, specifications and confirmity criteria. TSE, Ankara, Turkiye.
• ASTM D698-12. (2021). Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (600 kN-m/m3). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• ASTM D2435. (2003). Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• Turkish Lime Stabilization Specification. (2013). Lime stabilization specification as part of highway technical specification. Report prepared by Turkish General Directorate of Highways, Ankara, Turkiye.
• Mirzababaei, M., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., Soltani, A., & Khayat, N. (2018). Stabilization of soft clay using short fibers and poly vinyl alcohol. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 46(5), 646–655.
• Mirzababaei, M., Yasrobi, S., & Al-Rawas, A. A. (2009). Effect of polymers on swelling potential of expansive soils. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Ground Improvement, 162(3), 111–119.
• Sauceda, M., Johnson, D. W., Huang, J., & Bin-Shafique, S. (2014). Soil-strength enhancements from polymer-infused roots. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(2), 0000999.
• Puppala, A. J. (2016). Advances in ground modification with chemical additives: From theory to practice. Transportation Geotechnics, 9(1), 123–138.
• Kua, T. A., Arulrajah, A., Mohammadinia, A., Horpibulsuk, S., & Mirzababaei, M. (2017). Stiffness and deformation properties of spent coffee grounds based geopolymers. Construction Building Materials, 138(1), 79–87.
• Hoy, M., Rachan, R., Horpibulsuk, S., Arulrajah, A., & Mirzababaei, M. (2017). Effect of wetting-drying cycles on compressive strength and microstructure of recycled asphalt pavement - fly ash geopolymer. Construction Building Materials, 144(4), 624–634.
• Yong, R. N., & Ouhadi, V. R. (2007). Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils. Applied Clay Science, 35(3–4), 238–249.
• Viswanadham, B. V. S., Phanikumar, B. R., & Mukherjee, R. V. (2009). Swelling behaviour of a geofiber-reinforced expansive soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 27(1), 73–76.
• Saad, S., Mirzababaei, M., Mohamed, M., & Miraftab, M. (2012). Uniformity of density of compacted fibre reinforced clay soil samples prepared by static compaction. 5th European Geosynthetics Congress, Valencia, Spain.
• Jamsawang, P., Voottipruex, P., & Horpibulsuk, S. (2015). Flexural strength characteristics of compacted cement-polypropylene fiber sand. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 27(9), 1–9.
• Mirzababaei, M., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., & Anggraini, V. (2018). Practical approach to predict the shear strength of fibre-reinforced clay. Geosynthetics International, 25(1), 50–66.
• Soltani, A., Deng, A., & Taheri, A. (2018). Swell‒compression characteristics of a fiber-reinforced expansive soil. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 46(2), 183–189.
• Correia, A. A. S., Venda Oliveira, P. J., & Custódio, D. G. (2015). Effect of polypropylene fibres on the compressive and tensile strength of a soft soil, artificially stabilised with binders. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 43(2), 97–106.
• Ertugrul, O. L., & Canogullari, F. D. (2021). An investigation on the geomechanical properties of fiber reinforced cohesive soils. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 5(1), 15–19.
• Yilmaz, B., & Turkoz, M. (2022). Determination of shear strength parameters of compacted high plasticity clay soils based on different laboratory tests. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 6(4), 313–319.