Türkiye’deki Suriyeli üniversite öğrencilerinde yılmazlık

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı savaş mağduru göçmenlerde risk ve koruyucu faktörler temelinde yılmazlık kaynaklarını derinlemesine incelemektir. Nitel araştırmaların bir türü olan “olgubilim (fenomenoloji) çalışması” olarak yapılan araştırmanın örneklemini savaştan dolayı Türkiye’ye göç etmek zorunda kalmış 5 kadın, 5 erkek 10 üniversite eğitimi gören öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış Göçmen Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Yılmazlık Görüşme Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre risk farktörleri daha çok sosyal kaynaklı iken, bireysel faktörler bireysel kaynaklıdır. Ayrıca beliritlen risk faktörleri şu şekildedir: Başkalarına güvensizlik, öfke kontrolü, olumsuz bakış açısı, finansal zorluklar, medya etkisi, ölüme şahit olmak, eğitimin sekteye uğraması, sosyal önyargı ve dışlanma, yeni yerleşim yeri ile ilgili sorunlar, dil problemi, yaşam alanı değişimi, aile üyelerinden birinin ölümü ve aile üyelerinden ayrı yaşamak. Koruyucu faktörler ise şu şekildedir: Sosyal destek, kariyer amaçlılığı, sabır, özgüven, öğrenmeye istekli olmak, azim, maneviyat, finansal destek, ev sahibi topum desteği, göçmen desteği ve aile üyelerinin desteği. Bunun yanında katılımcıların yılmazlığın bir göstergesi olarak, kendilerini mutlu ve ayakta kalmış/güçlü olarak nitelendirme yoğunluklarının fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yılmazlık,Göçmenler,Risk faktörleri,Koruyucu faktörler

Resilience among Syrian university students in Turkey

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to deeply examine the resilience in war victim immigrants based on risk and protective factors. The sample of the research, which is structured as a phenomenological study, a type of qualitative research, constitute of 5 women, 5 men and 10 university students. A semi-structured Immigrant University Students Resilience Interview Form, created by the researchers, was used as a data collection tool. According to the results, while the risk factors of the participants were mainly societal, the protective factors were mainly individual. Additionally, the risk factors are distrust in others, anger management, pessimism, financial difficulty, media effect, witnessing to death, interruption of education, social prejudice and unsupportive, new settlement, language problem, change of living space, death of family member, living apart to family. The protective factors are; social contribution, career goals, patience, self-confidence, desire for learning, grit, spirituality, financial situation, host society support, immigrant support, family members support. Furthermore, it was found that the percentage of the participants who consider themselves as happy and standing individuals which is a sign of resilience was high.

Keywords

• Resilience,Immigrants,Risk factors,Protective factors

References

1. Alessi, E. J. (2016). Resilience in sexual and gender minority forced migrants: A qualitative exploration. Traumatology, 22(3), 203-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/trm0000077
2. Aycan, Z., & Berry, J.W. (1996). Impact of employment-related experiences on immigrants' psychological well-being and adaptation to Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 28(3), 240-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.28.3.240
3. Beiser, M., Simich, L., Pandalangat, N., Nowakowski, M., & Tian, F. (2011). Stresses of passage, balms of resettlement, and posttraumatic stress disorder among Sri Lankan Tamils in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(6), 333-340.
4. Bennett, H., Boshoff, A., & Rigby, C. (1997). The relationship between tenure, stress and coping strategies of South African immigrants to New Zealand. South African Journal of Psychology, 27(3), 160-165.
5. Bhui, K., Craig, T., Mohamud, S., Warfa, N., Stansfeld, S.A., Thornicroft, G., Curtis, S., & McCrone, P. (2006). Mental disorders among Somali refugees. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(5), 400-408.
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: AnıYayıncılık.
7. Carranza, M. E. (2007). Building resilience and resistance against racism and discrimination among Salvadorian female youth in Canada. Child & Family Social Work, 12(4), 390-398.
8. Collins, E. M., & Guruge, S. (2008). Theoretical perspectives and conceptual frameworks. In S. Guruge & E. M. Collins (Eds.), Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

9. Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2014). Research methods design and analysis. Edinburgh: Pearson Education.
10. Çelik, S. (2014). Nitel analizin kalitesinin ve inanırlığının arttırılması. Bütün, M. ve Demir, S. B. (Ed.), Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem.
11. Demir, (2017). Suriyeli göçmen üniversite öğrencilerinde yılmazlığın incelenmesi (Unpublished Master Thesis). Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep.
12. Dunn, J. R., & Dyck, I. (2000). Social determinants of health in Canada’s immigrant population: results from the National Population Health Survey. Social science & medicine, 51(11), 1573-1593.
13. Ellis, B. H., MacDonald, H. Z., Klunk Gillis, J., Lincoln, A., Strunin, L., & Cabral, H. J. (2010). Discrimination and mental health among Somali refugee adolescents: the role of acculturation and gender. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4).
14. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309-1314.
15. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research ineducation (8th ed.). New York: Mc GrawHIll.
16. Gibbs, G. R. (2007). Thematic Coding and Categorizing, Analyzing Qualitative Data. SAGE Publications Ltd., London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208574
17. Gordon, E. W., & Song, L. D. (1994). Variations in the experience of resilience. In M. C. Wang & E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects (pp. 27-43). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
18. Greeff, A. P., & Human, B. (2004). Resilience in families in which a parent has died. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32(1), 27-42.
19. Guerin, B., Abdi, A., & Guerin, P. B. (2003). Experiences with the medical and health systems of Somali refugees living in Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 32, 27-32.
20. Gürcanlı, Z. (2012, 30 Kasım). Suriyeliye ikamet izni. Hürriyet. Erişim adresi: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/suriyeliye-ikamet-izni-22043791.
21. Gürgan, U. (2006). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık düzeylerine etkisi. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara University, Ankara.
22. Inman, A. G., Howard, E. E., Beaumont, R. L., & Walker, J. A. (2007). Cultural transmission: Influence of contextual factors in asian indian immigrant parents' experiences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.93
23. İlbay, N. (2017). Hatay'daki Suriyeli mültecilerin sosyalyaşama adaptasyonu: Sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay.
24. Jaranson, J. M., Butcher, J., Halcon, L., Johnson, D. R., Robertson, C., Savik, K., Spring, M., & Westermeyer, J. (2004). Somali and Oromo refugees: correlates of torture and trauma history. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 591-598.
25. Keklik, A. Z. (2016). Suriyeli sığınmacılarda hepatit B ve C hastalık sıklığı ile bu hastalıklarla ilgili bilgi ve riskli davranış düzeyleri (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harran University, Urfa.
26. Kiernan, K. E., & Mensah, F. K. (2011). Poverty, family resources and children's early educational attainment: the mediating role of parenting. British Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 317-336.
27. Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: the resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz J. L. Johnson, (Eds), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179-224). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
28. Magro, K. (2009). Expanding conceptions of intelligence: Lessons learned from refugees and newcomers to Canada. Gifted and Talented International, 24(1), 79-92.
29. Maree, K., & Molepo, M. (2006). The use of narratives in cross-cultural career counselling. In M. Macmahon & W. Patton (Ed.). Career Counselling. Routledge: New York
30. Marshall, E. A., Butler, K., Roche, T., Cumming, J., & Taknint, J. T. (2016). Refugee youth: A review of mental health counselling issues and practices. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 57(4), 308-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000068
31. Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York: The Gullford Press.
32. Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.). The Hadbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford: Oxfort University Pres.
33. Mawani, F. N. (2001). Sharing attachment across cultures: Learning from immigrants and refugees. Ottawa: Health Canada.
34. Mawani, F. N. (2014). Social determinants of refugee mental health. In L. Smitch and L. Andermann (Ed). Refuge and resilience (27-51). New York: Springer.
35. Nwadiora, E., & McAdoo, H. (1996). Acculturative stress among Amerasian refugees: Gender and racial differences. Adolescence, 31(122), 477-488.
36. Öğülmüş, S. (2001). Bir kişilik özelliği olarak yılmazlık. I. Ulusal Çocuk ve Suç Sempozyumu: Nedenler ve Önleme Çalışmaları, Ankara (29-30 Mart).
37. Pickren, W. E. (2014). What is resilience and how does it relate to the refugee experience? Historical and theoretical perspectives. In L. Simich & L. Andermann (Eds.), International perspectives on migration: Vol. 7. Refuge and resilience: Promoting resilience and mental health among resettled refugees and forced migrants (pp. 7-26). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7923-5_2
38. Pieloch, K. A., McCullough, M. B., & Marks, A. K. (2016). Resilience of children with refugee statuses: A research review. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 57(4), 330-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000073
39. Reynolds, R.R. (2004). “We Are Not Surviving; We Are Managing”: the constitution of a Nigerian diaspora along the contours of the global economy. City & Society, 16(1), 15-37.
40. Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings: implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21(2), 119-144.
41. Seligman, M.E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. Springer Netherlands.
42. Shakya, Y.B., Guruge, S., Hynie, M., Htoo, S., Akbari, A., Jandu, B.B., Murtaza, R., Spasevski, M., Berhane, N., & Forster, J. (2014). Refugee youth as "resettlement champions" for their families: Resilience, empowerment and vulnerabilities. In Laura Simich & Lisa Anderman (Eds.), Refuge and resilience (pp.131-154). New York: Springer.
43. Simich, L., Beiser, M., & Mawani, F.N. (2003). Social support and the significance of shared experience in refugee migration and resettlement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25(7), 872-891.
44. Sipahioğlu, Ö. (2008). Farklı risk gruplarındaki ergenlerin psikolojik sağlamlıklarının incelenmesi (Unpublished Master Thesis). Selcuk University, Konya.
45. Stewart, M., Anderson, J., Beiser, M., Mwakarimba, E., Neufeld, A., Simich, L., & Spitzer, D. (2008). Multicultural meanings of social support among immigrants and refugees. International Migration, 46(3), 123-159.
46. Stewart, M., Simich, L., Shizha, E., Makumbe, K., & Makwarimba, E. (2012). Supporting African refugees in Canada: insights from a support intervention. Health & social care in the community, 20(5), 516-527.
47. Terzi, Ş. (2008). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Kendini Toparlama Gücünün İçsel Koruyucu Faktörlerle İlişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 297-306.
48. Turner, R.J., Lloyd, D.A., & Roszell, P. (1999). Personal resources and the social distribution of depression. American journal of community psychology, 27(5), 643-672.
49. Unat, D. B. (2015). Türkiye'de yaşayan Suriyeli göçmenlerin gündelik yaşam pratikleri: Mardin örneği (Unpublished Master Thesis). Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla.
50. Wenzel, T., Kastrup, M., & Eisenman, D. (2007). Survivors of torture: A hidden population. In P. Walker & E. Barnett (Eds.), Immigrant medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders.
51. Xu, Q. (2017). How resilient a refugee community could be: The Vietnamese of New Orleans. Traumatology, 23(1), 56-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/trm0000091.
52. Yakushko, O., & Morgan M.L. (2012). Immıgration. In R. A. Young, J. F. Domeneve L. Valach (Ed.). Counseling and Action. New York: Springer.
53. Yeh, C. J., Kim, A. B., Pituc, S. T., & Atkins, M. (2008). Poverty, loss, and resilience: The story of Chinese immigrant youth. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 34-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.34
54. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.