Sorgum ve Yonca Ekstraktlarının Buğday ve Yabani Yulaf Çimlenmesi ve Büyümesi Üzerindeki Allelopatik Potansiyelinin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Sorghum bicolor L. ve Medicago sativa L.'nın tohum ve bitki kısımlarından hazırlanan; saf su, etanol ve metanol özütlerinin yabani yulaf (Avena fatua L.) ve buğdayın (Triticum aestivum L.) çimlenmesi ve erken fide gelişimi üzerindeki allelopatik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bitki materyalleri ulusal tarım araştırma enstitülerinden temin edilmiş ve standart protokoller kullanılarak çıkarılmıştır. Deneyler, 15 gün boyunca kontrollü büyüme odası koşulları altında yürütülmüştür. Toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri spektrofotometrik olarak ölçülmüş ve özellikle sorgum tohumlarından elde edilen metanol özütlerinin en yüksek seviyelere (sırasıyla 3672,7 ppm GAE ve 2585,7 ppm CE) sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuçlar, her iki bitki türünün %5 ve %10 etanol özütlerinin yanı sıra sorgum ve yoncanın %10 metanol özütlerinin çimlenmeyi önemli ölçüde engellediğini ve fide büyümesini azalttığını göstermiştir. Sorgum tohumu metanol özütü ve yonca bitki materyali metanol özütü, kök ve sürgün uzunluğunu ve biyokütle birikimini azaltarak en güçlü allelopatik etkileri göstermiştir. Buna karşılık, daha düşük konsantrasyonlu su özütleri zaman zaman nötr, hatta uyarıcı etkiler göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, sorgum ve yoncanın, özellikle metanol ile ekstrakte edildiğinde, allelopatik potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve entegre yabancı ot yönetim sistemlerinde sentetik herbisitlere çevre dostu alternatifler olarak kullanılma olasılıklarını desteklemektedir.

Keywords

• Allelopati
• Fenolik
• flavonoid
• Çimlenme önleyici
• yabancı ot kontrolü

Evaluating the Allelopathic Potential of Sorghum and Alfalfa Extracts on Wheat and Wild Oat Germination and Growth

Abstract

This study investigates the allelopathic effects of distilled water, ethanol, and methanol extracts obtained from the seeds and plant parts of Sorghum bicolor L. and Medicago sativa L. on the germination and early seedling development of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant materials were sourced from national agricultural research institutes and extracted using standardized protocols. Experiments were conducted under controlled growth chamber conditions over 15 days. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically, revealing that methanol extracts, particularly those from sorghum seeds, had the highest levels (3672.7 ppm GAE and 2585.7 ppm CE, respectively). Results showed that 5% and 10% ethanol extracts of both plant species, as well as the 10% methanol extracts of sorghum and alfalfa, significantly inhibited germination and reduced seedling growth. Sorghum seed methanol extract and alfalfa plant material methanol extract demonstrated the strongest allelopathic effects, reducing root and shoot length and biomass accumulation. In contrast, lower concentration water extracts occasionally showed neutral or even stimulatory effects. These findings highlight the allelopathic potential of sorghum and alfalfa, particularly when extracted with methanol, and support their possible use as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic herbicides in integrated weed management systems.

Keywords

• Allelopathy
• phenolics
• flavonoids
• germination inhibition
• weed management

References

1. Abdul-Rahman AA and Habib SA (1989). Allelopathic effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on bladygrass (Imperata cylindrica). Journal of Chemical Ecology,15: 2289-2300.
2. Açıkgöz E (2001). Forage crops (Revised 3rd Edition). Uludağ University Strengthening Foundation Publication No: 182, Vipaş A. Ş. Publication No: 58, Istanbul, 584 p.
3. Alam S M, Ansari SA and Khan MA (2001). Influence of leaf extract of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) on germination and seedling growth of wheat. Wheat Information Service, 92: 17-19.
4. Avcıoğlu R, Geren H, Tamkoç A and Karadağ Y (2009). Forage crops, forage legumes. Volume II.pp. 290-316, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Publications, p: 277-545.
5. Baltepe Ş and Mert HH (1972). A methodological study on the chromatographic separation and biological determination of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid, Ege University Faculty of Science Scientific Reports Series, No:147, Bornova-İZMİR.
6. Berg WK, Cunningham SM, Brouder SM, Joern BC, Johnson KD, Santini JB and Volence JJ (2007). The long term impact of phosphorus and potassium fertilization on alfalfa yield and yield components. Crop Science Journal, 47: 2198-2209.
7. Cheema ZA, Rakha A and Khaliq A (2000). Use of sorgaab and sorghum mulch for weed management in mungbean. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 37: 140-144.
8. Cheema ZA, Iqbal M and Ahmad R (2002). Response of wheat varieties and some rabi weeds to allelopathic effects of sorghum water extract. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4: 52-55.

9. Cheema ZA, Khaliq A and Farooq M (2008). Sorghum allelopathy for weed management in wheat. In: Zeng, R.S., Mallik, A.U., Luo, S.M. (eds) Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77337-7_13.
10. Çiğdem İ and Uzun F (2006). A research on some silage sorghum and maize varieties that can be grown as second crops in bottom lands of Samsun province. Journal of Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture, 21(1): 14-19.
11. Dordas C (2006). Foliar boron application improves seed set, seed yield, and seed quality of alfalfa. American Society of Agronomy Journal, 98: 907-913.
12. Dornbos Jr, D and Spencer GF (1990). Natural products phytotoxicity. A bioassay suitable for small quantities of slightly water-soluble compounds. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16: 339-351.
13. Duke SO, Baerson SR, Rimando AM, Pan Z, Dayan FE and Belz RG (2007). Biocontrol of weeds with allelopathy: conventional and transgenic approaches. Outlook Pest Manage; 18: 54-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5799-1_4.
14. Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Kavuncu O and Gürbüz F (1987). Research and experimental methods (Statistical Methods II). Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications: 1021, Textbook, 295, 1987.
15. El-Darier SM and El-Dien MHZ (2011). Biological activity of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) residues on germination efficiency, growth and nutrient uptake of Lycopersicon esculentum L. (tomato) seedlings. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 5: 7-13.
16. Elçi Ş (2005). Legume and Cereal Forage Crops Book. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ankara, 486. Emeklier HY (2012). Sıcak iklim tahılları. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Yayın No. 1589, Ders Kitabı 541, 119 s., Ankara.
17. Forney DR and Foy CL (1985). Phytotoxicity of products from rhizospheres of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor ×Sorghum Sudanese). Weed Science, 33: 597-604.
18. Güneyli E (1970). Weed problems of Turkey (Türkiye’ nin yabancı ot problemleri), The OSU / AID Weed control project in coorperation with the International Plant Protection Center. Oregon State University. Coruallis, Oregon, USA, s72.
19. Hanson AA, Barnes DK and Hill RR JR. (1988). Alfalfa and alfalfa improvement. Agronomy No: 29, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
20. Hozayn M, Monem AAA and Lateef EMA (2011). Crop residues, an effective tool for improving growth of wheat and suppression of some associated weeds. Journal of Allelopathy, 27(2): 237-344.
21. Iqbal J and Cheema ZA (2015). Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) management in cotton with combined application of Sorgaab and S-metolachlor. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(6): 2383-2391.
22. Jian-cun K, Wen-quan Y, Gui-li F, Zhi-kuan J and Qing-fang H (2008). Study on allelopathy of root, stem, and leaf aqueous extracts of different Medicago sativa. Varieties [J], 16(1): 70-75.
23. Kandhro M N, Memon HR, Laghari M, Baloch AW and Ansari MA (2016). Allelopathic impact of sorghum and sunflower on germinability and seedling growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 12: 98-102.
24. Khaliq A, Matloob A, Cheema ZA and Farooq M (2011). Allelopathic activity of crop residue incorporation alone or mixed against rice and its associated grass weed jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum L.). Chilean J Agri Res, 71(3): 418-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392011000300012.
25. Kocaçalışkan İ and Öğütçü H (1999). Allelopathic effects of alfalfa extracts on germination and seedling growth of some plant seeds. Dumlupınar University Journal of Science A, 39-49.
26. Kocaçalışkan İ (2015). The place and importance of allelopathy in plant physiology. 1st National Plant Physiology Symposium, Erzurum, 8 p.
27. Koloren Q (2007). Allelopathic effects of M. sativa L. and V. cracca L. leaf and root extracts on weeds. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 10: 1639-1642.
28. Mishustin EN and Naumova AN (1955). Secretion of toxic substances by alfalfa and their effect on cotton and soil microflora. lzvest, Akad. Nauk, SSSR, Ser. Bio1., 6:3-9.
29. Murimwa JC, Rugare JT, Mabasa S and Mandumbu R (2019). Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on the early seedling growth of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties and selected weeds. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5494756.
30. Naby KY and Ali KA (2020). Effect of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] aqueous extract on germination and seedling growth of wheat, wild oat, wild barley and canary grass. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 10: 190-196.
31. Naby KY and Ali KA (2021). Allelopathic potential of Sorghum bicolor L. root exudates on growth and chlorophyll content of wheat and some grassy weeds, In Proceedings of the International Collaborative Conference of Modern Agricultural Technologies, Erbil, Iraq, Volume 761, p. 012085.
32. Nabizadeh E, Memari M and Ahmadi K (2021). Study of the allelopathic effects of Medicago sativa on the germination characteristics of Secale montanum, Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture, 78; 34-41.
33. Narwal SS, Palaniraj R and Sati SC (2005). Role of allelopathy in crop production. Herbologia, 6(2): 1-69. Nouri H, Talab ZA and Tavassoli A (2012). Effect of weed allelopathic of sorghum (Sorghum halepense) on germination and seedling growth of wheat, Alvand cultivar. Annals of Biological Research, 3(3): 1283-1293.
34. Oleszek W and Jurzysta M (1987). The allelopathic potential of alfalfa root medicagenic acid glycosides and their fate in soil environments. Plant and Soil, 98: 67-80.
35. Öten M, Şin B and Kiremitçi S (2022). Determination of the effects of extracts obtained from seeds and leaves of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on germination parameters of some plants, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology (JOINABT), 3(1): 40-52.
36. Özer Z, Kadıoğlu İ, Önen H and Tursun N (1997). Herbology (Weed Science). Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Agriculture Publications No: 20, Book Series No: 10, Tokat.
37. Ramakrishna A and Ravishankar GA (2011). Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6:1720-1731.
38. Randhawa MA, Cheema ZA and Ali MA (2002). Allelopathic effect of sorghum water extract on the germination and seedling growth of Trianthema portulacastrum. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 1560-8530/2002/04-3-383-384.
39. Serin Y and Tan M (2001). Introduction to Forage Crops Culture. Atatürk University Faculty of Agriculture Publications, No: 206, 217 p.
40. Setyowati N, Nurjanah U, Utami RS, Muktamar Z and Fahrurrozi F (2021). Allelopathic effect of sorghum root extract and its potential use as a bioherbicide. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 17(6): 2317-2332.
41. Shahid M, Ahmad B, Khattak RA and Arif M (2007). Integration of herbicides with aqueous allelopathic extracts for weeds control in wheat. African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 8: 209-212.
42. Şin B, Kadıoğlu İ and Onaran A (2017). Antifungal activity of parasitic plant (Orobanche ramosa L. Cuscuta campestris Yunck. and Viscum album L.) extracts against some plant pathogenic fungi. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 20(1): 61-69.
43. Tsuzuki E and Kawagoe H (1984). Studies on allelopathy among higher plants, 4: On allelopathy in leguminous crops. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, 31: 189-194.
44. Weston LA, Harmon R and Mueller S (1989). Allelopathic potential of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sudex). Journal of Chemical Ecology,15: 1855-1865.
45. Yarnia M, Benam MBK and Tabrizi EFM (2009). Allelopathic effects of sorghum extracts on Amaranthus retroflexus seed germination and growth. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7 (3&4): 770-774.
46. Yu CY, Jeon IS, Chung IM, Hur JH and Kim EH (1995). The Allelopathic Effect of Alfalfa residues on Crops and Weeds. Korean Journal of Weed Science, 15: 131-140.
47. Zhang T, Wang X, Han J, Wang Y, Mao P and Majerus M (2008). Effects of between row and within- row spacing on alfalfa seed yields. Crop Science Journal, 48: 794-803.
48. Zubair HM, Pratley JE, Sandral GA and Humphries A (2017). Allelopathic interference of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) genotypes to annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Journal of Plant Research, 130: 647-658.