Quality Valuation of Direct Harvested Rainwater Near Nekede Landfill in Owerri West Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Quality assessment of direct harvested rainwater at Nekede landfill in Owerri west Local Government, Imo State, Nigeria was examined. Some physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed. The WHO (2006) domestic, irrigation and rules for consumption standards was used to assess if the harvested rainwater is impure or infected. The water samples were collected from four sampling locations at a distance of 20m away from each other. EP samples (March-April 2019) shows, turbidity ranged 5.0-5.20 NTU, Cl (3.40-3.90), Mn (0.05-0.09), NO3-N (8.40-9.90), PO43- (0.03-0.05) mg l-1 falls within the limit, Cu 1.0-1.10 mg l-1, Zn 3.00-3.10 mg l-1 falls within WHO standards only. Cd, Al and Co2 were above the standards, SAR and Na was Not detected (ND). PP (June – July 2019) shows turbidity, Cu, Cl, Mn, Ca, NO3-N, Na, and PO43- falls within the recommended standards. Cd (0.02), Al (0.02-0.06), CO2 (5.00-5.10) mg l-1 was above the standards, while SAR and Zn has (4.63-47.27) (3.00-3.20) mg l-1 falls within WHO standard and Mg (0.43-0.60) mg l-1 falls within FAO. E-Coli results on EP 20-32, PP 10-35 and Coliform count EP (ND), peak precipitation (1-10) falls within FAO standards, Salmonella EP and PP was above WHO and FAO standards. The bacteriological parameters indicates that the water is not fit for drinking, thus the water has been seriously contaminated with dangerous pollutants.

Keywords

• Rainwater
• Landfill
• Physicochemical properties and contaminate

References

1. Abdul H, Albert M and Sarwar F (2009). Surface water suitability for drinking purposes in Cholistan desert Journal of Biological Science, 4:34-39.
2. Adriano TE, Madrid AE and Rodolfo GN (2011). Rainwater Harvesting, Quality Assessment and Utilization In Region I. E-International Scientific Research Journal, 3: 145-152.
3. American public health association APHA (1985). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 16th Edition APHA, Washington DC, USA.
4. Chapman D (1997). Water quality assessments. E and FN Spon, London, pages: 76.
5. Christine Jaulmes (2006). Improvement on hygiene and disease reduction, through the provision of Piped Water directly to the households, Journals of Hygiene, Cambridge, 91.
6. Coombes PJ, Kuczera G, Kalma JD and Dunstan RH (2000). Rainwater quality from roofs, tanks and hot water systems at Figtree Place. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Hydrology and Water Resource Symposium of The Institution of Engineers, Perth, Australia, November 2000.
7. Evans, CA, Coombes PJ and Dunstan RH (2006) Wind, rain and bacteria: the effect of weather on the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater. Water Research, 40(1), 37–44.
8. Ekiye E and Luo Z (2010). Water quality monitoring in Nigeria; Case Study of Nigeria’s industrial cities, Journal of American Science, 6: 22- 28.

9. Fo¨rster, J (1998) The influence of location and season on the concentrations of macroions and organic trace pollutants in roof runoff. Water Science Technology, 38(10): 83–90.
10. Google Earth (2016). Google.com/.owerri map.26.04.2016.
11. Igwo-Ezikpe MN and Awodele O (2010). Investigation of some physico-chemical and microbiological parameters in rainwater collected from industrial areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy, 1: 26-38.
12. Martinson D and Thomas T (2005) Quantifying the first-flush phenomenon. Coventry, United Kingdom, DTU/University of Warwick. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association Conference, New Delhi, India, November 2005.
13. Muhammad TA and Mooyoung H (2008). Probable sources of microbial contamination of stored rainwater and its remediation, `Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
14. NIS (2007). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality standards organization of Nigeria Abuja.
15. Obineche CI, Igbojionu DO and Ahaneku IE (2020). Assessment of physicochemical properties of soil at Old Nekede Dumpsite Owerri, Imo State.,Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 1(2):261-270.
16. Okafor N (1985). Aquatic and waste microbiology. fourth dimension Publishing Co. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria, ISBN-13: 9789781561276, Pages: 169.
17. Taylor R, Sloan D, Cooper T, Morton B and Hunter I (2000). A waterborne outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul. Communicable diseases intelligence, 24(11): 336-340.
18. Scott R and Waller D (1987). Water quality analysis of a rainwater cistern system in Nova Scotia, Canada. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Rainwater Collection System Association Conference. Khon Kaen, Thailand, January 1987.
19. Simmons G, Hope V, Lewis G, Whitmore J and Gao W (2001). Contamination of potable roof- collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand. Water Research. 35(6): 1518-1524. Spinks AT, Coombes P, Dunstan RH and Kuczera G (2003). Water quality treatment processes in domestic rainwater harvesting systems. In: Proceedings of the 28th International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Wollongong, Australia, 10–14 November 2003.
20. Teemusk A and Mander Ü (2007), Rainwater runoff quantity and quality performance from a green roof: The effects of short-term events, Ecological Engineering, 30(3): 271-277.
21. Van Metre PC and Mahler BJ (2003). The contribution of particles washed from rooftops to contaminant loading to urban streams. Chemosphere 52(10): 1727-1741.
22. WHO (1996). Guidelines for Drinking water Quality, 2nd edition. Vol 2 world health organization, Geneva.
23. WHO (2006). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2nd Edition. Vol 2. World Health Organization, Geneva
24. Yaziz MI, Gunting H, Sapari N and Ghazali AW (1989) Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Research. 23(6): 761-765.