Toprakta Ağır Metal Kirliliği ve Giderim Yöntemleri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 493 - 507, 31.12.2021

Osman Sönmez Fatma Nur Kılıç

Öz

Ağır metaller toprakta ayrışarak kirliliğe yol açmaktadır ve bu kirliliğin giderilmesi metallerin başka bileşiklere dönüşememesinden dolayı zordur. Son zamanlarda nüfusun artış hızı ve artan ihtiyaç talebi ile bunun doğrultusunda sanayileşme, yoğun tarımsal uygulamalar çevre kirliliğine yol açmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği ana materyal kaynaklı da meydana gelebilmektedir. Toprakta yer alan ağır metaller arasında kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu), kurşun (Pb), kobalt (Co), arsenik (As), civa (Hg) ve çinko (Zn) önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Ağır metal kirliliği tarımsal alanlarda kayıplara neden olabildiği gibi, bu alanlarda yetiştirilen ürünlerin tüketimiyle birlikte insan sağlığını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Toprakta ağır metal kirliliği fiziksel, kimyasal veya biyolojik yöntem ve/veya süreçlerle izolasyon teknikleri, kirlenmiş toprağın değiştirilmesi, elektrokinetik teknikler, yıkama, biyoremediasyon teknikleri ile kontrol altına alınabilmektedir. Bu derlemede ağır metal kirliliği ve giderim yöntemleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toprak kirliliği, ağır metal, Islah teknikleri

Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Removal Methods

Öz

Heavy metals decompose in the soil and cause pollution that is difficult to remove, due to their inability to turn into other compounds. Recently, the increase in population and increasing demand and industrialization and intensive agricultural practices in line with this cause environmental pollution. Heavy metal pollution can also occur from the parent material. Among the heavy metals in the soil, cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) have an important place. Heavy metal pollution can cause losses in agricultural areas, as well as adversely affect human health with the consumption of products grown in these areas. Heavy metal pollution in the soil can be controlled by physical, chemical or biological methods and/or processes, by isolation techniques, replacing contaminated soil, electrokinetic techniques, leaching and bioremediation techniques. In this review, heavy metal pollution and removal methods were evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil pollution, heavy metal, Remediation tecniques

Kaynakça

• Ackova DG (2018). Heavy metals and their general toxicity on plants, Plant Science Today, 5: 15-19.
• Adriano DC, Wenzel WW, Vangronsveld J and Bolan NS (2004). Role of assisted natural remediation in environmental cleanup. Geoderma, 122: 121-142.
• Ahmad MSA and Ashraf M (2011). Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 214: 125-167.
• Ali H and Khan E (2018). What are heavy metals? Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term ‘heavy metals’–proposal of a comprehensive definition. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 100: 6-19.
• Almaroai YA, Usman ARA, Ahmad M, Kim KR, Moon DH, Lee SS and Ok YS (2012). Effects of synthetic chelators and low-molecular-weight organic acids on chromium, copper, and arsenic uptake and translocation in Maize (Zea mays L.). Soil Science, 177: 655-663.
• Almasi A, Dargahi A, Ahagh MMH, Janjani H, Mohammadi M and Tabandeh L (2016). Efficiency of a constructed wetland in controlling organic pollutants, nitrogen, and heavy metals from sewage. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9: 2924-2928.
• Asri FÖ ve Sönmez S (2006). Ağır metal toksisitesini bitki metabolizması üzerine etkileri. Derim 23: 36-45.
• Ayangbenro AS and Babalola OO (2017). A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: A review of microbial biosorbents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1): 94.
• Aybar M, Bilgin A ve Sağlam B (2015). Fitoremediasyon yöntemi ile topraktaki ağır metallerin giderimi, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Doğal Afetler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 1(1-2): 59-65.
• Azhar ATS and Nabila ATA, Nurshuhaila MS, Zaidi E, Azim, MAM and Farhana SMS (2016). Assessment and comparison of electrokinetic and electrokinetic bioremediation techniques for mercury contaminated soil. International engineering research and innovation symposium (IRIS) IOP Publishing IOP Conference Series. Materials Science Engineering, 160: 1-8.
• Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü (2010). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2010/06/20100608-3.htm (08/06/2010).
• Baker AJM and Walker PL (1990). Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants, in: Shaw A.J. (Ed.), Heavy metal tolerance in plants: Evolutionary Aspects, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 155-177.
• Bert V, Seuntjens P, Dejonghe W, Lacherez S, Thuy HTT and Vandecasteele B (2009). Phytoremediation as a management option for contaminated sediments in tidal marshes, flood control areas and dredged sediment landfill sites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16: 745-764.
• Bhandari A, Surampalli, RY, Champagne P, Ong SK, Tyagi RD and Lo IMC (2007). Remediation technologies for soils and groundwater. Remediat. Remediation Technologies for Soils and Groundwater, 60: 1-449.
• Bhargava A, Carmona FF, Bhargava M and Srivastava S (2012). Approaches for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management, 105: 103-120.
• Blaylock MJ, Salt DE, Dushenkov S, Zakharova O, Gussman C, Kapulnik Y, Ensley BD and Raskin I (1997). Enhanced accumulation of Pb in Indian mustard by soil-applied chelating agents. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 860-865.
• Bolan NS, Adriano DC and Naidu R (2003). Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 177: 1-44.
• Bosecker K (1999). Microbial leaching in environmental clean-up programmes. Process Metall, 9: 533-536.
• Chen M, Xu P, Zeng G, Yang, C, Huang D and Zhang J (2015). Bioremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, petroleum, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals by composting: Applications, microbes and future research needs. Biotechnology Advances, 33: 745-755.
• Cherfouh R, Lucas Y, Derridj A and Merdy P (2018). Long-term, low technicality sewage sludge amendment and irrigation with treated wastewater under Mediterranean climate: impact on agronomical soil quality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 35571-35581.
• Chokor AA and Ekanem EO (2016). Heavy metals contamination profile in soil from automobile workshops in sapele, Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4(2): 26-28.
• Clemens S (2006). Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Biochimie, 88(11): 1707-1719.
• Coelho M, Luciene M, Rezende HC, Coelho Luciana M, de Sousa PAR, Melo DFO and Coelho NMM (2015). Bioremediation of polluted waters using microorganisms. Adv. Bioremediation Wastewater Polluted Soil, 1-22.
• Cristaldi A, Conti G, Jho EH, Zuccarello P, Grasso A, Copat C, and Ferrante M (2017). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs. A brief review. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 8: 309-326.
• Çağlarırmak N ve Hepçimen Z (2010.) Ağır metal toprak kirliliğinin gıda zinciri ve insan sağlığına etkisi. Akademik Gıda, 8: 31-35.
• Dandan W, Huixin L, Feng H and Xia W (2007). Role of earthworm-straw interactions on phytoremediation of Cu contaminated soil by ryegrass. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27: 1292-1298.
• De J, Ramaiah N and Vardanyan L (2008). Detoxification of toxic heavy metals by marine bacteria highly resistant to mercury. Marine Biotechnology, 10(4): 471-477.
• Derakhshan NZ, Jung MC and Kim KH (2018). Remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals with an emphasis on immobilization technology. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40: 927-953.
• Dermont G, Bergeron M, Mercier G and Richer-Laflèche M (2008). Soil washing for metal removal: a review of physical/chemical technologies and field applications. Elsevier, 152(1): 1-31.
• Dindar E, Şen CN, Topaç ŞFO ve Başkaya HS (2017). Topraklarda organik azot fraksiyonlarının belirlenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32: 767-775.
• Ghani A (2010). Toxic effects of heavy metals on plant growth and metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays). Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 3: 325-334.
• Ghori Z, Iftikhar H, Bhatti MF, Nasar UM, Sharma I, Kazi AG and Ahmad P (2015). Phytoextraction: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from soil. Plant Metal Interaction: Emerging Remediation Techniques, 29: 361-384.
• Golui D, Datta SP, Dwivedi BS, Meena MC, Varghese E, Sanyal SK, Ray P, Shukla AK and Trivedi VK (2019). Assessing soil degradation in relation to metal pollution–a multivariate approach. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 28: 630-649.
• Gomes HI, Dias FC and Ribeiro AB (2013). Overview of in situ and ex situ remediation technologies for PCB-contaminated soils and sediments and obstacles for full-scale application. Science of The Total Environment, 237-260.
• Guo ZH and Miao XF (2010). Growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 17(4): 770-777.
• Hakeem KR (2015). Crop production and global environmental issues. Crop Production and Global Environmental, Issues 1-598.
• He ZL, Yang XE and Stoffella PJ (2005). Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19: 125-140.
• Ignatius A, Arunbabu V, Neethu J and Ramasamy EV (2014). Rhizofiltration of lead using an aromatic medicinal plant Plectranthus amboinicus cultured in a hydroponic nutrient film technique (NFT) system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(22): 13007-13016.
• Jabeen R, Ahmad A and Iqbal M (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: Physiological and molecular mechanisms. The Botanical Review, 75: 339-364.
• Jadia CD and Fulekar MH (2009). Phytoremediation of heavy metals: Recent techniques. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 921-928.
• Jankaite A and Vasarevičius S (2005). Remediation technologies for soils contaminated with heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 13: 109-113.
• Jiang W, Tao T and Liao ZM (2011). Removal of heavy metal from contaminated soil with chelating agents. Open Journal of Soil Science, 01: 70-76.
• Kabata-Pendias A (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press.
• Kafadar FN ve Saygıdeǧer S (2010). Gaziantep ilinde organize sanayi bölgesi atik sulari ile sulanan bazı tarım bitkilerinde kurşun (pb) miktarlarinin belirlenmesi. Ekoloji, 48: 41-48.
• Khalid S, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Murtaza B, Bibi I and Dumat C (2017). A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182: 247-268.
• Kızıloğlu FM, Turan M, Sahin U, Kuslu Y ve Dursun A (2008). Effects of untreated and treated wastewater irrigation on some chemical properties of cauliflower (Brassica olerecea L. var. botrytis) and red cabbage (Brassica olerecea L. var. rubra) grown on calcareous soil in Turkey. Agricultural Water Management, 95: 716-724.
• Kim JO, Lee YW and Chung J (2013). The role of organic acids in the mobilization of heavy metals from soil. KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research, 17: 1596-1602.
• Kirpichtchikova TA, Manceau A, Spadini L, Panfili F, Marcus MA and Jacquet T (2006). Speciation and solubility of heavy metals in contaminated soil using X-ray microfluorescence, EXAFS spectroscopy, chemical extraction, and thermodynamic modeling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70: 2163-2190.
• Kim YH, Kim DH, Jung HB, Hwang BR, Ko SH and Baek K (2012). Pilot scale ex-situ electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil. Separation Science and Technology, 47(14-15): 2230-2234.
• Kong Z and Glick BR (2017). The role of plant growth-promoting bacteria in metal phytoremediation. Advances in microbial physiology, 71: 97-132.
• Leuther F, Schlüter S, Wallach R and Vogel HJ (2019). Structure and hydraulic properties in soils under long-term irrigation with treated wastewater. Geoderma, 333.
• Lindsay WL and Doxtader KG (1981). Environmental chemistry of the elements. Journal of Environmental Quality, 10: 249-249.
• Maity JP, Huang YM, Fan CW, Chen CC, Li CY, Hsu CM, Chang YF, Wu CI, Chen CY and Jean JS (2013). Evaluation of remediation process with soapberry derived saponin for removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils in Hai-Pu, Taiwan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25: 1180-1185.
• Meyers DE Auchterlonie GJ, Webb RI and Wood B (2008). Uptake and localisation of lead in the root system of Brassica juncea. Environmental Pollution, 153(2): 323-332.
• Mikhailenko AV, Ruban DA Ermolaev VA and Loon AJ (2020). Cadmium pollution in the tourism environment: A literature review. Geosciences, 10: 1-18.
• Mohsenzadeh F and Mohammadzadeh R (2018). Phytoremediation ability of the new heavy metal accumulator plants. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 24(4): 441-450.
• Montiel MM, Madejón E and Madejón P (2016). Effect of heavy metals and organic matter on root exudates (low molecular weight organic acids) of herbaceous species: An assessment in sand and soil conditions under different levels of contamination. Environmental Pollution, 216: 273-281.
• Mulligan CN, Yong RN and Gibbs BF (2001). Remediation technologies for metalccontaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation, Engineering Geology, 60: 193-207.
• Naila A, Meerdink G, Jayasena V, Sulaiman AZ, Ajit AB and Berta G (2019). A review on global metal accumulators mechanism, enhancement, commercial application, and research trend. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26: 26449-26471.
• Navarro A, Cardellach E, Cañadas I and Rodríguez J (2013). Solar thermal vitrification of mining contaminated soils. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 119: 65-74.
• Okçu M, Tozlu E, Kumlay A and Pehluvan M (2009). Ağır metallerin bitkiler üzerine etkileri. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Science, 17(2): 14-26.
• Özbucak T, Ertürk Ö, Ergen AÖ, Polat G ve Özbucak S (2018). Maden yataklarında bulunan bazı bakterilerin ağır metallerin biyoremidasyonunda kullanılabilme potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1): 114-124.
• Özkan A (2017). Antakya-Cilvegözü karayolu etrafındaki tarım arazilerinde ve bitkilerdeki ağır metal kirliliği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(3): 9-18.
• Özkul C (2019). Kütahya şehir merkezinde yer alan çocuk parklarındaki toprakların ağır metal kirliliğinin belirlenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(1): 226-240.
• Radziemska M, Koda E, Bilgin A and Vaverková MD (2018). Concept of aided phytostabilization of contaminated soils in postindustrial areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(24).
• Ren J, Zhao Z, Ali A, Guan W, Xiao R, Wang JJ and Li R (2020). Characterization of phosphorus engineered biochar and its impact on immobilization of Cd and Pb from smelting contaminated soils. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20(8): 3041-3052.
• Salam MMA, Mohsin M, Kaipiainen E, Villa A, Kuittinen S, Pulkkinen P and Pappinen A (2019). Biomass growth variation and phytoextraction potential of four Salix varieties grown in contaminated soil amended with lime and wood ash. International journal of phytoremediation, 21(13): 1329-1340.
• Schwalfenberg G, Rodushkin I and Genuis SJ (2018). Heavy metal contamination of prenatal vitamins, Toxicology Reports, 5: 390-395.
• Sikkema J, De Bont JAM and Poolman B (1995). Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiological reviews, 59: 201-222.
• Singh S, Parihar P, Singh R, Singh VP and Prasad SM (2016). Heavy metal tolerance in plants: Role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 1-36.
• Song B, Zeng G, Gong J, Liang J, Xu P, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Cheng M, Liu Y, Ye S, Yi H and Ren X (2017). Evaluation methods for assessing effectiveness of in situ remediation of soil and sediment contaminated with organic pollutants and heavy metals. Environment International, 105: 43-55.
• Sönmez S ve Asri F (2006). Ağir metal toksisitesini bitki metabolizması üzerine etkileri. Derim, 23: 36-45.
• Sun H, Wang H, Qi J, Shen L and Lian X (2011). Study on surfactants remediation in heavy metals contaminated soils. ISWREP 2011- Proc. 2011 Int. Symp. Water Resources Environmental Protection, 3: 1862-1865.
• Sun R, Yang J, Xia P, Wu S, Lin T and Yi Y (2020). Contamination features and ecological risks of heavy metals in the farmland along shoreline of Caohai plateau wetland. Chemosphere, 254: 126828.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994). Revised interim soil lead guidance for CERCLA sites and RCRA corrective action facilities. Report No.: OSWER Directive No. 9355.4-12. EPA/540/F-94/043. PB94-963282. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
• USAEC (2000). In-situ electrokinetic remediation of metal contaminated soils technology status report US Army Environmental Center. https://cluin.org/download/toolkit/thirdednew/insituelectrokinetic.pdf (07.16.2020).
• Vangronsveld J, Herzig R, Weyens N, Boulet J, Adriaensen K, Ruttens A, Thewys T, Vassilev A, Meers E, Nehnevajova E, Lelie D and Mench M (2009). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils and groundwater: Lessons from the field. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16: 765-794.
• Vareda JP, Valente AJM and Durães L (2016). Heavy metals in Iberian soils: Removal by current adsorbents/amendments and prospective for aerogels. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 237: 28-42.
• Varol Z ve Erdem DB (2020). Çorlu deresi ve yakın çevresi (Çerkezköy-Çorlu hattı) topraklarının ağır metal kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi . Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 8(1): 26-35.
• Wei CY and Chen TB (2006). Arsenic accumulation by two brake ferns growing on an arsenic mine and their potential in phytoremediation. Chemosphere, 63: 1048-1053.
• Weissmannová HD, Mihočová S, Chovanec P and Pavlovský J (2019). Potential ecological risk and human health risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in industrial affected soils by coal mining and metallurgy in Ostrava, Czech Republic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22): 4495.
• WHO/FAO (2007). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission 13th Session. Report of the Thirty-Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, Houston, United States of America (07/30/13).
• Wuana RA and Okieimen FE (2011). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. ISRN Ecology, 1-20.
• Yao Z, Li J, Xie H and Yu C (2012). Review on remediation technologies of soil contaminated by heavy metals. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16: 722-729.
• Yang S, Liang S, Yi L, Xu B, Cao J, Guo Y and Zhou Y (2014). Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 8(3): 394-404.
• Yerli C, Çakmakcı T, Şahin U ve Tüfenkçi Ş (2020). Ağır metallerin toprak, bitki, su ve insan sağlığına etkileri. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi, 9(Özel Sayı): 103-114.
• Zeng P, Guo Z, Cao X, Xiao X, Liu Y and Shi L (2018). Phytostabilization potential of ornamental plants grown in soil contaminated with cadmium, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 20 (4): 311-320.
• Zhai X, Li Z, Huang B, Luo N, Huang M, Zhang Q and Zeng G (2018). Remediation of multiple heavy metal-contaminated soil through the combination of soil washing and in situ immobilization. Science of the Total Environment, 635: 92-99.