Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, , 12 - 21, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48053/turkgeo.1028669

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Amthor, J.E., & Friedman, G.M. (1991). Dolomite‐rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Sedimentology, 38(2), 343-362.
  • Awais, M., Hanif, M., Khan, M.Y., Jan, I.U., & Ishaq, M. (2019). Relating petrophysical parameters to petrographic interpretations in carbonates of the Chorgali Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Carbonates and Evaporites, 34(3), 581-595.
  • Baker, D.M. (1987). Balanced Structural Cross-section of Central Salt Range and Potwar Plateau of Pakistan, shortening and overthrust deformation, (MS Thesis), Oregon State University, Corvallis.
  • Benchilla, L., Swennen, R., Akhtar, K., & Roure, F. (2002a). Sedimentology and diagenesis of the Chorgali Formation in the Potwar Plateau and Salt Range, Himalayan foothills (N-Pakistan). AAPG Search and Discovery Article, AAPG Hedberg Conference, May 14-18, 2002, Palermo - Mondello, Sicily, Italy
  • Benchilla, L., Swennen, R., Roure, F., Akhtar, K., & Jaswal, T.M. (2002b). Fluid circulation and diagenesis of carbonate reservoirs in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: a case study of the Salt Range-Potwar Basin (N-Pakistan). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting, Houston.
  • Chatterjee, S., & Scotese, C.R. (1999). The breakup of Gondwana and the evolution and biogeography of Indian plate. Proceedings-Indian National Science Academy, 65(3), 397-426.
  • Chatterjee, S., & Scotese, C.R. (2010). The wandering Indian plate and its changing biogeography during the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period. In New Aspects of Mesozoic Biogeography Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Chatterjee, S. (1992). A kinematic model for the evolution of the Indian plate since the Late Jurassic. New Concepts in Global Tectonics, 33-62.
  • Chatterjee, S., Goswami, A., & Scotese, C.R. (2013). The longest voyage: Tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia. Gondwana Research, 23(1), 238-267.
  • Duggan, J.P., Mountjoy, E.W., & Stasiuk, L.D., (2001). Fault-controlled dolomitization at Swan Hills Simonette oil field (Devonian), deep basin west-central Alberta, Canada. Sedimentology, 48(2), 310-323.
  • Fabricius I.L., & Borre M.K. (2007). Stylolites, porosity, depositional texture, and silicates in chalk facies sediments. Ontong Java Plateau- Gorm and Tyra fields, North Sea. Sedimentology 54, 183– 205.
  • Feng, M., Wu, P., Qiang, Z., Liu, X., Duan, Y., & Xia, M. (2017). Hydrothermal dolomite reservoir in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of central Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China, Marina and Petroleum Geology, 82, 206-219.
  • Gasparrini, M., Bakker, R.J., Bechstadt, T., & Boni, M. (2003). Hot dolomites in a Variscan foreland belt: hydrothermal flow in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78, 501-507.
  • Gregg, J.M., & Shelton, K.L. (1990). Dolomitization and dolomite neomorphism in the back reef facies of the Bonneterre and Davis formations (Cambrian), Southeastern Missouri. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 60(4), 549-562.
  • Gregg, J.M., & Sibley, D.F. (1984). Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 54(3), 908-931.
  • Guo, C., Chen, D., Qing, H., Dong, S., Li, G., Wang, D., Qian, Y., & Liu, C. (2016). Multiple dolomitization and later hydrothermal alteration on the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonates in the northern Tarim Basin. China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 72, 295-316.
  • Illing, L.V, Wells, A.J., & Taylor, L. (1965) Penecontemporaneous dolomite in the Persian Gulf. In Pray, L.C., and Murray, R. C. (eds) Dolomitization and Limestone diagenesis, SEPM Spec. Publication, 13, 89-111.
  • Jaswal, T.M., Lillie, R.J., & Lawrence, R.D. (1997). Structure and evolution of the northern Potwar deformed zone, Pakistan. Advancing the World of Petroleum Geosciences, 81(2), 308-328.
  • Jurgan, H. & Abbas, G. (1991). On the Chorgali Formation at the type locality. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 3(1), 35-45.
  • Kadri, I.B. (1995). Petroleum geology of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi. Ferozsons (pvt) Limited, 275.
  • Kazmi, A.H., & Rana, R.A., (1982). Tectonic Map of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, p1. Land, L.S. (1985). The origin of massive dolomite. Journal of Geological Education, 33(2), 112-125.
  • Lee, T.Y. & Lawver, L.A. (1995). Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia. Tectonophysics, 251(1-4), 85-138.
  • McKenzie, D., & Sclater, J.G. (1971). The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous. Geophysical Journal International, 24(5), 437-528.
  • McKenzie, J.A. (1981). Holocene dolomitization of calcium carbonate sediments from the coastal sabkhas of Abu Dhabi, UAE: a stable isotope study. The Journal of Geology, 89(2), 185-198.
  • Mitchell, J.T., Land, L.S. & Miser, D.E. (1987). Modern marine dolomite cement in a north Jamaican fringing reef. Geology, 15(6), 557-560.
  • Mountjoy, E.W., Machel, H.G., Green, D., Duggan, J., & Williams-Jones, A.E., 1999. Devonian matrix dolomites and deep burial carbonate cements: a comparison between the Rimbey Meadowbrook reef trend and the deep basin of west-central Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 47, 487–509.
  • Mujtaba, M. (2001). Depositional and diagenetic environments of carbonates of Chorgali Formations (Early Eocene) Salt Range-Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. (Ph.D. Thesis) University of Punjab.
  • Mujtaba, M., Jurgan, H., & Abbas, G. (1989). Depositional environment and porosity development in Lower Eocene Limestone Formation of Surghar Range. Pakistan, HDIP International Report (unpublished), Salt Range and Potwar Basin.
  • Patriat P., & Achache, J. (1984). India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates. Nature, 311(5987), 615-621.
  • Patterson, R.J., & Kinsman, D.J.J. (1982). Formation of diagenetic dolomite in coastal sabkha along Arabian (Persian) Gulf. American Association Petroleum Geologist, 66(1), 28-43.
  • Powell, C.M. & Conaghan, P.J. (1973). Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20(1), 1-12.
  • Powell, C.M., Roots, S.R., & Veevers, J.J. (1988). Pre-breakup continental extension in East Gondwanaland and the early opening of the eastern Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 155(1-4), 261-283.
  • Rahimi, A., Adabi, M.H., Aghanabati, A., Majidifard, M. R., & Jamali, A.M. (2016). Dolomitization mechanism based on petrography and geochemistry in the Shotori Formation (Middle Triassic), Central Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 6(9), 1149-1168.
  • Rosenbaum, J., & Sheppard, S.M.F. (1986). An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 50(6), 1147-1150.
  • Saller, A.H. (1984). Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal seawater. Geology, 12(4), 217-220.
  • Shah, S.I., & Khan, I. (2016). Lexicon of the Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir 23. Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir 22.
  • Sibley, D.F., & Gregg, J.M. (1987). Classification of dolomite rock textures. Journal of sedimentary Research, 57(6), 967-975.
  • Wachter, E.A., & Hayes, J.M. (1985). Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon dioxide-phosporic acid systems. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 52(3-4), 365-374.
  • Warren, J.K. (2000). Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important association. Earth Science Reviews, 52, 1-81.
  • Warren, J.K. (2006). Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Zenger D.H. (1983). Burial dolomitization in the Lost Burro Formation (Devonian), East-Central California, and the significance of the diagenetic dolomitization. Geology, 11(9), 519-522.

Dolomitization Mechanism in the Chorgali Formation (Eocene), Pakistan: Evidences from Field observations, Petrography, Mineralogical and SEM analysis

Yıl 2022, , 12 - 21, 28.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48053/turkgeo.1028669

Öz

The subject of dolomite formation has always put researchers in the challenge. In this study, the origin of the dolomites of the Chorgali Formation near Chorgali Pass was explored through field observation, petrographic characteristics, mineralogical and geochemical analysis. Analytical analyses used in the present studies include XRD, SEM-EDS, and stable isotopes studies. The dolomites were categorized into three major genetic types based on their textural and structural features showing their distinct origins. These dolomites are named fine crystalline dolomite (Df), medium crystalline dolomite (Dm), and coarse crystalline dolomite (Dc). The analytical approaches linked with field observations and petrographic examinations identified that; the first type of dolomites (i.e., Df) is related to the early stage of diagenesis and contain the presence of mineral dolomite (40%), gypsum (27%), quartz (17%) and albite (16%) and are low stochiometric low ordered in character as recognized by XRD results. The SEM-EDS analysis identified low Mg, Ca, O, Na, Si, and Fe concentrations. Further, the stable isotopes (δ18O) values for Df (i.e., -5.95 to -396‰V-PDB) are less depleted. Moreover, Dm and Dc revealed 100% mineral dolomite and are stochiometric ordered dolomites. High concentrations of Mg, Ca and O are observed in Dm and Dc respectively. Stable isotopes (δ18O) result in exhibiting highly depleted values for Dm (-7.947‰V-PDB) and Dc (-9.227 to -8.302‰V-PDB) showing its formation with the elevated temperature at depth. In addition, δ13C values of Df, Dm, and Dc lie in the range of the original marine signature of Eocene times.

Kaynakça

  • Amthor, J.E., & Friedman, G.M. (1991). Dolomite‐rock textures and secondary porosity development in Ellenburger Group carbonates (Lower Ordovician), west Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Sedimentology, 38(2), 343-362.
  • Awais, M., Hanif, M., Khan, M.Y., Jan, I.U., & Ishaq, M. (2019). Relating petrophysical parameters to petrographic interpretations in carbonates of the Chorgali Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Carbonates and Evaporites, 34(3), 581-595.
  • Baker, D.M. (1987). Balanced Structural Cross-section of Central Salt Range and Potwar Plateau of Pakistan, shortening and overthrust deformation, (MS Thesis), Oregon State University, Corvallis.
  • Benchilla, L., Swennen, R., Akhtar, K., & Roure, F. (2002a). Sedimentology and diagenesis of the Chorgali Formation in the Potwar Plateau and Salt Range, Himalayan foothills (N-Pakistan). AAPG Search and Discovery Article, AAPG Hedberg Conference, May 14-18, 2002, Palermo - Mondello, Sicily, Italy
  • Benchilla, L., Swennen, R., Roure, F., Akhtar, K., & Jaswal, T.M. (2002b). Fluid circulation and diagenesis of carbonate reservoirs in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: a case study of the Salt Range-Potwar Basin (N-Pakistan). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Annual Meeting, Houston.
  • Chatterjee, S., & Scotese, C.R. (1999). The breakup of Gondwana and the evolution and biogeography of Indian plate. Proceedings-Indian National Science Academy, 65(3), 397-426.
  • Chatterjee, S., & Scotese, C.R. (2010). The wandering Indian plate and its changing biogeography during the Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary period. In New Aspects of Mesozoic Biogeography Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Chatterjee, S. (1992). A kinematic model for the evolution of the Indian plate since the Late Jurassic. New Concepts in Global Tectonics, 33-62.
  • Chatterjee, S., Goswami, A., & Scotese, C.R. (2013). The longest voyage: Tectonic, magmatic, and paleoclimatic evolution of the Indian plate during its northward flight from Gondwana to Asia. Gondwana Research, 23(1), 238-267.
  • Duggan, J.P., Mountjoy, E.W., & Stasiuk, L.D., (2001). Fault-controlled dolomitization at Swan Hills Simonette oil field (Devonian), deep basin west-central Alberta, Canada. Sedimentology, 48(2), 310-323.
  • Fabricius I.L., & Borre M.K. (2007). Stylolites, porosity, depositional texture, and silicates in chalk facies sediments. Ontong Java Plateau- Gorm and Tyra fields, North Sea. Sedimentology 54, 183– 205.
  • Feng, M., Wu, P., Qiang, Z., Liu, X., Duan, Y., & Xia, M. (2017). Hydrothermal dolomite reservoir in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of central Sichuan Basin, Southwestern China, Marina and Petroleum Geology, 82, 206-219.
  • Gasparrini, M., Bakker, R.J., Bechstadt, T., & Boni, M. (2003). Hot dolomites in a Variscan foreland belt: hydrothermal flow in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 78, 501-507.
  • Gregg, J.M., & Shelton, K.L. (1990). Dolomitization and dolomite neomorphism in the back reef facies of the Bonneterre and Davis formations (Cambrian), Southeastern Missouri. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 60(4), 549-562.
  • Gregg, J.M., & Sibley, D.F. (1984). Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 54(3), 908-931.
  • Guo, C., Chen, D., Qing, H., Dong, S., Li, G., Wang, D., Qian, Y., & Liu, C. (2016). Multiple dolomitization and later hydrothermal alteration on the Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonates in the northern Tarim Basin. China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 72, 295-316.
  • Illing, L.V, Wells, A.J., & Taylor, L. (1965) Penecontemporaneous dolomite in the Persian Gulf. In Pray, L.C., and Murray, R. C. (eds) Dolomitization and Limestone diagenesis, SEPM Spec. Publication, 13, 89-111.
  • Jaswal, T.M., Lillie, R.J., & Lawrence, R.D. (1997). Structure and evolution of the northern Potwar deformed zone, Pakistan. Advancing the World of Petroleum Geosciences, 81(2), 308-328.
  • Jurgan, H. & Abbas, G. (1991). On the Chorgali Formation at the type locality. Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research, 3(1), 35-45.
  • Kadri, I.B. (1995). Petroleum geology of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi. Ferozsons (pvt) Limited, 275.
  • Kazmi, A.H., & Rana, R.A., (1982). Tectonic Map of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, p1. Land, L.S. (1985). The origin of massive dolomite. Journal of Geological Education, 33(2), 112-125.
  • Lee, T.Y. & Lawver, L.A. (1995). Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia. Tectonophysics, 251(1-4), 85-138.
  • McKenzie, D., & Sclater, J.G. (1971). The evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous. Geophysical Journal International, 24(5), 437-528.
  • McKenzie, J.A. (1981). Holocene dolomitization of calcium carbonate sediments from the coastal sabkhas of Abu Dhabi, UAE: a stable isotope study. The Journal of Geology, 89(2), 185-198.
  • Mitchell, J.T., Land, L.S. & Miser, D.E. (1987). Modern marine dolomite cement in a north Jamaican fringing reef. Geology, 15(6), 557-560.
  • Mountjoy, E.W., Machel, H.G., Green, D., Duggan, J., & Williams-Jones, A.E., 1999. Devonian matrix dolomites and deep burial carbonate cements: a comparison between the Rimbey Meadowbrook reef trend and the deep basin of west-central Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 47, 487–509.
  • Mujtaba, M. (2001). Depositional and diagenetic environments of carbonates of Chorgali Formations (Early Eocene) Salt Range-Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. (Ph.D. Thesis) University of Punjab.
  • Mujtaba, M., Jurgan, H., & Abbas, G. (1989). Depositional environment and porosity development in Lower Eocene Limestone Formation of Surghar Range. Pakistan, HDIP International Report (unpublished), Salt Range and Potwar Basin.
  • Patriat P., & Achache, J. (1984). India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates. Nature, 311(5987), 615-621.
  • Patterson, R.J., & Kinsman, D.J.J. (1982). Formation of diagenetic dolomite in coastal sabkha along Arabian (Persian) Gulf. American Association Petroleum Geologist, 66(1), 28-43.
  • Powell, C.M. & Conaghan, P.J. (1973). Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 20(1), 1-12.
  • Powell, C.M., Roots, S.R., & Veevers, J.J. (1988). Pre-breakup continental extension in East Gondwanaland and the early opening of the eastern Indian Ocean. Tectonophysics, 155(1-4), 261-283.
  • Rahimi, A., Adabi, M.H., Aghanabati, A., Majidifard, M. R., & Jamali, A.M. (2016). Dolomitization mechanism based on petrography and geochemistry in the Shotori Formation (Middle Triassic), Central Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 6(9), 1149-1168.
  • Rosenbaum, J., & Sheppard, S.M.F. (1986). An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 50(6), 1147-1150.
  • Saller, A.H. (1984). Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal seawater. Geology, 12(4), 217-220.
  • Shah, S.I., & Khan, I. (2016). Lexicon of the Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir 23. Shah, S.M.I. (2009). Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Memoir 22.
  • Sibley, D.F., & Gregg, J.M. (1987). Classification of dolomite rock textures. Journal of sedimentary Research, 57(6), 967-975.
  • Wachter, E.A., & Hayes, J.M. (1985). Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon dioxide-phosporic acid systems. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 52(3-4), 365-374.
  • Warren, J.K. (2000). Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important association. Earth Science Reviews, 52, 1-81.
  • Warren, J.K. (2006). Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Zenger D.H. (1983). Burial dolomitization in the Lost Burro Formation (Devonian), East-Central California, and the significance of the diagenetic dolomitization. Geology, 11(9), 519-522.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yer Bilimleri ve Jeoloji Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Sajjad Khan 0000-0003-2730-0997

Mehboob Ur Rashid Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2555-239X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 7 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Khan, S., & Rashid, M. U. (2022). Dolomitization Mechanism in the Chorgali Formation (Eocene), Pakistan: Evidences from Field observations, Petrography, Mineralogical and SEM analysis. Turkish Journal of Geosciences, 3(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.48053/turkgeo.1028669