Organic Geochemical Evidence of the Working Petroleum System in Beypazarı Neogene Basin and Potential Traps (Northwest Central Anatolia, Turkey)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 35 - 52, 15.12.2020

Adil Özdemir Yildiray Palabıyık Atilla Karataş Alperen Şahinoğlu

Öz

The Miocene units of the Beypazarı Neogene Basin extensively outcrop and prevalently include oil shale and coal. In the previous studies, it has been determined that the total organic carbon (TOC) values of bituminous shales in the basin are concentrated between 4-8% and algal organic matter (Type I-II kerogen) are dominant. It has also been determined that the bituminous shales have pyrolyzable hydrocarbon content of 83% and a potential source rock feature that can produce oil in a large quantity if exposed to high temperatures. Beypazarı Neogene Basin consists of volcano-sedimentary units. Therefore, as a result of the idea that the immature source rocks can be matured by young volcanic that exhibit widespread outcrops, it has been aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential especially in the northeastern part of the basin by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis performed on the samples taken from the natural cold water resources located in the related part of the basin. As a consequence of the analyses conducted, hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The detected n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). The presence of these mature petroleum hydrocarbons is regarded as evidence for the existence of a working petroleum system in the study area. Due to the presence of waters containing mature petroleum hydrocarbons, the anticlines in the depth of approximately 110 m in fault-propagation folds identified in the investigation area by gravity and magnetic data have a very high potential to become gas reservoirs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beypazarı Neogene basin, reservoir-targeted petroleum exploration, TPH in water analysis, hydrocarbon-rich water, oil shale and coal

Kaynakça

• Akkuş, İ., Sümer, A., Şengüler, İ., Taka, M., Pekatan, R., & Işık, A. (1982). Geology and bituminous shale possibilities of Beypazarı Çayırhan region. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No: 7837 (in Turkish).
• Aydın, A. (1997). Evaluation of gravity data in terms of hydrocarbon by normalized full gradient, variation and statistic methods, model studies and application in Hasankale-Horasan basin (Erzurum) (PhD thesis). Karadeniz Teknik University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Aydın, A. (2004). Evaluation of gravity anomalies by direct interpretation techniques: An application from Hasankale-Horasan region. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 11(1), 95-102 (in Turkish with English abstract).
• Aziz, A. (1976). Geology of the area between New Çayırhan and Karaköy and bituminous shale possibility. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No. 5732 (in Turkish).
• Banga, T., Capuano, R.M. & Bissada, K.K. (2011). Petroleum generation in the southeast Texas basin: Implications for hydrocarbon occurrence at the South Liberty salt dome. AAPG Bulletin, 95(7), 1257-1291.
• Beyer, J., Jonsson, G., Porte, C., Krahn, M.M. & Ariese, F. (2010). Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 30(3), 224-244.
• Bourbonniere, R.A., Meyers, P.A. (1996). Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of lakes Ontario and Erie. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 352-359.
• Bray, E.E., Evans, E.D. (1961). Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to the recognition of source rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 22, 2-15.
• Bray, E.E., Evans, E.D. (1965). Hydrocarbons in non-reservoir-rock source beds: Part 1. AAPG Bulletin, 49, 248-257.
• Cranwell, P.A., Eglinton G. & Robinson, N. (1987). Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments-2. Organic Geochemistry, 11, 513-527.
• Devi, E.A., Rachman, F., Satyana, A.H., Fahrudin & Setyawan, R. (2018). Geochemistry of Mudi and Sukowati oils, East Java basin and their correlative source rocks: Biomarkers and isotopic characterisation. Procedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Forty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2018.
• Didyk, B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassel, S.C. & Englington, G. (1978). Organic geochemical indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature, 272, 216-222.
• Eke, P.O., Okeke, F.N. (2016). Identification of hydrocarbon regions in Southern Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria from potential field data. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 5(11), 96-99.
• Eymold, W.K., Swana, K., Moore, M.T., Whyte, C.J., Harkness, J.S., Talma, S., Murray, R., Moortgat, J.B., Miller, J., Vengosh, A. & Darrah, T.H. (2018). Hydrocarbon-rich groundwater above shale-gas formations: A Karoo basin case study. Groundwater, 56(2), 204-224.
• Ficken, K.J., Li, B., Swain, D.L. & Eglinton, G. (2000). An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary inputs of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry, 31, 745-749. Forster, A., Sturt, H. & Meyers, P.A. (2004). Molecular biogeochemistry of Cretaceous black shales from the Demerara Rise: Preliminary shipboard results from sites 1257 and 1258, Leg 207. In: Erbacher, J.,Mosher, D.C., Malone, M.J., et al., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports: 207, 1-22.
• Gadirov, V.G., Eppelbaum, L.V., Kuderavets, R.S., Menshov, O.I. & Gadirov, K.V. (2018). Indicative features of local magnetic anomalies from hydrocarbon deposits: examples from Azerbaijan and Ukraine. Acta Geophysica, 66(6), 1463-1483.
• Gadirov, V.G., Eppelbaum, L.V. (2012). Detailed gravity, magnetics successful in exploring Azerbaijan onshore areas. Oil and Gas Journal, 5, 60-73.
• Gadirov, V.G. (1994). The physical-geological principles of application of gravity and magnetic prospecting in searching oil and gas deposits. Proceed. of 10th Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, 197-203.
• Geist, E.L., Childs, J.R. & Scholl, D.W. (1987). Evolution and petroleum geology of Amlia and Amukta intra-arc summit basins, Aleutian Ridge. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 4, 334-352.
• Goossens, H., Duren, C., De Leeuw, J. W. & Schenck, P.A. (1989). Lipids and their mode of occurrence in bacteria and sediments-2. Lipids in the sediment of a stratified, freshwater lake. Organic Geochemistry, 14, 27-41.
• Göktunalı, K. (1963). Report on Geological Survey of Beypazarı Lignites. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No. 3391 (in Turkish).
• Griffin, W.R. (1949). Residual gravity in theory and practice. Geophysics, 14, 39-58.
• Gülbay, R., Korkmaz, S. (2005). Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of oil shales in Northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 2, 21-41 (in Turkish with English abstract).
• Gülbay, K.R., Korkmaz, S. (2008). Organic geochemistry, depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of the Tertiary oil shale deposits in NW Anatolia, Turkey. Oil Shale, 25, 444-464.
• Gülbay, R. (2004). Organic geochemistry characteristics, depositional environments and hydrocarbons potential of bituminous shales in northwest anatolia (MSc. thesis). Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Hakimi, M.H., Al-Matary, A.M. & Ahmed, A. (2018). Bulk geochemical characteristics and carbon isotope composition of oils from the Sayhut sub-basin in the Gulf of Aden with emphasis on organic matter input, age and maturity. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(3), 361-370.
• Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Kloppisch, M., Mann, U., Neumann-Mahlkau, P., Schaefer, R.G. & Wilkes, H. (2007). The end-Frasnian mass extinction in the Eifel Mountains, Germany: new insights from organic matter composition and preservation. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 278, London, UK.
• Helvacı, C. (2018). Geology of the Beypazarı trona field, Ankara, Turkey. Post-Congress Trip to Beypazarı Trona Field, Ankara, Turkey. 71th Geological Congress of Turkey, April 28, 33.
• Hunt, J.M. (1995). Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, US.
• Ivakhnenko, O.P, Abirov, R. & Logvinenko, A. (2015). New method for characterisation of petroleum reservoir fluid-mineral deposits using magnetic analysis. Energy Procedia, 76, 454-462.
• İnci, U. (1991). Miocene alluvial fan-alkaline playa lignite-trona bearing deposits from an inverted basin in Anatolia: Sedimentology and tectonic controls on deposition. Sedimentary Geology, 71, 73-97.
• Karatas, A., Ozdemir, A. & Sahinoglu, A. (2019). Investigation of Oil and Gas Potential of Karaburun Peninsula and Seferihisar Uplift (Western Anatolia) by Iodine Hydrogeochemistry and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in Water Analysis. Marmara University, Project No (9505): SOS-A-100719-0267.
• Kavuşan, G. (1993). Importance of tectonic during the bedding of lignite in Beypazarı-Çayırhan Coal Field. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 2, 135-145 (in Turkish with English abstract).
• Kreuzer, R.L., Darrah, T.H., Grove, B.S., Moore, M.T., Warner, N.R., Eymold, W.K. & Poreda, R.J. (2018). Structural and hydrogeological controls on hydrocarbon and brine migration into drinking water aquifers in Southern New York. Groundwater, 56(2), 225-244.
• Kroon, J. (2011). Biomarkers in the lower huron shale (upper devonian) as indicators of organic matter source, depositional environment, and thermal maturity (MSc. thesis). Clemson University, South Carolina, US.
• Larasati, D., Suprayogi, K. & Akbar, A. (2016). Crude oil characterization of Tarakan basin: Application of biomarkers. The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa - Asia Region Bandung, Indonesia, 15 -17.
• Liu, S., Qi, S., Luo, Z., Liu, F., Ding, Y., Huang, H., Chen, Z., & Cheng, S. (2018). The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(1), 415-433.
• Lyatsky, H.V., Thurston, J.B., Brown, R.J. & Lyatsky, V.B. (1992). Hydrocarbon exploration applications of potential field horizontal gradient vector maps. Bulletin of Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Recorder, 17(9), 10-15.
• Meyers, P.A., Ishiwatari, R. (1993). Lacustrine organic geochemistry-an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 20, 867-900.
• Mille, G., Asia, L., Guiliano, M., Malleret, L. & Doumenq, P. (2007). Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Fos area, France). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 566-575.
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey, (2004a). Surface Water Quality Regulation of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 02 June 2020 from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/08/20160810-9.htm
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey, (2004b). Water Pollution Control Regulation of Turkey (in Turkish). Retrieved 02 June 2020 from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=7221&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5
• Nettleton, L.L. (1976). Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Prospecting. McGraw-Hill, New York, US.
• Ogden, D.E., Sleep, N.H. (2011). Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 109(1), 59-62.
• Onojake, M.C., Osuji, L.C. & Oforka, N.C. (2013). Preliminary hydrocarbon analysis of crude oils from Umutu/Bomu fields, south west Niger Delta, Nigeria. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22, 217-224.
• Ozdemir, A. (2018). Usage of the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in water analysis for oil and gas exploration: First important results from Turkey. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design of Suleyman Demirel University, 6(4), 615-635 (English version).
• Ozdemir, A. (2019a). Organic hydrogeochemical evidence of Hasanoğlan (Ankara) petroleum system. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(6), 748-763 (English version).
• Ozdemir, A. (2019b). Mature hydrocarbons-rich waters as geochemical evidence of working petroleum system of Mamak (Ankara) and potential trap area in the region. European Journal of Science and Technology, 17, 244-260 (English version).
• Ozdemir, A. (2019c). Organic hydrogeochemical evidence of pre-Neogene petroleum system of the Buyuk Menderes graben and potential traps (Western Turkey). European Journal of Science and Technology, 16, 325-354 (English version).
• Ozdemir A., Palabiyik, Y. (2019a). A review of Paleozoic - Miocene petroleum source rocks of Turkey by paleogeographic and paleotectonic data: New interpretations and major outcomes. 7th International Symposium on Academic Studies in Science, Engineering and Architecture Sciences, November 15-17, Ankara, Turkey, 689-725.
• Ozdemir A., Palabiyik, Y. (2019b). A new approach to petroleum source rock occurrence: The relationships between petroleum source rock, ophiolites, mantle plume and mass extinction. IV. International Congress of Scientific and Professional Studies - Engineering (BILMES EN), November 07 - 10, Ankara, Turkey, 28-39.
• Ozdemir, A., Karataş, A., Palabiyik, Y., Yaşar, E., & Sahinoglu, A. (2020). Oil and gas exploration in Seferihisar Uplift (Western Turkey) containing an operable-size gold deposit: Geochemical evidence for the presence of a working petroleum system. Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 6(1), 1-22.
• Özçelik, O. (2002). Organic geochemical characteristics of Miocene bituminous units, North of Beypazarı (Ankara). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 45(1), 1-17 (in Turkish with English abstract).
• Özçelik, O., Altunsoy, M. (2005). Organic geochemical characteristics of Miocene bituminous units in the Beypazari Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 30, 181-194.
• Özpeker, I., Çoban, F., Eseni, F., & Eren R.H. (1991). Mineralogical features of dolomite in the Hırka Formation (Beypazarı-Ankara). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 34, 23-26 (in Turkish with English abstract).
• Palabiyik, Y., Ozdemir, A. & Sahinoglu, A. (2019). Investigation of Oil and Gas Potential of Uludag Massif (Northwestern Anatolia) by Iodine Hydrogeochemistry and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in water analysis, Istanbul Technical University, Scientific Research Project, Project No: MAB-2019-42217, 76. (in Turkish).
• Palabiyik, Y., Ozdemir, A., Karataş, A. & Özyağcı, M. (2020). Identification of Oil and Gas Potential of Kastamonu and Sinop and their Surroundings (Central Pontides) by Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in water analysis, Istanbul Technical University, Scientific Research Project, Project No: MGA-2020-42587 (continue).
• Palabiyik, Y., Ozdemir, A. (2020). Use of TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) in water analysis for oil and gas exploration in Turkey: The case studies from Western, Northwestern and Central Anatolia regions and major outcomes. Turkey IV. Scientific and Technical Petroleum Congress, October 26-28, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish) (in press).
• Pašteka, R. (2000). 2D semi-automated interpretation methods in gravimetry and magnetometry. Acta Geologica Universitatis Comeniana, 55, 5-50.
• Pehlivanlı, B.Y. (2011). Inorganic element depositions of hırka formation (Beypezarı, Ankara) bituminous shales and genetic relationships between organic and inorganic elements (PhD thesis). Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Peters, K.E, Walters, C.C. & Moldowan, J.M. (2005). The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History. Second Ed, Vol 2. Cambridge University Press, UK.
• Peters, K.E., Fraser, T.H., Amris, W., Rustanto, B. & Hermanto, E. (1999). Geochemistry of crude oils from eastern Indonesia. AAPG Bulletin, 83, 1927-1942.
• Peters, K.E., Moldowan, J.M. (1993). The Biomarker Guide, Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments. Englewood Cliffs, Jersey, Prentice Hall, US.
• Piskarev, A.L., Tchernyshev, M.Y. (1997). Magnetic and gravity anomaly patterns related to hydrocarbon fields in northern West Siberia. Geophysics, 62(3), 831-841.
• Satyana, A.H. (2015). Subvolcanic hydrocarbon prospectivity of Java: Opportunities and challenges. Proceedings, Indonesian Petroleum Association, Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2015. IPA15-G-105.
• Senger, K., Millett, J., Planke, S., Ogata, K., Eide, C.H., Festøy, M., Galland, O. & Jerram, D.A. (2017). Effects of igneous intrusions on the petroleum system: A review. First Break, 35, 1-10.
• Seyitoğlu, G., Esat, K., & Kaypak, B. (2017). One of the main neotectonic structures in the NW central Anatolia: Beypazarı Blind Thrust Zone and related fault-propagation folds. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 154, 1-14.
• Siyako, F. (1983). Geology of Beypazarı Neogene Basin (Ankara) Containing Coal. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No. 7431 (in Turkish).
• Sönmez, Ö.U. (2016). Mineralogical and geochemical ınvestigation of the sedimentary units around Beypazarı-Çayırhan, Ankara, Turkey (MSc. Thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Stephen, O.I., Iduma, U. (2018). Hydrocarbon potential of Nigeria’s Inland Basin: Case study of Afikpo basin. Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 6(4), 1-24.
• Stchhepirsky, V. (1941). Geology and Mineral Richness of Beypazarı-Nallıhan-Bolu Region. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No. 1332 (in Turkish).
• Svancara, J. (1983). Approximate method for direct interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by surface three‐dimensional geologic structures. Geophysics, 48(3), 361-366.
• Svensen, H., Fristad, K.E., Polozov, A.G. & Planke, S. (2015). Volatile generation and release from continental large igneous provinces. In: Schmidt, A., Fristad, K.E., and Elkins-Tanton, L.T., (Eds.), Volcanism and Global Environmental Change, Cambridge University Press, UK.
• Syaifudin, M., Eddy, A., Subroto, E.A., Noeradi, D. & Kesumajana, A.H.P. (2015). Characterization and correlation study of source rocks and oils in Kuang area, South Sumatra basin: The potential of Lemat formation as hydrocarbon source rocks. Proceedings of Indonesian Petroleum Association, Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2015, IPA15-G-034.
• Şener, M. (2007). Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hırka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Earth System Science, 116, 125-135.
• Şener, M., Şengüler, İ. (1991). Geology and Economic Usage Areas of Beypazarı Bituminous Marls. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No: 9202 (in Turkish).
• Şener, M. Şengüler, İ. & Kök, M.V. (1995). Geological considerations for the economic evaluation of oil shale deposits in Turkey. Fuel, 74, 999-1003.
• Tarvirdi, M. (2013). Investigation of variations of mineralogical, petrographical and elemental contents within the two working coal seams, Çayırhan-Beypazarı, Ankara (MSc. thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: A New Approach to Oil and Gas Exploration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
• Toprak, S. (2010). Geology and coal prospecting of Haydarlar-Kabalar area (N of Beypazarı) (MSc. thesis). Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Töpfer, K.D. (1977). Improved technique for rapid interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by two-dimensional sedimentary basins. Journal of Geophysics, 43, 645-654 (in Švancara, J., 1983. Approximate method for direct interpretation of gravity anomalies caused by surface three‐dimensional geologic structures. Geophysics, 48(3), 361-366.
• Tran, K.L., Philippe, B. (1993). Oil and rock extract analysis. In: Bordenave, M.L. (ed.), Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Editions Technip, 373-394.
• Vardaloğlu, H. (2016). The organic geochemical characteristics of the marine, lacustrine source rocks and coals, and the n-alkane systematics: applicatıon on selected areas (MSc thesis). Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (in Turkish).
• Volkman, J.K., Maxwell, J.R. (1986). Acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers. In: Johns, R.B., (ed.), Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record, 1-42, Elsevier, New York.
• Waples, D.W. (1985). Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. International Human Resources Development Corp., Boston, USA.
• Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C. & Inci, U. (1988a). Geological setting and geometric features of the Beypazarı lignite deposits, Central Anatolia. The Sixth Coal Congress of Turkey, 529-545.
• Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C. & Inci, U. (1988b). Depositional setting and geometric structure of the Beypazarl lignite deposits, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 10, 337-360.
• Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C., Inci, U. & Önal, M. (1988c). Tectonic features to structural of the Beypazarı and Nallıhan Central Anatolia. METU Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 21, 127-143.
• Zemo, D.A., Foote, G.R. (2003). The technical case eliminating the use of the TPH analysis in assessing and regulating dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 23(3), 95-104.
• Zheng, Y., Zhou, W., Meyers, P.A. & Xie, S. (2007). Lipid biomarkers in the Zoigê- Hongyuan peat deposit: Indicators of Holocene climate changes in West China. Organic Geochemistry, 38, 1927-1940.
• Zieglar, J. (1939). Bituminous Shales Around Hırka (Beypazarı) and Karaköy (Nallıhan). Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report No. 984 (in Turkish).