Effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 41 - 51, 30.03.2023

Ramazan Bayer Hadi Nobarı Özgür Eken Serdar Bayrakdaroğlu Hürmüz Koç Elena Mainer Pardos Fatma Hilal Yağın

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1225476

Öz

Numerous variables can affect performance before the competition. Nevertheless, it could be a subject of curiosity to find out whether a warm-up strategy has a more positive effect on the power performance of kickboxers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers. Ten volunteer males performed three different warm-up routines in random order. The warm-up protocols consisted of only 20 min for each group. The groups with low-intensity aerobic running (NSWU) and specific warm-ups (SWU-20m) performed 20-min protocols. The other group followed 10 minutes of jogging and 10 minutes of specific warm-up (SWU-10m). All groups followed the warm-up randomly at two different periods of the day (i.e. morning: 09:00-10:00 and evening: 16:00-17:00) on non-consecutive days. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of Mean Propulsion (W) (F=3.518; p2=0.036). There was a statistically significant difference in Mean propulsive Power (W) between NSWU and SWU-10m (p3= 0.0007) in addition there was also a statistically significant difference in SWU-10m and SWU-20m (p3= 0.0106) and, NSWU and SWU-20m (p3= 0.415) protocols. In conclusion, mean propulsion (W) performance showed diurnal variation, and performances of the kickboxers’ can be affected more positively in the evening hours, especially after SWU protocols.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Combat Sports, Diurnal Variation, Power, Pre-Activity.

Kaynakça

• Alnuman, N., & Alshamasneh, A. (2022). The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on the Pulmonary Function in Mixed Martial Arts and Kickboxing Athletes. J Hum Kinet, 81(1), 53–63.
• American College of Sports Medicine. (2018). ACSM’s Guidelines For Exercise Testing And Prescription (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins Heal.
• Ayala, V., Martínez-Bebia, M., Latorre, J. A., Gimenez-Blasi, N., Jimenez-Casquet, M. J., Conde-Pipo, J., Bach-Faig, A., & Mariscal-Arcas, M. (2021). Influence of circadian rhythms on sports performance. Chronobiol Int, 38(11), 1522–1536.
• Barcroft, J., & King, W. O. R. (1909). The effect of temperature on the dissociation curve of blood. J Physiol, 39(5), 374-384.
• Bayer, R., & Eken, Ö. (2021). Some anaerobic performance variations from morning to evening: massage affects performance and diurnal variation. Revista on Line de Política e Gestão Educacional, 2459–2474.
• Behm, D. G., Kay, A. D., Trajano, G. S., & Blazevich, A. J. (2021). Mechanisms underlying performance impairments following prolonged static stretching without a comprehensive warm-up. Eur J Appl Physiol, 121(1), 67–94.
• Bishop, D. (2003). Warm Up I. Sports Med, 33(6), 439–454.
• Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues. Front physiol, 10, 1359.
• Boyle, M. (2004). Functional training for sports: superior conditioning for today’s athlete. Illinois: Human Kinetics.
• Buśko, K. (2016). Power-velocity characteristics and jumping abilities in male combat athletes. Hum Mov, 17(3), 181-184.
• Can, İ., & Bayrakdaroğlu, S. (2020). The relationship between the upper-body strength characteristics with velocity and power parameters during the bench throw movement: Is sport branch an important factor. Turk J Sport Exerc, 22(2), 189–195.
• Can, I., Bayrakdaroglu, S., & Duran, H. (2019). Comparison of velocity and power parameters during bench throw and loaded-squat jump movements according to some sport branches. International Journal of Sport Sciences and Health, 6(11–12), 67–78.
• Cormie, P., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, R. U. (2011). Developing maximal neuromuscular power. Sports Med, 41(1), 17–38.
• Deschenes, M. R., Kraemer, W. J., Bush, J. A., Doughty, T. A., Kim, D., Mullen, K. M., & Ramsey, K. (1998). Biorhythmic influences on functional capacity of human muscle and physiological responses. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30(9), 1399–1407.
• Eken, Ö., & Bayer, R. (2022). Acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, massage and combine protocols on flexibility, vertical jump and hand grip strength performance in kickboxers. Pedagogy Phys Cult sports, 26(1), 4–12.
• Eken, Ö., Bayer, R., & Bayrakdaroglu, S. (2022). The acute effect of high-ıntensity functional exercises on circadian rhythm and anaerobic performance parameters. Gümüşhane University Journal of Health Sciences, 11(1), 279–286.
• Eliakim, M., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., & Eliakim, A. (2007). The effect of music during warm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite adolescent volleyball players. Int J Sports Med, 28(4), 321–325.
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods, 39(2), 175–191.
• Fox, E. (1998). The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics. 4th edition, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
• Frikha, M., Chaâri, N., Gharbi, A., & Souissi, N. (2016). Influence of warm-up duration and recovery interval prior to exercise on anaerobic performance. Biol of Sport, 33(4), 361–366.
• Gartland, S. (2001). Injury and injury rates in Muay Thai kick boxing. Br J Sports Med, 35(5), 308–313.
• Gauthier, A., Davenne, D., Martin, A., & Van Hoecke, J. (2001). Time of day effects on isometric and isokinetic torque developed during elbow flexion in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol, 84(3), 249–252.
• Guilherme da Silva Telles, L., Cristiano Carelli, L., Dutra Bráz, I., Junqueira, C., Rios Monteiro, E., Machado Reis, V., Macedo Vianna, J., & da Silva Novaes, J. (2020). Effects of ischemic preconditioning as a warm-up on leg press and bench press performance. J Hum Kinet, 75(1), 267–277.
• Hawley, J. A., Williams, M. M., Hamling, G. C., & Walsh, R. M. (1989). Effects of a task-specific warm-up on anaerobic power. Br J Sports Med, 23(4), 233–236.
• Izquierdo, M., Häkkinen, K., Gonzalez-Badillo, J., Ibáñez, J., & Gorostiaga, E. (2002). Effects of long-term training specificity on maximal strength and power of the upper and lower extremities in athletes from different sports. Eur J Appl Physiol, 87(3), 264–271.
• Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, M. O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Bıol Fen, 35, 307–315.
• Lericollais, R., Gauthier, A., Bessot, N., Sesboüé, B., & Davenne, D. (2009). Time-of-day effects on fatigue during a sustained anaerobic test in well-trained cyclists. Chronobiol Int, 26(8), 1622–1635.
• Leyk, D., Rüther, T., Witzki, A., Schomaker, R., & Löllgen, H. (2017). Training and motives of 50–65 year old male sport newcomers: Results of a nationwide survey of endurance runners. J Sci Med Sport, 20, S33.
• Loturco, I., Nakamura, F. Y., Tricoli, V., Kobal, R., Cal Abad, C. C., Kitamura, K., Ugrinowitsch, C., Gil, S., Pereira, L. A., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2015a). Determining the Optimum Power Load in Jump Squat Using the Mean Propulsive Velocity. PLoS One, 10(10), e0140102.
• Loturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Kobal, R., Zanetti, V., Gil, S., Kitamura, K., Abad, C. C. C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2015b). Half-squat or jump squat training under optimum power load conditions to counteract power and speed decrements in Brazilian elite soccer players during the preseason. J Sports Sci, 33(12), 1283–1292.
• Loturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Reis, V. P., Bishop, C., Zanetti, V., Alcaraz, P. E., Freitas, T. T., & Mcguigan, M. R. (2020). Power training in elite young soccer players: Effects of using loads above or below the optimum power zone. J Sports Sci, 38(11–12), 1416–1422.
• McArdle, W. D., Frank, K., & Victor, K. (2010). Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• McCutcheon, L. J., Geor, R. J., & Hinchcliff, K. W. (1999). Effects of prior exercise on muscle metabolism during sprint exercise in horses. J Appl Physiol, 87(5), 1914–1922
• McGowan, C. J., Pyne, D. B., Thompson, K. G., & Rattray, B. (2015). Warm-Up Strategies for Sport and Exercise: Mechanisms and Applications. Sports Medicine, 45(11), 1523–1546.
• Mujika, I., de Txabarri, R. G., Maldonado-Martín, S., & Pyne, D. B. (2012). Warm-up intensity and duration’s effect on traditional rowing time-trial performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 7(2), 186–188.
• Nikolaidis, P. T., Torres-Luque, G., Chtourou, H., Clemente-Suarez, V. J., Ramírez-Vélez, R., & Heller, J. (2016). Comparison between jumping vs. cycling tests of short-term power in elite male handball players: the effect of age. Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, 91, 93–101.
• Neves, P. P., Alves, A. R., Marinho, D. A., Ferraz, R., Gil, M. H., Faíl, L. B., Sousa, A. C., Marques, M. C., & Neiva, H. P. (2019). The effect of combining general warm-up with specific warm-up in bench press performance. Proceedings of the International Seminar of Physical Education, Leisure and Health; Castelo Branco, Portugal (17-19 June 2019). Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(4proc), S1169-S1823.
• Portaluppi, F., Smolensky, M. H., & Touitou, Y. (2010). Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol Int, 27(9–10), 1911–1929.
• Prieske, O., Behrens, M., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2020). Time to differentiate postactivation “potentiation” from “performance enhancement” in the strength and conditioning community. Sports Med, 50(9), 1559–1565.
• Pullinger, S., Robertson, C. M., Oakley, A. J., Hobbs, R., Hughes, M., Burniston, J. G., & Edwards, B. J. (2019). Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures). Chronobiol Int, 36(3), 392–406.
• Racinais, S., & Oksa, J. (2010). Temperature and neuromuscular function. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20, 1–18.
• Racinais, Sébastien, Connes, P., Bishop, D., Blonc, S., & Hue, O. (2005). Morning versus evening power output and repeated‐sprint ability. Chronobiol Int, 22(6), 1029–1039.
• Reilly, T., Atkinson, G., Edwards, B., Waterhouse, J., Farrelly, K., & Fairhurst, E. (2007). Diurnal variation in temperature, mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). Chronobiol Int, 24(3), 507–519.
• Reilly, T., & Waterhouse, J. (2009). Sports performance: is there evidence that the body clock plays a role? Eur J Appl Physiol, 106(3), 321–332.
• Safran, M. R., Garrett, W. E., Seaber, A. V., Glisson, R. R., & Ribbeck, B. M. (1988). The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention. Am J Sports Med, 16(2), 123–129.
• Sanchez-Medina, L., Perez, C. E., & Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J. (2010). Importance of the Propulsive Phase in Strength Assessment. Int J Sports Med, 31(02), 123–129.
• Shephard, R. J. (1984). Sleep, Biorhythms and Human Performance. Sports Med, 1(1), 11–37.
• Slimani, M., Chaabene, H., Miarka, B., Franchini, E., Chamari, K., & Cheour, F. (2017). Kickboxing review: anthropometric, psychophysiological and activity profiles and injury epidemiology. Biol Sport, 2, 185–196.
• Souissi, N., Driss, T., Chamari, K., Vandewalle, H., Davenne, D., Gam, A., Fillard, J.-R., & Jousselin, E. (2010). Diurnal variation in Wingate test performances: influence of active warm-up. Chronobiol Int, 27(3), 640–652.
• Teo, W., McGuigan, M. R., & Newton, M. J. (2011). The effects of circadian rhythmicity of salivary cortisol and testosterone on maximal isometric force, maximal dynamic force, and power output. J Strength Cond Res, 25(6), 1538–1545.
• Thun, E., Bjorvatn, B., Flo, E., Harris, A., & Pallesen, S. (2015). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and athletic performance. Sleep Med Rev, 23, 1–9.
• Tomaras, E. K., & MacIntosh, B. R. (2011). Less is more: standard warm-up causes fatigue and less warm-up permits greater cycling power output. J Appl Physiol, 111(1), 228–235.
• Valenzuela, P. L., McGuigan, M., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Torrontegi, E., Vázquez-Carrión, J., Montalvo, Z., Abad, C. C. C., Pereira, L. A., & Loturco, I. (2020). Reference power values for the jump squat exercise in elite athletes: A multicenter study. J Sports Sci, 38(19), 2273–2278.
• Waterhouse, J., Drust, B., Weinert, D., Edwards, B., Gregson, W., Atkinson, G., Kao, S., Aizawa, S., & Reilly, T. (2005). The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiol Int, 22(2), 207–225.
• Zarrouk, N., Chtourou, H., Rebai, H., Hammouda, O., Souissi, N., Dogui, M., & Hug, F. (2012). Time of day effects on repeated sprint ability. Int J Sports Med, 33(12), 975–980.
• Zimmermann, H. B., MacIntosh, B. R., & Dal Pupo, J. (2020). Does postactivation potentiation (PAP) increase voluntary performance? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 45(4), 349–356.