The effects of coach encouragement on the physical and technical test performances of young tennis players
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 199 - 206, 30.09.2024
Bülent Kilit
,
Erşan Arslan
,
Yusuf Soylu
,
Barış Karakoç
Öz
This study investigates the effects of coach encouragement (CE) on the physical and technical performance of young tennis players. Twenty nationally ranked male tennis players (age: 13.6 ± 0.3 years, height: 160.9 ± 7.9 cm, body mass: 52.5 ± 7.6 kg,) participated in the present study. The physical and technical tests were conducted both with and without CE, using a randomized crossover design. Participants attended two sessions for performance assessments, undergoing a series of tests, including the hit and turn tennis test (HTTT), international tennis number test (ITN), counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, 20-m sprint tests, and the T-drill agility test. A paired t-test results demonstrated significant improvements in VO2max, CMJ height, 20-m sprint times, T-drill agility, and ITN scores under CE conditions compared to tests conducted without CE (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that CE positively influences physical and technical performances. Moreover, the effects of CE were more pronounced in long-duration exercises (HTTT and ITN), highlighting the crucial role of motivational support from coaches in the development of young athletes.
Etik Beyan
Ethical Approval
The study was approved by the Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University of Social and Humanities Research Ethical Committee (13.02.2024), and it was carried out by the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association, also known as the Declaration of Helsinki.
Destekleyen Kurum
Funding The authors declare that the study received no funding.
Kaynakça
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- Corbett, R., Partington, M., Ryan, L., & Cope, E. (2024). A systematic review of coach augmented verbal feedback during practice and competition in team sports. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 19(2), 864-881.
- Engel, F. A., Faude, O., Kölling, S., Kellmann, M., & Donath, L. (2019). Verbal encouragement and between-day reliability during high-intensity functional strength and endurance performance testing. Front Physiol, 10, 460.
- Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Pluim, B. M. (2006). Intensity of tennis match play. Br J Sports Med, 40(5), 387-391.
- Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Sanz-Rivas, D., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2009). A review of the activity profile and physiological demands of tennis match play. Strength Cond J, 31(4), 15-26.
- Ferrauti, A., Kinner, V., & Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2011). The Hit & Turn Tennis Test: An acoustically controlled endurance test for tennis players. J Sport Sci, 29(5), 485-494.
- Hammami, M. A., Guerchi, M., Selmi, O., Sehli, F., Ghouili, H., Stângaciu, O. A., Marinău, M. A., Galeru, O., & Alexe, D. I. (2023). Effect of verbal encouragement on physical fitness, technical skill and physiological response during small-sided soccer games. Sustainability, 15(4), 3624.
- Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(1), 3-12.
- Hoppe, M. W., Baumgart, C., Bornefeld, J., Sperlich, B., Freiwald, J., & Holmberg, H. C. (2014). Running activity profile of adolescent tennis players during match play. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 26(3), 281-290.
- Kilit, B., & Arslan, E. (2017). Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players: Comparison of serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches. Int J Perf Anal Spor, 17(5), 684-694.
- Kilit, B., & Arslan, E. (2019). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. On-Court Tennis Training in Young Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res, 33(1), 188-196.
- Kilit, B., Arslan, E., Akca, F., Aras, D., Soylu, Y., Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. T., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2019). Effect of coach encouragement on the psychophysiological and performance responses of young tennis players. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(18), 3467.
- Kilit, B., Arslan, E., & Soylu, Y. (2018). Time-motion characteristics, notational analysis and physiological demands of tennis match play: A review. Acta Kinesiol, 12(2), 5-12.
- Lai, Y., & Smith, H. (2021). An Investigation of the Three‐Way Joint Coaching Alliance: A Social Identity Theory Perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 489–517.
- Makino, H., Hwang, E. J., Hedrick, N. G., & Komiyama, T. (2016). Circuit mechanisms of sensorimotor learning. Neuron, 92(4), 705–721.
- Martin, G., & Pear, J.J. (2019). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it (11th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429020599
- Mason, R. J., Farrow, D., & Hattie, J. A. (2021). An exploratory investigation into the reception of verbal and video feedback provided to players in an Australian Football League club. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 16(1), 181-191.
- Mirwald, R. L., Baxter-Jones, A. D., Bailey, D. A., & Beunen, G. P. (2002). An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(4), 689-694.
- Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., & Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J Strength Cond Res, 14(4), 443-450.
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- Preiss, A., & Molina‐Ray, C. (2007). Leadership training for managers: An Adlerian approach. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(1), 10-17.
- Rampinini, E., Impellizzeri, F. M., Castagna, C., Abt, G., Chamari, K., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2007). Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. J Sport Sci, 25(6), 659-666.
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- Sahli, F., Hammami, R., Sahli, H., Jebabli, N., Selmi, W., Zghibi, M., & Tillaar, R. van den. (2022). The effects of combined verbal encouragement and technical instruction on technical skills and psychophysiological responses during small-sided handball games exercise in physical education. Front Physiol, 13, 902088.
- Sahli, H., Jebabli, N., Sahli, F., Amara, S., Ghouili, H., & Zghibi, M. (2023). Effect of teacher’s verbal encouragement on psychophysiological responses during soccer small-sided game. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 23(2), 251–259.
- Sampaio, T., Marinho, D., Teixeira, J. E., Oliveira, J., & Morais, J. (2023). Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: Understanding the field position factor. PeerJ, 11, e15609.
- Selmi, O., Khalifa, W. B., Ouerghi, N., Amara, F., & Zouaoui, M. (2017). Effect of Verbal Coach Encouragement on Small Sided Games Intensity and Perceived Enjoyment in Youth Soccer Players. J Athl Enhanc 6: 3. Of, 5, 16–17.
- Selmi, O., Levitt, D. E., Aydi, B., Ferhi, W., & Bouassida, A. (2023). Verbal encouragement improves game intensity, technical aspects, and psychological responses during soccer-specific training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 18(7), 758–764.
- Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Hunt, E. (1977). A system for the behavioral assessment of athletic coaches. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 48(2), 401-407.
- Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Kilit, B., & Lane, A. M. (2023a). Effects of coach encouragement on psychophysiological responses and technical actions in different small-sided soccer games. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol, 1-13.
- Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Yılmaz, O., & Kilit, B. (2023b). How does coach encouragement affect soccer test performance? Turk J Kinesiol, 9(4), 259-265.
- The ITF International Tennis Number Testing Guide. (2004). International Tennis Federation (ITF). http://www. tennisplayandstay.com/media/131803/131803.pdf.
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 199 - 206, 30.09.2024
Bülent Kilit
,
Erşan Arslan
,
Yusuf Soylu
,
Barış Karakoç
Kaynakça
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (Vol. 604). Freeman.
- Corbett, R., Partington, M., Ryan, L., & Cope, E. (2024). A systematic review of coach augmented verbal feedback during practice and competition in team sports. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 19(2), 864-881.
- Engel, F. A., Faude, O., Kölling, S., Kellmann, M., & Donath, L. (2019). Verbal encouragement and between-day reliability during high-intensity functional strength and endurance performance testing. Front Physiol, 10, 460.
- Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Pluim, B. M. (2006). Intensity of tennis match play. Br J Sports Med, 40(5), 387-391.
- Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Sanz-Rivas, D., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2009). A review of the activity profile and physiological demands of tennis match play. Strength Cond J, 31(4), 15-26.
- Ferrauti, A., Kinner, V., & Fernandez-Fernandez, J. (2011). The Hit & Turn Tennis Test: An acoustically controlled endurance test for tennis players. J Sport Sci, 29(5), 485-494.
- Hammami, M. A., Guerchi, M., Selmi, O., Sehli, F., Ghouili, H., Stângaciu, O. A., Marinău, M. A., Galeru, O., & Alexe, D. I. (2023). Effect of verbal encouragement on physical fitness, technical skill and physiological response during small-sided soccer games. Sustainability, 15(4), 3624.
- Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(1), 3-12.
- Hoppe, M. W., Baumgart, C., Bornefeld, J., Sperlich, B., Freiwald, J., & Holmberg, H. C. (2014). Running activity profile of adolescent tennis players during match play. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 26(3), 281-290.
- Kilit, B., & Arslan, E. (2017). Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players: Comparison of serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches. Int J Perf Anal Spor, 17(5), 684-694.
- Kilit, B., & Arslan, E. (2019). Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. On-Court Tennis Training in Young Tennis Players. J Strength Cond Res, 33(1), 188-196.
- Kilit, B., Arslan, E., Akca, F., Aras, D., Soylu, Y., Clemente, F. M., Nikolaidis, P. T., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2019). Effect of coach encouragement on the psychophysiological and performance responses of young tennis players. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(18), 3467.
- Kilit, B., Arslan, E., & Soylu, Y. (2018). Time-motion characteristics, notational analysis and physiological demands of tennis match play: A review. Acta Kinesiol, 12(2), 5-12.
- Lai, Y., & Smith, H. (2021). An Investigation of the Three‐Way Joint Coaching Alliance: A Social Identity Theory Perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(2), 489–517.
- Makino, H., Hwang, E. J., Hedrick, N. G., & Komiyama, T. (2016). Circuit mechanisms of sensorimotor learning. Neuron, 92(4), 705–721.
- Martin, G., & Pear, J.J. (2019). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it (11th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429020599
- Mason, R. J., Farrow, D., & Hattie, J. A. (2021). An exploratory investigation into the reception of verbal and video feedback provided to players in an Australian Football League club. Int J Sports Sci Coach, 16(1), 181-191.
- Mirwald, R. L., Baxter-Jones, A. D., Bailey, D. A., & Beunen, G. P. (2002). An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(4), 689-694.
- Pauole, K., Madole, K., Garhammer, J., Lacourse, M., & Rozenek, R. (2000). Reliability and validity of the T-test as a measure of agility, leg power, and leg speed in college-aged men and women. J Strength Cond Res, 14(4), 443-450.
- Pereira, L. A., Freitas, V., Moura, F. A., Urso, R. P., Loturco, I., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2015). Match analysis and physical performance of high-level young tennis players in simulated matches: A pilot study. J Athl Enhancement, 4, 1-7.
- Preiss, A., & Molina‐Ray, C. (2007). Leadership training for managers: An Adlerian approach. Journal of Leadership Studies, 1(1), 10-17.
- Rampinini, E., Impellizzeri, F. M., Castagna, C., Abt, G., Chamari, K., Sassi, A., & Marcora, S. M. (2007). Factors influencing physiological responses to small-sided soccer games. J Sport Sci, 25(6), 659-666.
- Reid, M., Duffield, R., Dawson, B., Baker, J., & Crespo, M. (2008). Quantification of the physiological and performance characteristics of on-court tennis drills. Br J Sports Med, 42(2), 146–151.
- Reid, M. M., Duffield, R., Minett, G. M., Sibte, N., Murphy, A. P., & Baker, J. (2013). Physiological, perceptual, and technical responses to on-court tennis training on hard and clay courts. J Strength Cond Res, 27(6), 1487–1495.
- Sahli, F., Hammami, R., Sahli, H., Jebabli, N., Selmi, W., Zghibi, M., & Tillaar, R. van den. (2022). The effects of combined verbal encouragement and technical instruction on technical skills and psychophysiological responses during small-sided handball games exercise in physical education. Front Physiol, 13, 902088.
- Sahli, H., Jebabli, N., Sahli, F., Amara, S., Ghouili, H., & Zghibi, M. (2023). Effect of teacher’s verbal encouragement on psychophysiological responses during soccer small-sided game. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 23(2), 251–259.
- Sampaio, T., Marinho, D., Teixeira, J. E., Oliveira, J., & Morais, J. (2023). Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: Understanding the field position factor. PeerJ, 11, e15609.
- Selmi, O., Khalifa, W. B., Ouerghi, N., Amara, F., & Zouaoui, M. (2017). Effect of Verbal Coach Encouragement on Small Sided Games Intensity and Perceived Enjoyment in Youth Soccer Players. J Athl Enhanc 6: 3. Of, 5, 16–17.
- Selmi, O., Levitt, D. E., Aydi, B., Ferhi, W., & Bouassida, A. (2023). Verbal encouragement improves game intensity, technical aspects, and psychological responses during soccer-specific training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 18(7), 758–764.
- Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Hunt, E. (1977). A system for the behavioral assessment of athletic coaches. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 48(2), 401-407.
- Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Kilit, B., & Lane, A. M. (2023a). Effects of coach encouragement on psychophysiological responses and technical actions in different small-sided soccer games. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol, 1-13.
- Soylu, Y., Arslan, E., Yılmaz, O., & Kilit, B. (2023b). How does coach encouragement affect soccer test performance? Turk J Kinesiol, 9(4), 259-265.
- The ITF International Tennis Number Testing Guide. (2004). International Tennis Federation (ITF). http://www. tennisplayandstay.com/media/131803/131803.pdf.