Determination of Some Characteristics of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) Populations Collected from Natural Flora and Selection of Grass Type Genotypes

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 41 - 57, 30.12.2022

Fatih Alay , İlknur Ayan

https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1092070

Bu makale için 7 Aralık 2023 tarihinde bir düzeltme yayımlandı. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkjrfs/issue/81232/1401836

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine the identification criteria (phenological, morphological and some agricultural) and select the ones suitable for turfgrass. Agricultural studies in Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute Ambarköprü Station were carried out. Identification studies was done according to IBPGR with 900 genotypes in 2015 and 2016. Some parameters determined in the study as follows. Average plant height 65–177 cm, main stem thickness 2.0–6.1 mm, internode length 11–53 cm, flag leaf length 10–42 cm, flag leaf width 3–14 mm, days to heading 208–246, lodging ratio 1.5–5.0 (1=erect; 5= prostrate), tillering potential 9–330, spring growth 1.5–5.0 (1- early; 5- late), herbage forage yield 101–2330 g/plant. End of the morphological and technological measuring and observations, 49 genotypes were selected for turfgrass with using relative rating method. According to the analysis, the genotypes were first divided into two main groups. It was determined that the genotypes FA 06-07, FA 31-02, FA 09-08 and FA 05-13 in the first group were collected from Samsun and Tokat locations, and all of the genotypes in the second group were collected from the Tokat location.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cluster, Genotype, Grass type, Tall fescue

Kaynakça

• Açıkgöz, E. 1994. Grass fields Construction and Maintenance Technique. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture. Bursa.
• Alagöz, M. and M. Türk. 2017. Determination of Grass Field Performance of Some Turfgrass and Mixtures in Isparta Ecological Conditions. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture. ISSN 1304-9984.12 (2):30-39.
• Alay, F., İ. Ayan and Y. Kaya. 2020. Determination of Agricultural and Morphological Characteristics of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) Genotypes Collected from the Natural Flora of the Central Black Sea Region, Selection of Turfgrass Type Genotypes and Determination of Genetic Affinity Levels. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Field Crops USA. Doctoral Thesis, 323p. Samsun.
• Anonymous, 2018. 10th Regional Directorate of Meteorology. Samsun
• Arslan, S. and Z. Acar. 2019. Determination of Adaptation and Quality Characteristics of Some Turfgrass Plants to Samsun Ecological Conditions. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Field Crops USA. Master Thesis, 90p. Samsun.
• Arslan, D. and A. Orak. 2011. Determination of green field performance of some turfgrass plants and their mixtures in Tekirdağ coastal belt. 9. Field Crops Congress, Bursa, 1781-1786.
• Avcıoğlu, R. 1997. Turfgrass Technique, Sowing, Planting and Maintenance of Green Fields. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 271p. Bornova-İzmir.
• Ayan, İ and Z. Acar. 2009. Festuca sp. Forage Crops from Grains and Other Families. Volume III, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Production Development Directorate. İzmir.
• Ayan, İ., Z. Acar, H. G. Kutbay, Ö. Ö. Aşcı, H. Mut, U. Başaran and M. Ö. Töngel. 2011. Collection, Identification and Researching the Possibilities of Culture of Some Grass Forage Plants in the Central Black Sea Region. 106 O 738 nolu TÜBİTAK Project Final Report. Samsun
• Balekoğlu, E. 2015. Studies on the Adaptation Characteristics of Different tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Turfgrass Varieties to Mediterranean Ecology. Master Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, 57p. Bornova İzmir.
• Başer, M. and M. Kaplan. 2015. The Effects of Different Salt Levels and Sodium Absorption Ratio on Forage Yield and Quality in Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Master Thesis, Erciyes University, Institute of Science and Technology, 52p. Kayseri.
• Beard, J.B. 1973. Turfgrass: Science and Culture. Prentice-hall, Englewood Cliffs International, Inc, New Jersey. 658p. U.S.A. Davis, P.H. 1985. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Vol: 10 (Gramineae), Edinburg.
• Dzyubenko N. I. and E. A. Dzyubenko. 2011. Crops, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. - Tall fescue. www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/cultural/Festuca_arundinacea_K/.
• Edward B. 1993. Tall Fescue Management. Extension Specialist. www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/tallfesc.htm.
• Erdoğan, H. and M. Sürmen. 2019. Determination of utilization opportunities of Some Turfgrass Plants and Their Mixtures in Green Field Facilities in Aydın Ecological Conditions. Adnan Menderes University. Master Thesis, Institute of Science and Technology. 72p. Aydin.
• Ekiz, H., M. Yazgan, H. Kendir and N. Kardeniz. 1995. A Study on Some Morphological and Phenological Characters in Determining the Species that Can Be Used in Green Field Facilities in Some Imported Turfgrass Seeds of Danish Origin in Ankara Conditions. A.U. Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 1401, Scientific Research and Analysis: 781. Ankara.
• Eraşık, T., H. Soya. 2014. Studies on Turf Quality of New Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Varieties in Mediterranean Ecology. Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences (Master's Thesis). Aegean University. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Field Crops U.S.A. Bornova-IZMIR.
• Gebeyahou, G., D. R. Knott and R. J. Baker. 1982. Relationships among duration of vegetative and grain filling phases, yield components, and grain yield in durum wheat cultivars. Crop Science 22: 287 - 290.
• Gençkan, M. S. 1983. Forage Crops Agriculture. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 467. Bornova-İzmir.
• Hannaway, D., S. Fransen, J. Cropper, M. Tell, M. Chaney, T. Griggs, R. Halse, J. Hart, P. Cheeke, D. Hansen, R. Klinger, and W. Lane. 1999. Orchardgrass.http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/pnw/pnw503/complete.html, (Accessed December 12, 2019).
• İslam, A. and H. Deligöz. 2012. Blackberry (Laurocerasus officinalis L.) selection in Ordu province. Academic Journal of Agriculture. 1(1): 37-44 ISSN: 2147-6403.
• Karaca, A. and İ. Akgün. 2005. Determination of aneuploidy ratios and some morphological features in different LoliumxFestuca hybrids. Journal of Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture. 18 (2): 273-278.
• Kılıç, G. and M. Türk. 2017. Effects of Different Nitrogen Doses on Grass Field Performance of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) Varieties. Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of the Institute of Science, Vol 21, No 1, 31-37.
• Koyuncu, R. 20018. Determination of Morphological Diversity in Poa L. Genotypes Collected from Nature. Master Thesis Selcuk University, Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Field Crops.
• Kuşvuran, A. 2009. Determination of suitable turfgrass and species mixtures in Çukurova conditions and determination of their performance. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University Institute of Science and Technology, Adana, 1-267.
• Mirjalili, S.A., S.J. Bennett. 2006. Morphological variation in population of the genus Lolium (Poaceae) in İran. İnternational Journal of Botany 2(3):286-292.
• Mirjalili, S.A., S.J. Bennett and E. Poorazizi. 2008. A phenetic nalysis on the genus Lolium (Poaceae) in İran. Plant Syst Evol. 274, 203-208.
• Christians, N. E., J. A. Patton, and D. L. Quincy. 2016. Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management-Wiley, Fifth Edition, Hoboken, New Jersey, America.
• Oral, N. and E. Açıkgöz. 1998. Researches on Seed Mixture Sowing Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Grass Fields to be Established in Bursa Region. (PhD Thesis), Uludag University, Institute of Science and Technology. 216p. Bursa.
• Oliveira, J.A. and G. Charmet. 1989. Characterization of wild perennial ryegrass populations from Galicia (Spain). Pastos. 18-19 (1-2), 51-68.
• Okkaoğlu, H. 2006. Research on seed yield and different agronomic characteristics of some grass forage crops. Master Thesis, Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, Izmir, 1-106.
• Özbek, H. and S. Keskin. 2007. Standard deviation or standard error? Van Medical Journal. 14(2) 64-67.
• Özkan, Ş.S. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2013. Studies on the Performance of Some Grass Crops Options Grown in Mediterranean Ecology of the Effects of Different cutting Heights(Master's Thesis). Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, İzmir.
• Özköse, A. 2012. Determination of some morphological and agricultural characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes collected from Ankara natural flora. Selcuk University Published doctoral thesis, Konya.
• Öztan, Y. and A. Okatan. 1985. Pasture Management. Meadow – Pasture Legume and Grass Forage Crops Introductory Guide, Volume II, Karadeniz University, Faculty of Forestry, General Publication No: 95, Faculty Publication No: 8, Trabzon. Romani, M., E. Piano and L. Pecetti. 2002. Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 49, 341-348.
• Salman, A. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2008. The Effect of Different Fertilizer Doses on Green Field Performances of Some Cool and Warm season Grasses. (PhD Thesis), Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, İzmir. 1-152.
• Saygın, A. and İ. Ayan. 2019. Determination of Performance of Some Cool Season Grass Mixtures at Different Sowing Ratios in Samsun Conditions. Master Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Science and Technology. 80p. Samsun.
• Serin, Y. and M. Tan. 1998. Forage Grasses. Ataturk Univ. Publication No: 859, Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 334, Textbooks No: 81, Erzurum.
• Sokolovic, D., Z. Lugic, J. Radovic, T. Zivanovic, S. Babic, A. Simic and R. Maletic. 2011. Evaluation of morphological traits, dry matter yield and quality of Lolium perenne L. autochthonous populations from Serbia through multivariate analysis. Genetica. 43(1), 129-140.
• Shipway, P.A., L.J. Baker, G. Carr and A. Drysdale. 2010. Recommended grass and clover varieties. 2010-2011. SAC Technical Note TN635, ISSN 0142 7695 ISBN 1 85482 892 4. http://www.sac.ac.uk/mainrep/pdfs/tn635grassclover.pdf,
• Açıkgöz, E. 1994. Grass fields Construction and Maintenance Technique. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture. Bursa.
• Alagöz, M. and M. Türk. 2017. Determination of Grass Field Performance of Some Turfgrass and Mixtures in Isparta Ecological Conditions. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Agriculture. ISSN 1304-9984.12 (2):30-39.
• Alay, F., İ. Ayan and Y. Kaya. 2020. Determination of Agricultural and Morphological Characteristics of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) Genotypes Collected from the Natural Flora of the Central Black Sea Region, Selection of Turfgrass Type Genotypes and Determination of Genetic Affinity Levels. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Field Crops USA. Doctoral Thesis, 323p. Samsun.
• Anonymous, 2018. 10th Regional Directorate of Meteorology. Samsun
• Arslan, S. and Z. Acar. 2019. Determination of Adaptation and Quality Characteristics of Some Turfgrass Plants to Samsun Ecological Conditions. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Field Crops USA. Master Thesis, 90p. Samsun.
• Arslan, D. and A. Orak. 2011. Determination of green field performance of some turfgrass plants and their mixtures in Tekirdağ coastal belt. 9. Field Crops Congress, Bursa, 1781-1786.
• Avcıoğlu, R. 1997. Turfgrass Technique, Sowing, Planting and Maintenance of Green Fields. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, 271p. Bornova-İzmir.
• Ayan, İ and Z. Acar. 2009. Festuca sp. Forage Crops from Grains and Other Families. Volume III, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Production Development Directorate. İzmir.
• Ayan, İ., Z. Acar, H. G. Kutbay, Ö. Ö. Aşcı, H. Mut, U. Başaran and M. Ö. Töngel. 2011. Collection, Identification and Researching the Possibilities of Culture of Some Grass Forage Plants in the Central Black Sea Region. 106 O 738 nolu TÜBİTAK Project Final Report. Samsun.
• Balekoğlu, E. 2015. Studies on the Adaptation Characteristics of Different tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Turfgrass Varieties to Mediterranean Ecology. Master Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, 57p. Bornova İzmir.
• Başer, M. and M. Kaplan. 2015. The Effects of Different Salt Levels and Sodium Absorption Ratio on Forage Yield and Quality in Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Master Thesis, Erciyes University, Institute of Science and Technology, 52p. Kayseri.
• Beard, J.B. 1973. Turfgrass: Science and Culture. Prentice-hall, Englewood Cliffs International, Inc, New Jersey. 658p. U.S.A. Davis, P.H. 1985. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Vol: 10 (Gramineae), Edinburg.
• Dzyubenko N. I. and E. A. Dzyubenko. 2011. Crops, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. - Tall fescue. www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/cultural/Festuca_arundinacea_K/.
• Edward B. 1993. Tall Fescue Management. Extension Specialist. www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/tallfesc.htm.
• Erdoğan, H. and M. Sürmen. 2019. Determination of utilization opportunities of Some Turfgrass Plants and Their Mixtures in Green Field Facilities in Aydın Ecological Conditions. Adnan Menderes University. Master Thesis, Institute of Science and Technology. 72p. Aydin.
• Ekiz, H., M. Yazgan, H. Kendir and N. Kardeniz. 1995. A Study on Some Morphological and Phenological Characters in Determining the Species that Can Be Used in Green Field Facilities in Some Imported Turfgrass Seeds of Danish Origin in Ankara Conditions. A.U. Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 1401, Scientific Research and Analysis: 781. Ankara.
• Eraşık, T., H. Soya. 2014. Studies on Turf Quality of New Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) Varieties in Mediterranean Ecology. Ege University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences (Master's Thesis). Aegean University. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Field Crops U.S.A. Bornova-IZMIR.
• Gebeyahou, G., D. R. Knott and R. J. Baker. 1982. Relationships among duration of vegetative and grain filling phases, yield components, and grain yield in durum wheat cultivars. Crop Science 22: 287 - 290.
• Gençkan, M. S. 1983. Forage Crops Agriculture. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 467. Bornova-İzmir.
• Hannaway, D., S. Fransen, J. Cropper, M. Tell, M. Chaney, T. Griggs, R. Halse, J. Hart, P. Cheeke, D. Hansen, R. Klinger, and W. Lane. 1999. Orchardgrass.http://eesc.orst.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/pnw/pnw503/complete.html, (Accessed December 12, 2005).
• İslam, A. and H. Deligöz. 2012. Blackberry (Laurocerasus officinalis L.) selection in Ordu province. Academic Journal of Agriculture. 1(1): 37-44 ISSN: 2147-6403.
• Karaca, A. and İ. Akgün. 2005. Determination of aneuploidy ratios and some morphological features in different LoliumxFestuca hybrids. Journal of Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture. 18 (2): 273-278.
• Kılıç, G. and M. Türk. 2017. Effects of Different Nitrogen Doses on Grass Field Performance of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) Varieties. Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of the Institute of Science, Vol 21, No 1, 31-37.
• Koyuncu, R. 20018. Determination of Morphological Diversity in Poa L. Genotypes Collected from Nature. Master Thesis Selcuk University, Institute of Science and Technology. Department of Field Crops.
• Kuşvuran, A. 2009. Determination of suitable turfgrass and species mixtures in Çukurova conditions and determination of their performance. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University Institute of Science and Technology, Adana, 1-267.
• Mirjalili, S.A., S.J. Bennett. 2006. Morphological variation in population of the genus Lolium (Poaceae) in İran. İnternational Journal of Botany 2(3):286-292.
• Mirjalili, S.A., S.J. Bennett and E. Poorazizi. 2008. A phenetic nalysis on the genus Lolium (Poaceae) in İran. Plant Syst Evol. 274, 203-208.
• Christians, N. E., J. A. Patton, and D. L. Quincy. 2016. Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management-Wiley, Fifth Edition, Hoboken, New Jersey, America
• Oral, N. and E. Açıkgöz. 1998. Researches on Seed Mixture Sowing Ratios and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application for Grass Fields to be Established in Bursa Region. (PhD Thesis), Uludag University, Institute of Science and Technology. 216p. Bursa.
• Oliveira, J.A. and G. Charmet. 1989. Characterization of wild perennial ryegrass populations from Galicia (Spain). Pastos. 18-19 (1-2), 51-68.
• Okkaoğlu, H. 2006. Research on seed yield and different agronomic characteristics of some grass forage crops. Master Thesis, Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, Izmir, 1-106.
• Özbek, H. and S. Keskin. 2007. Standard deviation or standard error? Van Medical Journal. 14(2) 64-67.
• Özkan, Ş.S. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2013. Studies on the Performance of Some Grass Crops Options Grown in Mediterranean Ecology of the Effects of Different cutting Heights(Master's Thesis). Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, İzmir.
• Özköse, A. 2012. Determination of some morphological and agricultural characteristics of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes collected from Ankara natural flora. Selcuk University Published doctoral thesis, Konya.
• Öztan, Y. and A. Okatan. 1985. Pasture Management. Meadow – Pasture Legume and Grass Forage Crops Introductory Guide, Volume II, Karadeniz University, Faculty of Forestry, General Publication No: 95, Faculty Publication No: 8, Trabzon.
• Romani, M., E. Piano and L. Pecetti. 2002. Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 49, 341-348.
• Salman, A. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2008. The Effect of Different Fertilizer Doses on Green Field Performances of Some Cool and Warm season Grasses. (PhD Thesis), Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, İzmir. 1-152.
• Saygın, A. and İ. Ayan. 2019. Determination of Performance of Some Cool Season Grass Mixtures at Different Sowing Ratios in Samsun Conditions. Master Thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Institute of Science and Technology. 80p. Samsun.
• Serin, Y. and M. Tan. 1998. Forage Grasses. Ataturk Univ. Publication No: 859, Faculty of Agriculture Publication No: 334, Textbooks No: 81, Erzurum.
• Sokolovic, D., Z. Lugic, J. Radovic, T. Zivanovic, S. Babic, A. Simic and R. Maletic. 2011. Evaluation of morphological traits, dry matter yield and quality of Lolium perenne L. autochthonous populations from Serbia through multivariate analysis. Genetica. 43(1), 129-140.
• Shipway, P.A., L.J. Baker, G. Carr and A. Drysdale. 2010. Recommended grass and clover varieties. 2010-2011. SAC Technical Note TN635, ISSN 0142 7695 ISBN 1 85482 892 4. http://www.sac.ac.uk/mainrep/pdfs/tn635grassclover.pdf, (Accessed March 25, 2012).
• Stier, J. C., K. Steinke, E. H. Ervin, F. R. Higginson and P. E. McMaugh. 2013. Turfgrass benefits and issues, in J. C. Stier, B. P. Horgan, and S. A. Bonos, eds., Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management. Agronomy Monograph 56. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 105–145.
• Tosun. F. 1973. Breeding of perennial forage grasses. ( Translation from Hasnon and Carnahan 1956) Atatürk University Publications No: 21, Faculty of Agriculture No: 108, Translation No: 10. Ankara.
• Uyaroğlu, B. A., R. 1999. The effects of different cutting densities on green field performance of some turfgrasses. Master Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, Bornova-İzmir.
• Uzun, G. 1992. Construction of Grass and Sports Fields in Landscape Architecture. Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Assistant Textbook, 20. 170p. Adana.
• Varoğlu, H. 2010. Lawn characteristics of some new tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), red tall fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars. Master Thesis, Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, Izmir, 1-44.
• Varoğlu, H., R. Avcıoğlu and R. Değirmenci. 2015. Lawn Characteristics of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Red tall fescue (Festuca rubra) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Varieties. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute. 24(2):85-95.
• Watkins, E. and W. A. Meyer. 2004. Morphological Characterization of Turf Type Tall fescue Genotypes. Department of Plant Biology and Diseases, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Hortscience. 39(3):615-619.
• Yazgan, A. 1989. Horticultural experimentation technique seminar. (14-25 August 1989, Erzincan). T.R. Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Project and App. Gene. Manager Horticulture Research. Inst. Manager.
• Yazgan, E. and H. Ekiz, N. Karadeniz and H. Kendir. 1992. A research on some morphological and phenological characters in determining the important grass species that can be used in green field facilities in Ankara conditions. Ankara Univ. Zir. Fac. Publications 1277, Scientific Research and Reviews 710.
• Yılmaz, M. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2000. Studies on Green Field Suitability and Seed Yields of Some Grasses Used as Green Field and Erosion Control Plants in Tokat Conditions. (PhD Thesis), Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Field Crops, Tokat.
• Stier, J. C., K. Steinke, E. H. Ervin, F. R. Higginson and P. E. McMaugh. 2013. Turfgrass benefits and issues, in J. C. Stier, B. P. Horgan, and S. A. Bonos, eds., Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management. Agronomy Monograph 56. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 105–145.
• Tosun. F. 1973. Breeding of perennial forage grasses. ( Translation from Hasnon and Carnahan 1956) Atatürk University Publications No: 21, Faculty of Agriculture No: 108, Translation No: 10. Ankara.
• Uyaroğlu, B. A., R. 1999. The effects of different cutting densities on green field performance of some turfgrasses. Master Thesis, Ege University, Institute of Science and Technology, Bornova-İzmir.
• Uzun, G. 1992. Construction of Grass and Sports Fields in Landscape Architecture. Çukurova University Faculty of Agriculture Assistant Textbook, 20. 170p. Adana.
• Varoğlu, H. 2010. Lawn characteristics of some new tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), red tall fescue (Festuca rubra), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) cultivars. Master Thesis, Ege University Institute of Science and Technology, Izmir, 1-44.
• Varoğlu, H., R. Avcıoğlu and R. Değirmenci. 2015. Lawn Characteristics of Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae), Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis), Red tall fescue (Festuca rubra) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Varieties. Journal of Field Crops Central Research Institute. 24(2):85-95.
• Watkins, E. and W. A. Meyer. 2004. Morphological Characterization of Turf Type Tall fescue Genotypes. Department of Plant Biology and Diseases, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Hortscience. 39(3):615-619.
• Yazgan, A. 1989. Horticultural experimentation technique seminar. (14-25 August 1989, Erzincan). T.R. Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Project and App. Gene. Manager Horticulture Research. Inst. Manager.
• Yazgan, E. and H. Ekiz, N. Karadeniz and H. Kendir. 1992. A research on some morphological and phenological characters in determining the important grass species that can be used in green field facilities in Ankara conditions. Ankara Univ. Zir. Fac. Publications 1277, Scientific Research and Reviews 710.
• Yılmaz, M. and R. Avcıoğlu. 2000. Studies on Green Field Suitability and Seed Yields of Some Grasses Used as Green Field and Erosion Control Plants in Tokat Conditions. (PhD Thesis), Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Field Crops, Tokat.