PYGMALION ETKİSİ VE LİDERLİK

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 69 - 79, 15.12.2017

Mukadder Boydak Özan Seda Gündüzalp

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı literatürde “Pygmalion Etkisi” diye adlandırılan, beklentilerin

davranışı şekillendirmesindeki etkisi olarak özetleyebileceğimiz olgunun alan yazındaki yerini

ortaya koymaya çalışmak ve bu etkiye liderlik perspektifinden yaklaşarak değerlendirme

yapmaktır. Bu amaçla Pygmalion etkisi kavramı titiz bir çalışma sonucu incelenmiş, bugüne

kadar yapılmış çalışmalar irdelenmiş ve araştırma sonuçları bu çalışmada verilmeye çalışmıştır.

Eğitim ve yönetim alanında pygmalion etkisi ile ilgili yapılan önemli çalışmalar incelendiğinde,

bir öğretmenin öğrenciye; bir yöneticinin çalışanına yönelik oluşturduğu beklentilerin

davranışları etkilediği, olumlu beklentilerin pozitif etkiye, olumsuz beklentilerin ise negatif

etkiye sahip olduğu sonucu bu çalışmada ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pygmalion Etkisi, Liderlik, Eğitim, Golem Etkisi

Kaynakça

• Alpert, L. J. (1975). Teacher Behavior and Pupil Performance Reconsideration of the Mediation of Pygmalion Effects. The Journal of Educational Research, 69(2), 5357 Armando, L. ve Filho, L. (2016). The Pygmalion and Galatea effects in the coaching process from the perspective of highperformance volleyball athletes. Sports Coahching Review, 5(2), 195197 Arnold, J. (1997). High expectations for all: Perspective and Practice. Middle School Journal, 28(3), 5153 Aydoğan, İ. (2003). Öğretim Ortamında Düşüncenin Gücü. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, ss.1. Bamburg, J.D. (1994). Raising Expectations To Improve Student Learning. Urban Monograph Series. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, p.38 Berlew, D. E.,ve Hall, D. T. (1966). The socialization of managers: Effects of expectations on performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 11, 207223. Bezuijen, X.M., Ber, P.T., Dam, K.ve Thierry, H. (2009). Pygmalion and Employee Learning: The Role of Leader Behaviors. Journal of Management, 35(5), 12481267 Bridge, B.(2003).”Eğitimde Vizyoner Liderlik Ve Etkin Yöneticilik”.Beyaz Yayınları.İstanbul. Carmen, S.T. Ve Ghinea, V.M. (2013). Pygmalıon Teachıng Style, Is There A Need For It? Management & Marketing Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 8 (4), 699722. Chadha, N. ve Narula, B. (2016). Pygmalion effect: fostering performance among adolescents. Educational Quest; New Delhi, 7(1), 14. Chang, J. (2011). A Case Study of the “Pygmalion Effect”: Teacher Expectations and Student Achievement. International Education Studies, 4(1). Chirayath, S. Lalgem E. M., George, S.B.(2009). Expectations Come True: A Study of Pygmalion Effect on the Performance of Employees. Management And Labour Studıes, 34(1) Eden, D. (1984). SelfFulfilling Prophecy as a Management Tool: Harnessing Pygmalion. The Academy of Management Review, 9(1) pp. 6473. Eden, D., ve Ravid, G. (1982). Pygmalion vs. selfexpectancy: Effects of instructorand selfexpectancy on trainee performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 351364. Eden, D., ve Shani, A. B. (1982). Pygmalion goes to boot camp: Expectance, leadership, and trainee performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 194199. Eden, D., Geller, D., Gewirtz, A., GordonTerner, R., Inbar, I., Liberman, M., Pass, Y., SalomonSegev, I., Shalit, M.,(2000). Implantıng Pygmalıon Leadershıp Style Through Workshop Traınıng: Seven Fıeld Experıments. Leadership Quarterly, 11(2), 171–210. Feldman, R. S., & Prohaska, T. (1979). The student as Pygmalion: Effect of student expectation on the teacher. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 485493. George, A.St.(2006). Beyond Pygmalion: Developments and Directions in Teacher Expectations Research. South Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 10(2), 4149 Good, T.L. (1987). Two decades of research on teacher expectations: Findings and future directions. Journal of Teacher Education, 38(4), 3247. Howe, M. J.A. (2008). Pygmalion and After. International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education. 3(1), 4649 http://birgunbiryerde.blogspot.com.tr/2013/09/kendinigerceklestirenkehanet.html http://www.innovationmanagement.se/2012/10/04/believingisseeingthepygmalioneffectandcreativity/ Inamori, T. Ve Analoui, F. (2010). Beyond Pygmalion effect: the role of managerial perception. Journal of Management Development, 29(4), 306321 Jenner, M. (2014). Pygmalion Effect in Management. Management & Leadership, http://lemoncenter.com/pygmalioneffectmanagement. 14.03.2017 tarihinde indirilmiştir Kashen, D. (2011). Use the Pygmalion Effect to Create a High Performing Team. http://awesomeculture.com/2011/10/03/use-the-pygmalion-effect-to-create-a-highperforming- team/. 02.01.2014 tarihinde indirilmiştir. King, S. S. (1971). Selffulfilling prophecies in training the hardcore supervisors' expectations and the underprivileged worker's performance. Social Science Quarterly, 52, 369378. Korman, A. K. (1971). Expectancies as determinants of performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 218222. Kramer, A.B. (2002). The Pygmalion Effect: A Selffulfilling Prophecy.” Edit 704, November 10. Livingston, S.J. (1969). Pygmalion in Management. Harvard Business Review. Locke, A.E., White, S. (200). Problems Wıth The Pygmalıon Effect And Some Proposed Solutıons. Leadership Quarterly, 11(3), 389–415. Loftus, P. (1995). The Pygmalion effect. Industrial and Commercial Training, 27 (4), 17–20. Madon, S., Willard, J., Guyll M. ve Scherr, K.C., (2011). SelfFulfilling Prophecies: Mechanisms, Power, and Links to Social Problems. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5 (8), 578–590. Madran, H. A. D., (2004). Sosyal Sınıflandırma, Kişilerarası Beklentiler ve Kendini Doğrulayan Kehanet, İletişim Araştırmaları, 2(2), s. 3353. McNatt, D. B. (2000). Ancient Pygmalion joins contemporary management: A metaanalysis of the result. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 314322. Merton, R.K. (1948). The selffulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8(2), 193210. Morrison, S. (2017). The Pygmalion Effect, How Leaders and Managers Can Create a Virtuous Cycle of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. https://talentmanagement360.com/wpcontent/ uploads/2014/12/The-Pygmalion-Effect HowLeadersManagersCreateaCycleofSelf-FulfillingProphecies.pdf. 14.15.2017 tarihinde erişilmiştir. Niari, M., Manoussou, E. ve Lionarakis, A. (2016). The Pygmalion Effect in Distance Learning: A Case Study at the Hellenic Open University, 19 (1), 3652. Rosenthal, R. and SL Jacobson, L. (1966). Teachers' expectancies: Determinates of pupils' IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115118. Rosenthal, R. ve Jacobson L.(1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1. 240 p.[Harvard Univ., Boston, MA and South San Francisco Unified Sch. District, SanFrancisco, CA] RubieDavies, C., Peterson, E.R., Sibley, C.G. and Rosenthal, R.(2014). A teacher expectation intervention: Modelling the practices of high expectation teachers. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 40, 7285. Saphier, J., HaleySpeca, M. A. ve Gower, R. (2008). The skillful teacher: Building your teaching skills Research for Better Teaching; 6th edition. Stedry, A. C., ve Kay, E. (1966). The effects of goal difficulty on performance. Behavioral Science, 11, 459470. Tauber, R.T. (1998). Good or bad, what teachers expect from students they generally get! ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education Washington DC. s. 1-7. Tierney, P. Ve Farmer, S.M. (2004). The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity. Journal of Management, 30(3) 413–432 Wang, L.(2000). “The Upward Pygmalion Effect in the Organization”. Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 707. Western Kentucky University. Washington, K.R. (2008). Positive pygmalion management: Can it help urban school principals? School Organizaton, 8(1), 8789 Whiteley, P., Sy, T. ve Johnson, S.K. (2012). Leaders' conceptions of followers: Implications for naturally occurring Pygmalion effects. The Leadership Şuarterly, 23 (2012) 822–834. Wikipedia, (2017). Beklenti Etkisi. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beklenti_etkisi. 12.03.2017 tarihinde erişilmiştir. Yurong,W. Ve Lin, L. (2014). Pygmalion Effect on Junior English Teaching. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 5(6), 18.