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Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 203 - 212, 30.09.2014

Bülent Köse

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.47151

Öz

Asmanın gelişimi üzerine etkili iklim faktörlerinin başında ışık ve sıcaklık gelmektedir. Işık ve sıcaklık asmada fotosentez, solunum, asimilasyon, transpirasyon, renk pigmentlerinin oluşumu, gölgelenme, tane tutumu, asitlik, verimlilik, çiçeklenme, suda çözünebilir kuru madde birikimi, sürgün gelişimi ve olgunluk üzerine doğrudan etki etmektedir. Sıcaklık bir bölgede ekonomik anlamda bağcılık yapılıp yapılamayacağını belirleyen en önemli parametrelerden biridir. Sıcaklık; asmada gözlerin uyanması, çiçeklenme, tane tutumu, renklenme, fotosentez, solunum, tanede şeker birikimi ve olgunlaşma gibi birçok fizyolojik olayı yönetmektedir. Işık, fotosentez başta olmak üzere pek çok fizyolojik ve kimyasal olayların gerçekleşmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle asmanın maksimum düzeyde fotosentez yapabilmesi için vejetasyon döneminde yeterli bir güneşlenme şarttır. Işık, karbondioksit (CO2) ve öteki etmenler sınırlayıcı olmamak şartıyla fotosentezi bir noktaya kadar arttırmaktadır. Işık miktarının azlığı kadar yüksekliği de, bitkinin gelişimi üzerine olumsuz etkide bulunabilmektedir. Düşük ışık sürgünlerde cılız gelişmeye neden olurken, yüksek ışık yoğunluğu klorofil yıkımı sonucu fotosentezi engellemektedir. Bağlarda en üst düzeyde güneşlenmeyi sağlayabilmek için uygun terbiye sistemi seçimine ve sürgün sıklığının ayarlanmasına dikkat edilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Işık sıcaklık asma büyüme gelişme fotosentez

Kaynakça

  • Referans Listesi
  • Adams, D. O., 2006. Phenolics and ripening in grape berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57, 249–256.
  • Ağaoğlu, Y. S., 1999. Bilimsel ve uygulamalı bağcılık (Asma Biyolojisi). Kavaklıdere Eğitim Yayınları 1. 205 sayfa.
  • Akman, İ., Ilgın, C., 1991. Tüplü Asma Fidanı Üretiminde Başarıyı Etkileyen Faktörler. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. Türkiye I. Fidancılık Simpozyumu, Ankara.
  • Akman, Y., Küçüködük, M., Evren, H., Öncel, I., Düzenli, S., 2000. Fotosentez (Fotorespirasyon,
  • C'lu Karbon Döngüsü ve Crassulacean Asit Metabolizması). Kairyer Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti., Ankara.
  • Alleweldt, G., 1997. Genetics of grapevine breeding. Progress in Botany, 58: 441–454.
  • Amerine, M. A., Winkler, A. J., 1944. Composition and Quality of Musts and Wines of California grapes. Hilgardia 15: 493-675.
  • Atherton, J.G. and Harris, G.P., 1986. Flowering. In: J.G. Atherton and J. Rudich (Eds), The Tomato Crop. Chapman And Hall, London: 167-200.
  • Baldwin, J. G., The relation between weather and fruitfulness of the Sultana vine. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 15:920-8 (1964).
  • Bergqvist, J., Dokoozlian, N., Ebisuda, N., 2001. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52 (1):1-7.
  • Bindi, M., Miglietta, F., Gozzini, B., Orlandini, S., Seghi, L., 1997. A simple model for simulation of growth and development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) I. Model description. Vitis 36 (2), 67-71.
  • Blanco-Ward, D., Queijeiro, J. G., Jones, G. V., 2007. Spatial climate variability and viticulture in the Miño River Valley of Spain. Vitis 46 (2): 63–70.
  • Bois, B., Wald, L., Pieri, P., Van Leeuwen, C., Commagnac, L., Chery, P., Christen, M., Gaudillère J.P., Saur E., 2008. Estimating spatial and temporal variations in solarradiation within bordeaux winegrowing region using remotely sensed data. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 42, p.15-25.
  • Buttrose, M.S., 1969a. Fruitfulness in grapevines: effects of light intensity and temperature. Bot. Gaz. 30:166-73
  • Buttrose, M.S., 1969b. Vegetative growth of grapevine varieties under controlled temperature and light intensity. Vitis, 8: 280-285.
  • Buttrose, M. S., 1974. Climatic factors and fruitfulness in grapevines. Hort. Abstr., 44: 319-25.
  • Carbonneau, A., 2003. Ecophysiologie de la vigne et terroir. Terroir, zonazione, viticoltura. Trattato internazionale. Phytoline 1: 61-102.
  • Cartechini, A., Palliotti, A., 1996. Effect of shading on vine morphology and productivity and leaf gas exchange characterictics in grapevines in the field. Amer. J. Enol. Viticultu. 46:227-235.
  • Charles-Edwards, A.D., Doley D., Rimmingon G.M., 1986. Modelling Plant Growth and Development. Academic Press.
  • Crippen, D.D., Morrison, J.C., 1986a. The effects of sun exposure on the compositional development of Cabernet Sauvignon berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 37:235-242.
  • Crippen, D.D., Morrison, J.C., 1986b. The effects of sun exposure on the phenolic content of Cabernet Sauvignon berries during development. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 37(243-247).
  • Çelik, S., 2007. Bağcılık (Ampeloloji). Trakya Üniv. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Anadolu Matbaa Ambalaj San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti., Tekirdağ.
  • Dokoozlian, N., 2000. Grape berry growth and development In: Raisin Production Manual. University of California, Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication 3393, Oakland, CA.
  • Dookozlian, N. K., Kliewer, W.M., 1996. Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition varieties during development. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 121: 233-236.
  • Dry, P.R., 2000. Canopy management for fruitfulness. Australian Journal of Enology and Viticulture 6: 109–115.
  • Duchene E., Schneider C., 2005. Grapevine and climatic changes: a glance at the situation in Alsace. Agronomie, 25 (1) 93-99.
  • During, H., 1994. Photosynthesis of ungrafted and grafted grapevines: Effects of rootstock genotype and plant age. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. , Vol. 45, No. 3
  • Eriş, A., 1990. Bahçe Bitkileri Fizyolojisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ders Notları, No: 11, Bursa.
  • Faostat, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor.
  • Ferrini, F., Mattii, G.B., Nicese, F.P., 1995. Effect of temperature on key physiological responses of grapevine leaf. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 46: 375-379.
  • Francesco, I., Massimo, B., Fulvio, M., Attilio, S. 1994. Differential effects of canopy manipulation and shading of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. I. Composition of grape berries. Vitic. Enol. Sci. 49:220-225.
  • Gladstones, J., 1992. Viticulture and environment. Winetitles. Adelaide, 310 s, Australia.
  • Gonzales Neves, G., 2005. Módulo Materia Prima. Clases de la Maestría de Viticultura & Enología, ciclo 2004/2005. FCA UN Cuyo, INTA, INV.
  • Grant, J., A., Ryugo, K., 1984. Influence of within-canopy shading on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductanse, and chloropphyll content of kiwifruit leaves. HortScience 19: 834-836.
  • Greer, D.H., Weston C., 2010. Heat stress affects flowering, berry growth, sugar accumulation and photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines grown in a controlled environment. Functional Plant Biology. No: 37, 206–214.
  • Günay, A., 1982. Genel Sebze Yetiştiriciliği, Cilt I, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Ankara.
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Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 203 - 212, 30.09.2014

Bülent Köse

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.47151

Öz

The light and temperature come at the beginning of the climatic factors that have an impact on the development of grapevine. Light and temperature have a direct impact on photosynthesis, respiration, assimilation, transpration, formation of color pigments, shading, berry set, acidity, productivity, shoot growth, blooming, soluble solid accummulation and maturation on the grapevine. Temperature is one of the most important parameters that determines whether viticulture can be made or not in an ecology. Temperature is driving several physiological processes such as bud burst, flowering, berry set, colorization, photosynthesis, respiration, sugar accimilation and ripening. In particular, in order to carry out maximum photosynthesis of vine should be sufficient sunshine in the vegetation period. On condition that carbon dioxide and other factors not be limitting, the light increases the photosynthesis up to a certain point. Not only the limited amount of the light, but also the excess of light intensity may have an adverse impact on the development of the plant. While low light causes poor development in the shoots, high light intensity prevents the photosynthesis as a result of chlorophyll degradation. In the vineyards to ensure the highest level of sunshine should be attention to the selection of appropriate training systems and canopy management

Anahtar Kelimeler

Light temperature grapevine growth development photosynthesis

Kaynakça

  • Referans Listesi
  • Adams, D. O., 2006. Phenolics and ripening in grape berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57, 249–256.
  • Ağaoğlu, Y. S., 1999. Bilimsel ve uygulamalı bağcılık (Asma Biyolojisi). Kavaklıdere Eğitim Yayınları 1. 205 sayfa.
  • Akman, İ., Ilgın, C., 1991. Tüplü Asma Fidanı Üretiminde Başarıyı Etkileyen Faktörler. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı. Türkiye I. Fidancılık Simpozyumu, Ankara.
  • Akman, Y., Küçüködük, M., Evren, H., Öncel, I., Düzenli, S., 2000. Fotosentez (Fotorespirasyon,
  • C'lu Karbon Döngüsü ve Crassulacean Asit Metabolizması). Kairyer Matbaacılık Ltd. Şti., Ankara.
  • Alleweldt, G., 1997. Genetics of grapevine breeding. Progress in Botany, 58: 441–454.
  • Amerine, M. A., Winkler, A. J., 1944. Composition and Quality of Musts and Wines of California grapes. Hilgardia 15: 493-675.
  • Atherton, J.G. and Harris, G.P., 1986. Flowering. In: J.G. Atherton and J. Rudich (Eds), The Tomato Crop. Chapman And Hall, London: 167-200.
  • Baldwin, J. G., The relation between weather and fruitfulness of the Sultana vine. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 15:920-8 (1964).
  • Bergqvist, J., Dokoozlian, N., Ebisuda, N., 2001. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet-Sauvignon and Grenache in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52 (1):1-7.
  • Bindi, M., Miglietta, F., Gozzini, B., Orlandini, S., Seghi, L., 1997. A simple model for simulation of growth and development in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) I. Model description. Vitis 36 (2), 67-71.
  • Blanco-Ward, D., Queijeiro, J. G., Jones, G. V., 2007. Spatial climate variability and viticulture in the Miño River Valley of Spain. Vitis 46 (2): 63–70.
  • Bois, B., Wald, L., Pieri, P., Van Leeuwen, C., Commagnac, L., Chery, P., Christen, M., Gaudillère J.P., Saur E., 2008. Estimating spatial and temporal variations in solarradiation within bordeaux winegrowing region using remotely sensed data. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 42, p.15-25.
  • Buttrose, M.S., 1969a. Fruitfulness in grapevines: effects of light intensity and temperature. Bot. Gaz. 30:166-73
  • Buttrose, M.S., 1969b. Vegetative growth of grapevine varieties under controlled temperature and light intensity. Vitis, 8: 280-285.
  • Buttrose, M. S., 1974. Climatic factors and fruitfulness in grapevines. Hort. Abstr., 44: 319-25.
  • Carbonneau, A., 2003. Ecophysiologie de la vigne et terroir. Terroir, zonazione, viticoltura. Trattato internazionale. Phytoline 1: 61-102.
  • Cartechini, A., Palliotti, A., 1996. Effect of shading on vine morphology and productivity and leaf gas exchange characterictics in grapevines in the field. Amer. J. Enol. Viticultu. 46:227-235.
  • Charles-Edwards, A.D., Doley D., Rimmingon G.M., 1986. Modelling Plant Growth and Development. Academic Press.
  • Crippen, D.D., Morrison, J.C., 1986a. The effects of sun exposure on the compositional development of Cabernet Sauvignon berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 37:235-242.
  • Crippen, D.D., Morrison, J.C., 1986b. The effects of sun exposure on the phenolic content of Cabernet Sauvignon berries during development. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 37(243-247).
  • Çelik, S., 2007. Bağcılık (Ampeloloji). Trakya Üniv. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Anadolu Matbaa Ambalaj San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti., Tekirdağ.
  • Dokoozlian, N., 2000. Grape berry growth and development In: Raisin Production Manual. University of California, Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication 3393, Oakland, CA.
  • Dookozlian, N. K., Kliewer, W.M., 1996. Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition varieties during development. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 121: 233-236.
  • Dry, P.R., 2000. Canopy management for fruitfulness. Australian Journal of Enology and Viticulture 6: 109–115.
  • Duchene E., Schneider C., 2005. Grapevine and climatic changes: a glance at the situation in Alsace. Agronomie, 25 (1) 93-99.
  • During, H., 1994. Photosynthesis of ungrafted and grafted grapevines: Effects of rootstock genotype and plant age. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. , Vol. 45, No. 3
  • Eriş, A., 1990. Bahçe Bitkileri Fizyolojisi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ders Notları, No: 11, Bursa.
  • Faostat, 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor.
  • Ferrini, F., Mattii, G.B., Nicese, F.P., 1995. Effect of temperature on key physiological responses of grapevine leaf. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 46: 375-379.
  • Francesco, I., Massimo, B., Fulvio, M., Attilio, S. 1994. Differential effects of canopy manipulation and shading of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. I. Composition of grape berries. Vitic. Enol. Sci. 49:220-225.
  • Gladstones, J., 1992. Viticulture and environment. Winetitles. Adelaide, 310 s, Australia.
  • Gonzales Neves, G., 2005. Módulo Materia Prima. Clases de la Maestría de Viticultura & Enología, ciclo 2004/2005. FCA UN Cuyo, INTA, INV.
  • Grant, J., A., Ryugo, K., 1984. Influence of within-canopy shading on net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductanse, and chloropphyll content of kiwifruit leaves. HortScience 19: 834-836.
  • Greer, D.H., Weston C., 2010. Heat stress affects flowering, berry growth, sugar accumulation and photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines grown in a controlled environment. Functional Plant Biology. No: 37, 206–214.
  • Günay, A., 1982. Genel Sebze Yetiştiriciliği, Cilt I, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Ankara.
  • Happ, E., 1999. Indices for exploring the relationship between temperature and grape and wine flavour. Australian & New Zealand Wine Industry Journal, 14, 68-76.
  • Hay, R.K.M., Walker, A.J., 1989. An Introduction to Do Physiology of Crop Yield. Longman Group UK Limited.
  • Huglin, P., 1978. Nouveau mode d'évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d'un milieu viticole. In: Proc Symp Int sur l'ecologie de la Vigne. Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Industrie Alimentaire. Contança p: 89–98.
  • Huner, N.P.A., Oquist, G., Hurry, VM., Krol, M., Falk, S., Griffith, M., 1993. Photosynthesis, photoinhibition and low temperature acclimation in cold tolerant plants. Photosynth Res 37: 19-39.
  • Hunter, J.J., Bonnardot, V., 2011. Suitability of some climatic parameters for grapevine cultivation in South Africa, with focus on key physiological processes. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic, 32 (1), 137-154.
  • Irimia, L., Patriche, C.V., Quénol, H., 2013. Viticultural Zoning: A Comparative Study Regarding the Accuracy of Different Approaches in Vineyards Climate Suitability Assessment. Cercetari agronomice in Moldova, 46(3), 95-106.
  • Jackson, D.I., Lombard, P.B., 1993. Environmental management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality a review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 44, 409-430.
  • Jones, G.V., 2007. Climate Change: Observations, Projections, and General Implications for Viticulture and Wine Production. Practical Winery and Vineyard, July/August. 44-64.
  • Jones, G.V., Reid, R., Vilks, A., 2012. Climate, Grapes and Wine: Structure and Suitability in a Variable and Changing Climate. pp.109–133 in The Geography of Wine: Regions,Terrior and Techniques, (Ed.): Dougherty, P. Springer Press, p.255.
  • Kaçar, B., 1989. Bitki Fizyolojisi, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:1153, Ders Kitabı: 323.
  • Keller, M., Hrazdina, G., 1998. Interaction of nitrogen availability during bloom and light intensity during veraison. II. Effects on anthocyanin and phenolic development during grape ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 49: 341–349.
  • Keller, M., Koblet, W., 1995. Dry matter and leaf area partioning, bud fertility and second season growth of Vitis vinifera L.:Responses to nitrogen supply and limiting irradiance. Vitis (34):77-83
  • Keller, M., Arnink, K.J., Hrazdina, G., 1998. Interaction of nitrogen availability during bloom and light intensity during veraison. I.Effects on grapevine growth, fruit develop-ment, and ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 49: 333–340.
  • Kliewer, M., Lider, L.A., Schultz, H.B., 1967. Influence of artificial shading of vineyards on the concentration of sugar and organic acid in grapes. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 18:2:78-86.
  • Kliewer, W.M., Torres, R.E., 1972. Effect of controlled day and night temperatures on grape coloration. American Journal ofEnology and Viticulture 23: 71-77.
  • Kliewer, W.M., Antcliff, A.J., 1970. Influence of defoliation, leaf darkening and cluster shading on the growth and composition of Sultana grapes. American Journal of Enology Viticulture 21: 26-36.
  • Kliewer, W.M., 1977. Influence of temperature, solar radiation, and nitrogen on coloration and composition of 'Emperor' grapes. Amer. J.Enol. Viticult. 28: 96–103.
  • Kobayashi, A., Sugiura, A., Watanabe, H., Yamamura, H., 1966. On the effects of day length on the growth and flower bud formation of grapes. Mem. Res. Inst. Food Sci., Kyoto Univ. 27:15- 27.
  • Köse, B., 2006. Samsun Ekolojik Şartlarında Tüplü Asma Fidan Yetiştiriciliğinde Işık ve Sıcaklığın Vegetatif Gelişme ve Fidan Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisinin Saptanması. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi.
  • Mabrouk, H., Sinoquet, H., 1998. Indices of light microclimate and canopy structure of grapevines determined by 3D digitising and image analysis, and their relationship to grape quality. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 4 (1), 2-13.
  • Manica, I., Pommer, C.V., 2006. Uva: do plantio a produção pós-colheita e mercado. Cinco Continentes, Porto Alegre. 185 pp.
  • Maxwell, K., Johnson, G.N., 2000. Chlorophyll fluorescence a practical guide. Journal of experimental botany, 51(345), 659-668.
  • McArtney, S. J., Ferree, D.C., 1999. Root and cane pruning affect vegetative development, fruiting and dry-matter accumulation of grapevines. HortScience 34(4) 617-621.
  • Monteith, J.L., 1977. Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain. Physiological Translocations of the Royal Society of London, 281: 277-294.
  • Morgan, D.C., Stanley, C. J., Warrington, I.J., 1985. The effect of simulated daylight and shade-light on vegetative and reproductive growth in kiwifruit and grapevine. J. Hort. Sci. 60:473-484.
  • Mullins, M.G., Bouquet, A., Williams, L. E., 1992. Biology od grapevine. Cambridge Univ. Pres, Cambridge, UK.
  • Ollat, N, Diakou-Verdin, P., Carde, J.P., Barrieu, F., Gaudillere, J.P., Moing, A., 2002. Grape berry development: a review. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin, 36, 109–131.
  • Oraman, M.N., 1970. Bağcılık Tekniği I. Ankara Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Yayınları, No: 415, Ankara.
  • Öndeş, D., Çam, A., Eskioğlu, O., Öz, Ş., 2005. Türkiye'de Sıcaklık ve Yağışi Analizlerine Göre En Uygun Bağ Alanları, Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Yayınları: I, Ankara.
  • Petrie, P.R., Clingeleffer P.R., 2005. Effects of temperature and light (before and after budburst) on inflorescence morphology and flower number of Chardonnay grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 11:59-65.
  • Petrie, P.R., Trought, M.C.T., Howell, G.S., Buchan, G.D., 2003. The effect of leaf removal and canopy height on whole-vine gas exchange and fruit development of Vitis vinifera L. Sauvignon Blanc. Functional Plant Biology 30: 711–717.
  • Price, S.F., Bren, P.J., Valladao, M., Watson, B.T., 1995. Cluster sun exposure and quercetin in grapes and wine. Am. J. Enol.Vitic. 46:187-194.
  • Reynolds, A.G., Pool, R.M., Mattick, L.R., 1986. Influence of cluster exposure on fruit composition and wine quality of Seyval blanc grapes. Vitis 25:85–96.
  • Rives, M., 2000. Vigour, pruning, cropping in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). I. A literatüre review. INRA, EDP Sciences, Agronomic 20, 79-91.
  • Rom, C., R., Ferree, D.C., 1986. The influence of fruiting and shading of spurs and shoots on spur performance. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 111:352-356.
  • Sánchez, L.A., Dokoozlian, N.K., 2005. Bud microclimate and fruitfulness in Vitis vinifera L., American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 56(4), 319-329.
  • Schultz, H.R., Kiefer, W., Gruppe, W., 1996. Photosynthetic duration, carboxylation efficiency and stomatal limitation of sun and shadeleaves of different ages in field-grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Vitis, 35(4): 169-176.
  • Schwartz, M.D., 2003. Phenology: An intergative environmental science. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 564 s.
  • Shahak, Y., Gussakovsky, E.E., Gal, E., Ganelevin, R., 2004. Colour Nets: Crop protection and light-quality manipulation in one technology. Acta Horticulturae. 659: 143-151.
  • Sigler, J., 2008. In den Zeiten des Klimawandels: Von der Süßreserve zur Sauerreserve? Der Badische Winzer, 33, 21–25.
  • Smart, R.E., 1984. Some aspects of climate, canopy microclimate, vine physiology, and wine quality. Proceedings of the First International Cool Climate Viticulture and Enology Symposium. Oregon State University, Corvallis, pp. 1–19.
  • Smart, R.E., 1985. Principles of grapevinecanopy microclimate manipulation with implications for yield and quality. A review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 36: 230–239.
  • Smart, R.E., 1988. Shoot Spacing and canopy light microclimate. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture39: 325–333.
  • Smart, R.E., Smith, S.M., Winchester, R.V., 1988. Light quality and quantity effects on fruit ripening for Cabernet Sauvignon. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 39: 250–258.
  • Soar, C.J., Collins, M.J., Sadras, V.O., 2009. Irrigated Shiraz vines (Vitis vinifera) upregulate gas exchange and maintain berry growth in response to short spells of high maximum temperature in the field. Funct. Plant Biol. 36 801–814.
  • Somersalo, S, Krause, G.H., 1989. Photoinhibition at chilling temperature: fluorescence characteristics of unhardened and cold-acclimated spinach leaves.
  • Spayd, S.E., Tarara, J.M., Mee, D.L., Ferguson, J.C., 2002. Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on the composition of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot berries. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53 (3), 171-182.
  • Tonietto, J., Carbonneau, A., 2004. A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 124 (1): 81-97.
  • Uzun, S., 1996. The Quantitative Effects of Temperature and Light Environment on the Growth, Development and Yield of Tomato and Aubergine (Unpublished PhD Thesis). The Univ. of Reading, England 1996.
  • Van Leeuwen, C., Friant, P., Choné, X., Tregoat, O., Koundouras, S., Dubourdieu, D., 2004. Influence of climate, soil and cultivar on terroir. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 55, 207-217.
  • Vanden Heuvel, J. E., Leonardos, E.D., Proctor, J.T.A., Fisher, K. H., Sullivan, J. A., 2004. Shading affects morphology, dry-matter partioning, and photosynthetic response of greenhouse-grown “Chardonnay” grapevines. HortScience 39(1): 65-70.
  • Vardar, Y., Güven, A., 1996. Bitki Fizyolojisine Giris. Barış Yayınları, Fakülteler Kitapevi, İzmir.
  • Winkler, A.J., Cook, J.A., Kliewer, W.M., Lider, L.A., General Viticulture. 1974. University of California Press. 633 p, Berkeley.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article
Yazarlar

Bülent Köse

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Köse, B. (2014). Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.47151
AMA Köse B. Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi. TÜTAD. Ekim 2014;1(2):203-212. doi:10.19159/tutad.47151
Chicago Köse, Bülent. “Işık Ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri Ve Önemi”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 1, sy. 2 (Ekim 2014): 203-12. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.47151.
EndNote Köse B (01 Ekim 2014) Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 1 2 203–212.
IEEE B. Köse, “Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi”, TÜTAD, c. 1, sy. 2, ss. 203–212, 2014, doi: 10.19159/tutad.47151.
ISNAD Köse, Bülent. “Işık Ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri Ve Önemi”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi 1/2 (Ekim 2014), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.47151.
JAMA Köse B. Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi. TÜTAD. 2014;1:203–212.
MLA Köse, Bülent. “Işık Ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri Ve Önemi”. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 1, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 203-12, doi:10.19159/tutad.47151.
Vancouver Köse B. Işık ve Sıcaklığın Bağcılıktaki Yeri ve Önemi. TÜTAD. 2014;1(2):203-12.
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