ui̇i̇i̇d Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 1307-9832 1307-9859 Kenan ÇELİK 10.18092/ulikidince.445887 DETERMINISTIC EFFECT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON CORRUPTION: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR MENA REGION DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARININ YOLSUZLUK ÜZERİNDEKİ BELİRLEYİCİ ETKİSİ: MENA BÖLGESİ İÇİN PANEL VERİ ARAŞTIRMASI https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-2507 Gök Adem KIRIKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8831-7448 Yamak Tahsin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-1562 Saygın Emre 09 19 2018 287 302 07 19 2018 08 28 2018 Copyright © 2008, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi 2008 Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi

TheMiddle East and North Africa (MENA) region are generally consist of rentiereconomies of potential holding corruption and similar negative effects onpolitical, social, legal, administrative, commercial and many other individualor institutional behaviors. On the other hand, the MENA are in need of foreign directinvestments (FDI) in the way of economic development. Empirical studies haveassessed the phenomenon of corruption as a decisive factor influencing thedecisions of individual investors, and FDI-corruption relations is oftenexplored from this perspective. In this study, the influence of FDI inflows onthe control of corruption was investigated by System GMM analysis method forthe period of 1996-2016 in MENA, and under the data conditions it was foundthat the FDI inflows had a negative and significant effect on the control ofcorruption. This is explained by the constraints of political and socialinstitutions, especially in the "traditional" and "closed"structures in the countries of the region.

Ortadoğuve Kuzey Afrika (MENA) bölgesi genel olarak siyasal, toplumsal, hukuki, idari,ticari ve diğer birçok alandaki bireysel ya da kurumsal davranışlar üzerindeyolsuzluk ve benzeri olumsuz/bozucu nitelikte etkiler doğurma potansiyelibarındıran rantiyer ekonomilerden oluşmaktadır. Diğer yandan MENA, iktisadikalkınma yolunda doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarına (DYSY) oldukça fazlaihtiyaç duymaktadır. Literatürdeki araştırmalar yolsuzluk olgusunu yabancıyatırımcıların kararlarına etki eden belirleyici bir faktör olarakdeğerlendirmekte ve DYSY-yolsuzluk ilişkisi çoğunlukla bu yöndenirdelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, literatürün aksine DYSY girişlerinin yolsuzluğunkontrolü üzerindeki etkisi 1996-2016 dönemi için MENA bölgesi özelinde SistemGMM analizi yöntemiyle araştırılmış ve veri şartlar altında doğrudan yabancısermaye akımı girişlerinin yolsuzluğun kontrolü üzerinde negatif ve anlamlı biretkisinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum bölge ülkelerinde “geleneksel”ve “kapalı” yapılardan beslenen özellikle politik ve toplumsal kurumlarınkısıtlayıcılığı ile açıklanmaktadır.

 Ortadoğu Yolsuzluk Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Panel Veri The Middle East Corruption Foreign Direct Investment Panel Data. Abbas, S. ve El Mosallamy, D. (2016), Determinants of FDI Flows to Developing Countries: An Empirical Study on the MENA Region. Journal of Finance and Economics 4(1), 30-38. Abed, G. T. ve Davoodi, H. R. (2000), Corruption, Economic Reforms, and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. IMF Working Paper, No: 00/132. Ades, A. ve Di Tella, R. (1997), The New Economics of Corruption: A Survey and Some New Results. Political Studies 45(3), 496-515. Ades, A. ve Di Tella, R. (1999), Rents, Competition, and Corruption. The American Economic Review 89(4), 982-993. Ackerman, J. (2004). Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond Exit and Voice. World Development 32(3), 447-463. Akçay, S. (2006), Corruption and Human Development. Cato Journal 26(1), 29-48. Al-Sadig, A. (2009), The Effects of Corruption on FDI Inflows. Cato Journal 29(2), 267-294. Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991), Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies 58(2), 277-297. Arellano, M. ve Bover, O. (1995), Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics 68(1), 29-51. Bardhan P. (1997), Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues. Journal of Economic Literature 35(3), 1320-1346. Billger ve Goel (2009), Do Existing Corruption Levels Matter in Controlling Corruption? Cross Country Quantile Regression Estimates. Journal of Development Economics 90, 299-305. Blundell, R. ve Bond, S. (1998), Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics 87(1), 115-143. Brouthers, L. E. ve Gao, Y. ve McNicol, J. P. (2008), Corruption and Market Attractiveness Influences on Different Types of FDI. Strategic Management Journal 29(6), 673-680. Chêne, M. (2007), Overview of Corruption in MENA Countries. Transperancy Internatiınal Anti Corruption Research Center, https://www.u4.no/publications/overview-of-corruption-inmena-countries.pdf, erişim: 12.03.2018. Craigwell, R. ve Wright, A. (2011), Foreign Direct Investment and Corruption in Developing Economies: Evidence from Linear and Non-linear Panel Granger Causality Tests. Economics Bulletin 31(3), 2272-2283. De Jong, E ve Bogmans, C. (2011), Does Corruption Discourage International Trade?. European Journal of Political Economy 27(2), 385-398. Elbahnasawy, N. G. ve Revier, C. F. (2012), The Determinants of Corruption: Cross‐Country‐Panel‐Data Analysis. The Developing Economics 50(4), 311-333.Everhart, S. S., Martinez-Vazquez, J. ve McNab, R. M. (2009), Corruption, Governance, Investment and Growth in Emerging Markets. Applied Economics 41, 1579-1594. Goel, R. K. ve Nelson, M. A. (2009), Corruption in MENA Countries: An Empirical Investigation.Economic Perfoemance in the Middle East and North Africa - Institutions, Corruption and Re-form. Serdar Sayan (ed.), New York: Routledge, 13-24. Goel, R. K. ve Nelson, M. A. (2010), Causes of Corruption: History, Geography and Government. Journal of Policy Modeling 32(4), 433-447. Gray, C. W. ve Kaufman, D. (1998), Corruption and Development. Finance & Development 35(1), 7-10. Habib, M. ve Zurawicki, L. (2002), Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment. Journal of International Business Studies 33(2), 291-307. Helmy, H. E. (2013), The Impact of Corruption on FDI: Is MENA an Exception?. International Reviewof Applied Economics 27(4), 491-514. Hines, J. R. (1995), Forbidden Payment: Foreign Bribery and American Business After 1977. NBER Working Paper, No: 5266. Iqbal, F. ve Nabli, M. K. (2004), Trade, Foreign Direct investment and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. The Middle East and North Africa Region: The Challenges of Growth and Globalization, Washington DC: IMF, 7-8 April 2004. Kegley, C. W. ve Blanton, S. H. (2015). Dünya Siyaseti - Yönelim ve Dönüşüm, H. A. Gessler (çev.), Sakara: Sakarya Üniversitesi Kültür Yayınları. Knack, S. ve Keefer, P. (1995), Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Test Using Alternative Institutional Measures. Economics and Politics 7(3), 207-227. Kotera, G. ve Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012), Government Size, Democracy, and Corruption: An Empirical Investigation. Economic Modelling 29(6), 2340-2348. Kutan, A. M., Douglas, T. J. ve Judge, W. Q. (2009), Does Corruption Hurt Economic Development? Evidence from Middle Eastern-North African and Latin American Countries. Economic Performance in the Middle East and North Africa - Institutions, Corruption and Reform, Serdar Sayan (ed.), New York: Routledge, 25-37. Kwok, C. ve Tadesse, S. (2006), The MNCs as an Agent of Change for Host-Country Institutions: FDI and Corruption. William Davidson Institute Working Paper, No: 882. Larrain B., Felipe ve Tavares, José (2004), Does Foreign Direct Investment Decrease Corruption. Cuadernos De Economia 41, 217-230. Leite ve Weidmann (1999), Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth. IMF Working Paper, No: 99/85. Lipsey, R. E. (2002), Home and Host Country Effects of FDI. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, No: 9293. Mathur, A. ve Singh, K. (2013), Foreign Direct Investment, Corruption and Democracy, Applied Economics 45(8), 991-1002. Miller, T. ve Kim, A. B. (2014), Defining Economic Freedom. Index of Economic Freedom 2014. The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones&Company, Inc) Report, Terry Miller ve Diğerleri (Ed.), 57-62. Mocan, N. (2009), Corruption, Corruption Perception and Economic Growth. Economic Performance in the Middle East and North Africa - Institutions, Corruption and Reform, Serdar Sayan (ed.), New York: Routledge, 38-66. Mauro, P. (1995), Corruption and Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 681-712. Mauro P. (1997), Why Worry about Corruption?. IMF Economic Issues, No: 6. OECD (2002), Foreign Direct Investment for Development - Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs, Paris: OECD Publications Service. OECD (2003), Public Sector Transperancy and the International Investors, Paris: OECD Publications Service. OECD (2008a), The Social Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, OECD Policy Brief. OECD (2008b), OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment (4. Baskı). Onyeiwu, S. (2004), Analysis of FDI Flows in Developing Countries: Is the MENA Region Different?. Published Working Paper from the Tenth Annual Conference of the Economic Research Forum, Cairo, http://www.mafhoum.com/press6/172 E11.pdf, erişim: 26.03.2018. Paldam, M. (2002), The Cross-Country Pattern of Corruption: Economics, Culture and the Seesaw Dynamics, European Journal of Political Economy 18(2), 215-240. Pinto, P. M. ve Zhu, B. (2016), Fortune or Evil? The Effect of Inward Foreign Direct Investment on Corruption. International Studies Quarterly 60(4), 693-705. Rauch, J. E. ve Evans, P. B. (2000), Bureaucratic Structure and Bureaucratic Performance in Less Developed Countries, Journal of Public Economics 75(1), 49-71. Roodman, D. (2009), How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to Difference and System GMM in Stata, Stata Journal 9(1), 86-136. Saha, S. ve Ben Ali, M. S. (2017), Corruption and Economic Development: New Evidence of Middle Eastern and Nort African Countries. Economic Analysis and Policy 54, 83-95. Saygın, E. (2017), Ortadoğu’da Kalkınmanın Finansmanı. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları. Shleifer, A. ve Vishny, R. W. (1993), Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3), 599-617. Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y. ve Azfar, O. (2001), Gender and Corruption. Journal of Development Economics 64(1), 25-55. Tanzi, V. ve Davoodi, H. R. (2000), Corruption, Growth, and Public Finances. IMF Working Paper, No: 00/182.Transperancy International (2006), Global Corruption Report 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtiy Press. Transperancy International (2009), Corruption in the MENA Region. TI Working Paper, No: 02/2009. UNCTAD (2018), World Investment Report 2018-Investment and New Industral Policies. Geneva: United Nations Publications. World Bank (1997), World Development Report 1997 - The State in a Changing World, New York: Oxford University Press. World Bank (2017), Doing Business 2017, Washington D.C. World Economic Forum (2017), The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017, Klaus Schwab (ed.), Geneva.