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ANCIENT ORIGINS OF DEHUMANIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 25, 73 - 106, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1342677

Öz

This study explores how the views on human nature, social and political order, and the concept of race and slavery held by prominent philosophers of the Western intellectual world throughout the history of thought have contributed to contemporary crimes of racism, discrimination, and dehumanization. The journey to the philosophical origins of dehumanization also necessitates a critical analysis of philosophical anthropological studies. Throughout history, humanity has defined the ideal "human" through many different periods and has not seen people and groups different from themselves at the same human level. Intellectual controversies play an influential role in explaining the emergence of this situation. In this study, firstly, a framework of dehumanization in the modern period is drawn through different conceptualizations in the field of social psychology. Afterward, the relationship between dehumanization and racism is discussed. Finally, to uncover the philosophical roots of dehumanization, the texts of Ancient Greek and Enlightenment philosophers were analyzed through their discourses on groups other than their own. Consequently, in Ancient Greek and Enlightenment philosophy, the concern for defining the notion of "us" and "who we are" serves as the motivation to separate the out-group from the in-group in a hierarchical way and to legitimize exploitation.

Kaynakça

  • Abundez-Guerra, Victor. “How to Deal with Kant's Racism—In and Out of the Classroom in advance.” Teaching Philosophy 41, no.2 (2018): 117-35.
  • Balibar, Etienne ve Wallerstein, Immanuel. Irk, Ulus, Sınıf: Belirsiz Kimlikler. Çev. Melis Ökten. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2017.
  • Bar-Tal, Daniel. “Causes and Consequences of Delegitimization: Models of Conflict and Ethnocentrism.” Journal of Social Issues 46, (1990): 65-81.
  • Bernasconi, Robert. Irk Kavramını Kim İcat Etti? Felsefi Düşüncede Irk ve Irkçılık. Haz. Zeynep Direk. Çev. Zeynep Direk, İsmail Esiner, Tendü Meriç, Nazlı Öktem. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2022.
  • Bernier, François. “A New Division of the Earth, according to the Different Species or Races of Men who Inhabit It.” Journal des Scavans 12, (1684): 148–55.
  • Bezci, Bünyamin. “Avrupa'da Göç Politikaları, İslamofobi ve Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi.” İçinde Avrupa’da Göç ve İslamofobi, ed. Bünyamin Bezci, Soner Tauscher ve Fikret Topal, 1-18. Ankara: Karınca Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Campbell, Ian. “Carlyle and the Negro Question Again.” Criticism 13, no.3 (1971): 279-90.
  • Cartledge, Paul. The Greeks: a portrait of self and others. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. Dinçsoy, Ziya. “Hegel ve Irkçılık Problemi: Bir Efsanenin Reddi.” Sofist 6, (2023): 83-99.
  • Erdem, Ekin. “Kant ve Hegel'in Felsefi Sistemlerinin Siyasal İzdüşümleri.” içinde Al Farabi Journal 7. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı. Bursa: 1-2 Mayıs 2020.
  • Eroglu Sager, Z. Hale. “A Place under the Sun: Chinese Muslim (Hui) Identity and the Constitutional Movement in Republican China.” Modern China 47, no. 6 (2021): 825-58.
  • Eskicioğlu, Yiğit Cem. “İslamofobik Nefret Söylemi Aracı Olarak “Mem”ler.” TRT Akademi 7, no. 15 (2022): 704-33. Flaig, Egon. “Die systematische Konstruktion des Untermenschen im philosophischen Diskurs.” İçinde Konstruktionen von Wirklichkeit: Bilder im Griechenland des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., ed. Ralf von den Hoff ve Stefan Schmidt, 42-9. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001.
  • Giddings, Franklin Henry. Principles of Sociology: An Analysis of The Phenomena of Association and of Social Organization. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1896.
  • Haslam, Nick ve Stratemeyer, Michelle. “Recent research on dehumanization.” Current Opinion in Psychology 11, (2016): 25-9.
  • Haslam, Nick, Loughnan, Stephen, Reynolds, Catherine ve Wilson, Samuel. “Dehumanization: A new perspective.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1, no.1 (2007): 409-22.
  • Haslam, Nick. “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 252-64.
  • Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Philosophy of History. Çev. J. Sibree, M.A. Kitchener, Ontario: Batoche Books, 2001.
  • Hilberg, Raul. Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1990.
  • Holtz, Peter, Dahinden, Janine ve Wagner, Wolfgang. “German Muslims and the ‘Integration Debate’: Negotiating Identities in the Face of Discrimination.” Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 47, no. 2 (2013): 231-48.
  • Hölscher, Tonio. “Menschenbilder in der altgriechischen Kunst.” İçinde Menschen-Bilder, ed. Markus Hilgert ve Michael Wink, no 54, 27-47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
  • Hume, David. Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary. Ed. Eugene F. Miller. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Inc. 1985.
  • Hund, Wulf D. “Dehumanization And Social Death As Fundamentals Of Racism.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 231-45. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. Ed. Karl Ameriks ve Desmond M. Clarke. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Kleingeld, Pauline. “Kant's Second Thoughts On Race.” The Philosophical Quarterly 57, (2007): 573-92.
  • Knoll, Manuel. "8. Der Status der Bürger, der Frauen, der Fremden und der Sklaven in Magnesia." İçinde Platon: Gesetze/Nomoi, ed. Christoph Horn, 143-64. Münih: Akademie Verlag, 2014.
  • Kronfeldner, Maria. “Introduction: Mapping Dehumanization Studies.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook Of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 1-37. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Kteily, Nour, Bruneau, Emily, Waytz, Adam ve Cotterill, Sarah. “The Ascent of Man: Theoretical and e-Empirical Evidence for Blatant Dehumanization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109, no. 5 (2015): 901-31.
  • Lange, Lynda. “Woman is not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’s Biology of Reproduction.” İçinde Discovering Reality Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, ed. Sandra Harding ve Merrill B. Hintikka, 1-15. Dordrecht: Springer, 1983.
  • Leppin, Von Volker. “Politische Sorge und endzeitliche Erwartungen Wahrnehmungen Südosteuropas in Wittenberg.” Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 40, (2017).
  • Leyens, Jacques-Philippe, Demoulin, Stephanie, Vaes, Jeroen, Gaunt, Ruth ve Paladino, Maria Paola. “Infrahumanization: The wall of group difference.” Social Issues and Policy Review 1, no.1 (2007): 139-72.
  • Mbembe, Achille. Zenci Aklın Eleştirisi. Çev. Özge Arasan Simon ve Volkan Çandar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • McCready-Flora, Ian C. “Aristotle on Reasoning and Rational Animals.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 101, no. 2 (2023): 470-85.
  • Meillassoux, Claude. Anthropologie der Sklaverei, Paris., Campus Frankfurt / New York Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1989.
  • Özkan, Fatih. “Sokrates ve Platon Felsefesinde İnsan Sorunu.” Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18, (2019): 1-20.
  • Pagden, Anthony ve Lawrance, Jeremy. Vitoria: Political Writings. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Platon. Devlet. Çev. Sabahattin Eyuboğlu ve M. Ali Cimcoz. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011.
  • Platon. Werke Cilt 8. Haz. Gunther Eigler, Nomoi, Tomoi 1-12, 778a, Darmstadt: WBG Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2011.
  • Rohrmann, Eckhard. Mythen und Realitäten des Anders-Seins: Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionen seit der frühen Neuzeit. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissen, 2007.
  • Salter, Jan. “Adam Smith On Slavery.” History of Economic Ideas 4, no. 1/2 (1996): 225-51.
  • Schiller, Friedrich. “Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Universalgeschichte?.” 1789, https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/schiller/universl/universl.html (erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023).
  • Schulz, Raimund. Als Odysseus staunte, Die griechische Sicht des Fremden und das ethnographische Vergleichen von Homer bis Herodot. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020.
  • Senemoğlu, Olkan. “Antik Yunan Siyasal Düşünüşünde İnsan Doğası ve Toplum Anlayışı: Platon ve Aristoteles.” İnsan ve İnsan 3, no. 10 (2016): 42-63.
  • Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 4 (1776). ed. Edwin Cannan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. “Dehumanization, Essentialism, and Moral Psychology.” Philosophy Compass 9, (2014): 814-24.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2021.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. On Inhumanıty Dehumanization And How To Resist It. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Souček, Jan. “Griechen und Barbaren bei den Griechischen Schriftstellern des 5. Jahrhunderts V. Chr., Acta Universitatis Carolinae.“ Philologica 3 / Graecolatina Pragensia XXIV (2012): 173-84.
  • Loughnan, Steve, Haslam, Nick ve Kashima, Yoshihisa. “Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 6 (2009): 747–62.
  • Stuurman, Siep. “Dehumanization Before the Columbian Exchange.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 39-52. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Sypher, Wylie. “Hutcheson and the “Classical” Theory of Slavery.” The Journal of Negro History 24, no. 3 (1939): 263-80.
  • Tauscher, Soner. “Almanya’da Irkçılığın Üç Evresi: Antisemitizm - Türkofobi – İslamofobi.” İçinde Almanya’da Kurumsal Irkçılık ve NSU Terör Örgütü, ed. Enes Bayraklı ve Esra Sağlam, 153-91. İstanbul: TAV Yayınları, 2023.
  • The International Organization for Migration, “More than 5,000 Deaths Recorded on European Migration Routes since 2021: IOM.” Erişim 10 Haziran 2023. https://www.iom.int/news/more-5000-deaths-recorded-european-migration-routes-2021-iomi
  • Toynbee, Arnold. Tarih Bilinci. İstanbul: Bateş Yayınları, 1978.
  • Väyrynen, Tuure ve Laari-Salmela, Sari. “Men, Mammals, or Machines? Dehumanization Embedded in Organizational Practices.” Journal of Business Ethics 147, no. 1 (2018): 95-113.
  • Wallerstein, lmmanuel. Tarihsel Kapitalizm. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2012.

İNSANDIŞILAŞTIRMANIN ANTİK KÖKENLERİ VE AYDINLANMA DÖNEMİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 25, 73 - 106, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1342677

Öz

Bu çalışma, düşünce tarihi boyunca Batı düşünce dünyasının önde gelen filozoflarının insan doğası, toplumsal ve siyasal düzen, ırk kavramı ve kölelik üzerine görüşlerinin günümüzde mevcut olan ırkçılık, ayrımcılık ve özellikle insandışılaştırma gibi suçlara nasıl katkı sağladığını araştırmaktadır. İnsandışılaştırmanın felsefi kökenlerine yolculuk aynı zamanda felsefi antropoloji çalışmalarını da eleştirel bir analize tabi tutmayı zorunlu kılmaktadır. İnsanlık, tarih boyunca pek çok farklı dönemden geçerek ideal “insan”ı tanımlamış ve kendisinden farklı kişi ve grupları kendisiyle aynı insani derecede görmemiştir. Bu durumun ortaya çıkmasını açıklamada entelektüel tartışmalar etkili bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle modern dönem insandışılaştırmanın, sosyal psikoloji alanındaki farklı kavramsallaştırmalar üzerinden bir çerçevesi çizilmiş, ardından insandışılaştırma ile ırkçılık arasındaki ilişki tartışılmıştır. Sonunda insandışılaştırmanın felsefi kökenlerinin gün yüzüne çıkarılması adına Antik Yunan ve Aydınlanma felsefesi filozoflarının metinleri, kendi grupları dışındaki belirli gruplara yönelik söylemleri üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda gerek Antik Yunan felsefesinde gerekse de Aydınlanma felsefesinde “biz” ve “biz kimiz” nosyonuna dair tanımlama kaygısının, hiyerarşik bir şekilde dış grubu iç gruptan ayırma motivasyonuna ve sömürünün meşrulaştırılmasına hizmet ettiği bu durumun neticesinde de günümüzdeki insandışılaştırmanın felsefi kökenini oluşturduğu görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abundez-Guerra, Victor. “How to Deal with Kant's Racism—In and Out of the Classroom in advance.” Teaching Philosophy 41, no.2 (2018): 117-35.
  • Balibar, Etienne ve Wallerstein, Immanuel. Irk, Ulus, Sınıf: Belirsiz Kimlikler. Çev. Melis Ökten. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2017.
  • Bar-Tal, Daniel. “Causes and Consequences of Delegitimization: Models of Conflict and Ethnocentrism.” Journal of Social Issues 46, (1990): 65-81.
  • Bernasconi, Robert. Irk Kavramını Kim İcat Etti? Felsefi Düşüncede Irk ve Irkçılık. Haz. Zeynep Direk. Çev. Zeynep Direk, İsmail Esiner, Tendü Meriç, Nazlı Öktem. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2022.
  • Bernier, François. “A New Division of the Earth, according to the Different Species or Races of Men who Inhabit It.” Journal des Scavans 12, (1684): 148–55.
  • Bezci, Bünyamin. “Avrupa'da Göç Politikaları, İslamofobi ve Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi.” İçinde Avrupa’da Göç ve İslamofobi, ed. Bünyamin Bezci, Soner Tauscher ve Fikret Topal, 1-18. Ankara: Karınca Yayınevi, 2017.
  • Campbell, Ian. “Carlyle and the Negro Question Again.” Criticism 13, no.3 (1971): 279-90.
  • Cartledge, Paul. The Greeks: a portrait of self and others. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2002. Dinçsoy, Ziya. “Hegel ve Irkçılık Problemi: Bir Efsanenin Reddi.” Sofist 6, (2023): 83-99.
  • Erdem, Ekin. “Kant ve Hegel'in Felsefi Sistemlerinin Siyasal İzdüşümleri.” içinde Al Farabi Journal 7. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı. Bursa: 1-2 Mayıs 2020.
  • Eroglu Sager, Z. Hale. “A Place under the Sun: Chinese Muslim (Hui) Identity and the Constitutional Movement in Republican China.” Modern China 47, no. 6 (2021): 825-58.
  • Eskicioğlu, Yiğit Cem. “İslamofobik Nefret Söylemi Aracı Olarak “Mem”ler.” TRT Akademi 7, no. 15 (2022): 704-33. Flaig, Egon. “Die systematische Konstruktion des Untermenschen im philosophischen Diskurs.” İçinde Konstruktionen von Wirklichkeit: Bilder im Griechenland des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., ed. Ralf von den Hoff ve Stefan Schmidt, 42-9. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001.
  • Giddings, Franklin Henry. Principles of Sociology: An Analysis of The Phenomena of Association and of Social Organization. New York, NY: Macmillan, 1896.
  • Haslam, Nick ve Stratemeyer, Michelle. “Recent research on dehumanization.” Current Opinion in Psychology 11, (2016): 25-9.
  • Haslam, Nick, Loughnan, Stephen, Reynolds, Catherine ve Wilson, Samuel. “Dehumanization: A new perspective.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1, no.1 (2007): 409-22.
  • Haslam, Nick. “Dehumanization: An Integrative Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 252-64.
  • Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. The Philosophy of History. Çev. J. Sibree, M.A. Kitchener, Ontario: Batoche Books, 2001.
  • Hilberg, Raul. Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1990.
  • Holtz, Peter, Dahinden, Janine ve Wagner, Wolfgang. “German Muslims and the ‘Integration Debate’: Negotiating Identities in the Face of Discrimination.” Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 47, no. 2 (2013): 231-48.
  • Hölscher, Tonio. “Menschenbilder in der altgriechischen Kunst.” İçinde Menschen-Bilder, ed. Markus Hilgert ve Michael Wink, no 54, 27-47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
  • Hume, David. Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary. Ed. Eugene F. Miller. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Inc. 1985.
  • Hund, Wulf D. “Dehumanization And Social Death As Fundamentals Of Racism.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 231-45. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime. Ed. Karl Ameriks ve Desmond M. Clarke. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Kleingeld, Pauline. “Kant's Second Thoughts On Race.” The Philosophical Quarterly 57, (2007): 573-92.
  • Knoll, Manuel. "8. Der Status der Bürger, der Frauen, der Fremden und der Sklaven in Magnesia." İçinde Platon: Gesetze/Nomoi, ed. Christoph Horn, 143-64. Münih: Akademie Verlag, 2014.
  • Kronfeldner, Maria. “Introduction: Mapping Dehumanization Studies.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook Of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 1-37. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Kteily, Nour, Bruneau, Emily, Waytz, Adam ve Cotterill, Sarah. “The Ascent of Man: Theoretical and e-Empirical Evidence for Blatant Dehumanization.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 109, no. 5 (2015): 901-31.
  • Lange, Lynda. “Woman is not a Rational Animal: On Aristotle’s Biology of Reproduction.” İçinde Discovering Reality Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, ed. Sandra Harding ve Merrill B. Hintikka, 1-15. Dordrecht: Springer, 1983.
  • Leppin, Von Volker. “Politische Sorge und endzeitliche Erwartungen Wahrnehmungen Südosteuropas in Wittenberg.” Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 40, (2017).
  • Leyens, Jacques-Philippe, Demoulin, Stephanie, Vaes, Jeroen, Gaunt, Ruth ve Paladino, Maria Paola. “Infrahumanization: The wall of group difference.” Social Issues and Policy Review 1, no.1 (2007): 139-72.
  • Mbembe, Achille. Zenci Aklın Eleştirisi. Çev. Özge Arasan Simon ve Volkan Çandar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • McCready-Flora, Ian C. “Aristotle on Reasoning and Rational Animals.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 101, no. 2 (2023): 470-85.
  • Meillassoux, Claude. Anthropologie der Sklaverei, Paris., Campus Frankfurt / New York Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1989.
  • Özkan, Fatih. “Sokrates ve Platon Felsefesinde İnsan Sorunu.” Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 18, (2019): 1-20.
  • Pagden, Anthony ve Lawrance, Jeremy. Vitoria: Political Writings. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Platon. Devlet. Çev. Sabahattin Eyuboğlu ve M. Ali Cimcoz. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2011.
  • Platon. Werke Cilt 8. Haz. Gunther Eigler, Nomoi, Tomoi 1-12, 778a, Darmstadt: WBG Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2011.
  • Rohrmann, Eckhard. Mythen und Realitäten des Anders-Seins: Gesellschaftliche Konstruktionen seit der frühen Neuzeit. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissen, 2007.
  • Salter, Jan. “Adam Smith On Slavery.” History of Economic Ideas 4, no. 1/2 (1996): 225-51.
  • Schiller, Friedrich. “Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Universalgeschichte?.” 1789, https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/schiller/universl/universl.html (erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023).
  • Schulz, Raimund. Als Odysseus staunte, Die griechische Sicht des Fremden und das ethnographische Vergleichen von Homer bis Herodot. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020.
  • Senemoğlu, Olkan. “Antik Yunan Siyasal Düşünüşünde İnsan Doğası ve Toplum Anlayışı: Platon ve Aristoteles.” İnsan ve İnsan 3, no. 10 (2016): 42-63.
  • Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 4 (1776). ed. Edwin Cannan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. “Dehumanization, Essentialism, and Moral Psychology.” Philosophy Compass 9, (2014): 814-24.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. Making Monsters: The Uncanny Power of Dehumanization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2021.
  • Smith, David Livingstone. On Inhumanıty Dehumanization And How To Resist It. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Souček, Jan. “Griechen und Barbaren bei den Griechischen Schriftstellern des 5. Jahrhunderts V. Chr., Acta Universitatis Carolinae.“ Philologica 3 / Graecolatina Pragensia XXIV (2012): 173-84.
  • Loughnan, Steve, Haslam, Nick ve Kashima, Yoshihisa. “Understanding the Relationship between Attribute-Based and Metaphor-Based Dehumanization.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 6 (2009): 747–62.
  • Stuurman, Siep. “Dehumanization Before the Columbian Exchange.” İçinde The Routledge Handbook of Dehumanization, ed. Maria Kronfeldner, 39-52. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.
  • Sypher, Wylie. “Hutcheson and the “Classical” Theory of Slavery.” The Journal of Negro History 24, no. 3 (1939): 263-80.
  • Tauscher, Soner. “Almanya’da Irkçılığın Üç Evresi: Antisemitizm - Türkofobi – İslamofobi.” İçinde Almanya’da Kurumsal Irkçılık ve NSU Terör Örgütü, ed. Enes Bayraklı ve Esra Sağlam, 153-91. İstanbul: TAV Yayınları, 2023.
  • The International Organization for Migration, “More than 5,000 Deaths Recorded on European Migration Routes since 2021: IOM.” Erişim 10 Haziran 2023. https://www.iom.int/news/more-5000-deaths-recorded-european-migration-routes-2021-iomi
  • Toynbee, Arnold. Tarih Bilinci. İstanbul: Bateş Yayınları, 1978.
  • Väyrynen, Tuure ve Laari-Salmela, Sari. “Men, Mammals, or Machines? Dehumanization Embedded in Organizational Practices.” Journal of Business Ethics 147, no. 1 (2018): 95-113.
  • Wallerstein, lmmanuel. Tarihsel Kapitalizm. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2012.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Avrupa Siyasi Tarihi
Bölüm Özel Bölüm: Tarihsel Miraslar ve Bunların Modern Hukuk Sistemleri ve Kimlik Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkileri
Yazarlar

Soner Tauscher 0000-0001-7310-5661

Yiğit Cem Eskicioğlu 0000-0002-4587-9544

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Tauscher, Soner, ve Yiğit Cem Eskicioğlu. “İNSANDIŞILAŞTIRMANIN ANTİK KÖKENLERİ VE AYDINLANMA DÖNEMİNE ETKİSİ”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, sy. 25 (Eylül 2024): 73-106. https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1342677.