uujfe Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 2148-4155 Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi 10.17482/uumfd.1666628 Energy Systems Engineering (Other) Polymer Science and Technologies Materials Engineering (Other) Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği (Diğer) Polimer Bilimi ve Teknolojileri Malzeme Mühendisliği (Diğer) LED LAMBALARDAN DEĞERLİ METALLERİN GERİ KAZANIMI Recovery of Precious Metals from LED Lamps https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-6593 Aydın Ş. Beste İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0720-667X Dinç Nazlım İlkyaz İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2113-2477 Aygün Gülnihal İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6279-1926 Ilgın Yunus Emre İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0919-6379 Demirel Irmak İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ 04 10 2026 31 1 427 446 03 27 2025 01 07 2026 Copyright © 2002, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 2002 Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi

LED lambalar, enerji tasarrufu, daha uzun ömür, daha küçük boyut ve ağırlık, renk çeşitliliği, düşük sıcaklıklara tolerans ve cıva içermeme gibi çeşitli avantajları nedeniyle günümüzde yavaş yavaş geleneksel ampullerin (akkor ve floresan) yerini almaktadır. Gelecekte LED lambaların daha yaygın kullanılması, çevre dostu ve enerji verimli aydınlatma çözümlerine yönelik önemli bir adım olacağı öngörülmektedir. LED lambalar, kaynak kullanımında verimliliğe, geri dönüşüm ve tehlikeli maddelerin ortadan kaldırılması gibi çevresel ve ekonomik açıdan iyileştirilmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Uzun ömürlü oluşlarının yanı sıra içerdikleri değerli metaller ve nadir toprak elementleri, geri dönüşüm açısından son derece kritik bir öneme sahip olup, doğal kaynak tasarrufu ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik için önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Günümüzde LED lambaların kullanım ömrü sona erdiğinde doğru bir atık yönetim süreci belirlenmemiştir. Derlemede LED’lerin genel çalışma prensibi, LED ampullerin yapısı, literatürde LED ampullerin geri dönüşüm süreçleri ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalar yer almaktadır. Çalışmalar incelendiğinde genel olarak fiziksel ve kimyasal zenginleştirme yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Fiziksel zenginleştirme yöntemi ön zenginleştirme olarak değerlendirilmiş olup ön zenginleştirme+liç ya da doğrudan liç ile zenginleştirme uygulanmıştır.

LED lamps are gradually replacing traditional bulbs (incandescent and fluorescent) due to their various advantages such as energy saving, longer life, smaller size and weight, colour diversity, tolerance to low temperatures, and mercury-free. The wider use of LED lamps in the future is predicted to be a significant step towards environmentally friendly and energy efficient lighting solutions. LED lamps require efficiency in resource utilisation, environmental and economic improvements such as recycling and eliminating hazardous substances. In addition to their long life, the precious metals and rare earth elements they contain are critical in recycling and play an important role in saving natural resources and environmental sustainability. Currently, a proper waste management process has not been determined at the end of the life of LED lamps. In this review, the general working principle of LEDs, the structure of LED bulbs, and the studies on the recycling processes of LED bulbs in the literature are included. When the studies were examined, it was determined that physical and chemical enrichment methods were generally used. The physical enrichment method was considered as pre-enrichment and enrichment by preenrichment+leaching or direct leaching was applied.

 LED lamba geri dönüşüm değerli metaller kimyasal zenginleştirme LED lamp recycling precious metal chemical enrichment Althaf, S., Babbitt, C.W., Chen, R. (2019). Forecasting electronic waste flows for effective circular economy planning. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 151, 104362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.038 Annoni R., Lange L.C., Santos Amaral M.C., Silva AM, Assunçao M.C., Franco M. B. (2020). Light emitting diode waste: potential of metals concentration and acid reuse via the integration of leaching and membrane processes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 246: 119057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119057. Chen W.S, Hsu L.L., Wang L.P. (2018). Recycling the GaN waste from the LED industry by the pressurized leaching method. Metals, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ met8100861. Chen, W.S., Chung, Y.F., Tien, K.W. (2020). Recovery of gallium and indium from waste light emitting diodes. In: 15th International Symposium on East Asian Resources Recycling Technology. The Korean Institute of Resources Recycling. https://j-kirr.or.kr/articles/xml/PNqX/ Cenci, M.P., Dal-Berto, F.C., Schneider, E.L., Veit, H.M., Pilotto, M., Christ, F., Berto, D., Luis, E., Marcelo, H. (2020b.) Assessment of LED lamps components and materials for a recycling perspective. Waste Management. 107, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.028 de Oliveira, R.P., Benvenuti, J., Espinosa, D.C.R. (2021). A review of the current progress in recycling technologies for gallium and rare earth elements from light-emitting diodes. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 145, 111090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111090 Du, X., Graedel, T.E., (2011). Global in-use stocks of the rare earth elements: a first estimate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45(9):4096-4101. https://doi: 10.1021/es102836s. Dzombak, R., Padon, J., Salsbury, J., Dillon, H. (2017). Assessment of end-of-life design in solid-state lighting, Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 084013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 9326/aa7ab1 Gago Calderon, A., Narvarte Fernandez, L., Carrasco Moreno, L.M., Seron Barba, J. (2015). LED bulbs technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 41, 506–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08. 057. Illès, I.B., Kèkesi, T. (2023). A comprehensive aqueous processing of waste LED light bulbs to recover valuable metals and compounds. Sustainable Materials and Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00572. Işildar, A., Rene, E.R., van Hullebusch, E.D., Lens, P.N. (2018). Electronic waste as a secondary source of critical metals: Management and recovery technologies. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 135, 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.031. Kapusuzoğlu, F. (2020) Uzaktan Kontrollü Mikroişlemci Tabanlı Akıllı Aydınlatma Devresi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kumar A, Kuppusamy VK, Holuszko M, Song S, Loschiavo A. (2019). LED lamps waste in Canada: generation and characterization. Resour Conserv Recycl, 146: 329–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.006. LED Çeşitleri, (2022) Erişim Adresi: https://aydinlatma.org/led-cesitleri-nelerdir.html, Erişim Tarihi: 14 Aralık 2024 LED Işık Kaynakları, (2011) Erişim Adresi: https://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/956c5080dc82dda _ek.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15 Ocak 2025. LED Teknolojisi, (2011) Erişim Adresi: https://www.ared.org.tr/app/uploads/pdf/led-teknolojisi-baski-hali-136.pdf> Erişim Tarihi: 14 Aralık 2024 Lim, S.R., Kang, D., Ogunseitan, O.A., Schoenung, J.M. (2013). Potential environmental impacts from the metals in incandescent, compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), and light emitting diode (LED) bulbs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 1040–1047. https://doi.org/10.1021/es302886m. Liu, L., Keoleian, G.A., 2020. LCA of rare earth and critical metal recovery and replacement decisions for commercial lighting waste management. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 159, 104846 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104846. Maarefvand, M., Sheibani, S., & Rashchi, F. (2020). Recovery of gallium from waste LEDs by oxidation and subsequent leaching. Hydrometallurgy, 191, 105230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105230. Machacek, E., Richter, J.L., Habib, K., Klossek, P. (2015). Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.005. Market Research Report (2023). LED Lighting Market Size by Type and Lamps Installation Application, Sales Channel, Regions, Global Industry Analysis, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2023 to 2032. The Brainy Insights, Report ID:TBI-13335. Martins, T. R., Tanabe, E. H., & Bertuol, D. A. (2020). Innovative method for the recycling of end-of-life LED bulbs by mechanical processing, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 161, 104875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104875. Matson, J. (2012). How to Buy a Better Lightbulb. Scientific American Magazine, 306,1. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican012012-29Akcxyiie16pWcqrHJsPh Mir, S., Vaishampayan, A., and Dhawan, N. (2021). Review on Recycling of End-of-Life Light-Emitting Diodes for Metal Recovery, JOM, 74(2): 599-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-05043-9. Mizanur Rahman, S.M., Kim, J., Lerondel, G., Bouzidi, Y., Nomenyo, K., Clerget, L. (2017). Missing research focus in end-of-life management of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 127, 256–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.04.013. Nagy, S., Bokanyi, L., Gombkoto, I., & Magyar, T. (2017). Recycling of Gallium from end-of-life light emitting diodes. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. (Sayı 62). Nakamura, S. (2015). Background Story of the Invention of Efficient Blue InGaN Light Emitting Diodes, Annalen der Physik, 527:335-336. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201500801 Onaygil, S. (2013). LED’li Yol Aydınlatmasi ve Enerji Verimliliği, 5. Enerji Verimliliği ve Kalitesi Sempozyumu. Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2024 Rare earths in the lighting industry, (2019) https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/seltene-erden-in-der-beleuchtungsindustrie/ > Erişim Tarihi: 12 Aralık 2024 Reuter, M. A., van Schaik, A., Gutzmer, J., Bartie, N., & Abadías-Llamas, A. (2019). Challenges of the circular economy: a material, metallurgical, and product design perspective. Annual Review of Materials Research, 49, 253-274. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-010057 Pourhossein, F., Mousavi, S.M. (2018). Enhancement of copper, nickel, and gallium recovery from LED waste by adaptation of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Waste Manage. (Oxford) 79, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.010. Pourhossein, F., Mousavi, S.M., Beolchini, F. (2022). Innovative bio-acid leaching method for high recovery of critical metals from end-of-life light emitting diodes. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 182, 106306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106306. Swain, B., Mishra, C., Kang, L., Park, S.K., & Lee, C.G. (2015). Recycling process for the recovery of gallium from GaN an e-waste of LED industry through ball milling, annealing and leaching. Environmental Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.027. Tan, Q., Li, J., Zeng, X. (2015). Rare earth elements recovery from waste fluorescent lamps: a review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 749–776. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.900240 U.S. Geological Survey, 2019. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47108-0-4. Van Den Bossche, A., Vereycken, W., Vander Hoogerstraete, T., Dehaen, W., Binnemans, K. (2019). Recovery of gallium, indium, and arsenic from semiconductors using Tribromide ionic liquids. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 14451–14459. https:// doi.org/10.1021/ACSSUSCHEMENG.9B01724. Wilburn, D. (2012) Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes— Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets. Scientific Investigations Report. U.S. Department of the Interior Zhan, L., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., and Xie, B. (2015). Novel recycle technology for recovering rare metals (Ga, In) from waste light-emitting diodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. (Sayı 299). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.029. Zamprogno Rebello, R., Weitzel Dias Carneiro Lima, M.T., Yamane, L.H., Ribeiro Siman, R. (2020) Characterization of end-of-life LED lamps for the recovery of precious metals and rare earth elements. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 153, 104557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104557. Zhou, J., Zhu, N., Liu, H., Wu, P., Zhang, X., Zhong, Z., (2019) Recovery of gallium from waste light emitting diodes by oxalic acidic leaching. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 146, 366–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002.