vakanüvi̇s Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 2149-9535 2636-7777 Serkan YAZICI 10.24186/vakanuvis.1568015 Classical Greek and Roman History Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihi Cato and Roman Conservatism Cato ve Roma Muhafazakârlığı https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4736-566X Bilik Necmettin Adıyaman Üniversitesi 12 31 2024 9 Dr. Selma Pehlivan'a Armağan 1779 1809 10 15 2024 12 24 2024 Copyright © 2016, Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 2016 Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi

The Romans were an influential political society in the Mediterranean world because of their ability to change and adapt. They resorted to various strategies to successfully preserve their cultural identity against the influence of Hellenistic culture. However, the superiority and extraordinary wealth brought by the wars as a result of the military conquests in Italy and the Hellenistic world negatively affected the Roman society and made it more open to the influence of Hellenistic culture. In this study, the problems encountered by M. Porcius Cato, who perceived the cultural change known as the Hellenization of Rome today as a threat, and his conservative stance against the changes in the Roman cultural identity will be examined.

Romalılar değişim ve adaptasyon yeteneği ile Akdeniz dünyasında etkili olan politik bir toplum idi. Bu yetenekleri ile Hellen kültür etkisine karşı kültürel kimliğin korunmasında başarılı oldukları çeşitli stratejiler kullandılar. Ancak İtalya ve Hellenistik dünyadaki askeri fetihler sonucunda, üstünlük ve savaşların getirdiği olağanüstü zenginlik, Roma toplumunu olumsuz etkileyerek Hellen kültür etkisine karşı daha açık bir hale getirdi. Bu çalışmada Orta Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Romalıların karşılaştığı, günümüzde Roma’nın Hellenizasyonu olarak tanımlanan, kültürel değişimin tasviri yapılarak bu değişimi Romalılık için tehdit olarak algılayan M. Porcius Cato’nun yaşadığı zamanın sorunlarına ve Roma kültürel kimliğinin değişimine karşı muhafazakâr tavrı incelenecektir.

 Roma Cato kültürel değişim muhafazakârlık Hellenizm Rome Cato cultural change conservatism Hellenism Albrecht, Michael Von, A history of Roman literature: From Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with special regard to its influence on world literatüre, I, Leiden 1997. Alföldy, Géza, The social history of Rome, (Johns Hopkins Paperbacks edition), Çev. D. Braund, F. Pollock, Baltimore 1988. Appianos, Punica = Appian, Roman History, I, The Punic Wars, Translated by Horace White, Cambridge 1912. Astin, Alan E., “Scipio Aemilianus and Cato Censorius.”, Latomus, 15/2 (1956), s. 159–180. Astin, Alan E., Cato the Cencor. Oxford 1978. Astin, Alan E., “Regimen Morum”, Journal of Roman Studies, 78 (1988), s. 14–34. Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae = Gellius, Attic Nights, I–III, Translated by J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge 1927. Balsdon, J. P. V. D., Romans and aliens, London 1979. Baltrusch, Ernst, Regimen morum: Die Reglementierung des Privatlebens der Senatoren und Ritter in der römischen Republik und frühen Kaiserzeit, München 1988. Berry, Christopher J., “Luxury and the Politics of Need and Desire: The Roman Case.”, History of Political Thought, 10/4 (1989), s. 597–613. Blösel, Wolfgang, “Die Geschichte des Begriffes "mos maiorum" von den Anfängen bis zu Cicero.”, B. Linke, M. Stemmler (Hgg.), Mos maiorum. Untersuchungen zu den Formen der Identitätsstiftung und Stabilisierung in der römischen Republik, Stuttgart (2000), s. 25–97. Breisach, Ernst, Tarihyazımı, Çev. Hülya Kocaoluk, İstanbul 2009. Briscoe, John, “Eastern Policy and Senatorial Politics 168–146 B.C.”, Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 18/1 (1969), s. 49–70. Briscoe, John, “Flamininus and Roman Politics, 200–189 B.C.”, Latomus, 31/1 (1972), 22–53. Carawan, Edwin M., “Cato’s Speech against L. Flamininus: Liv. 39.42–3.” The Classical Journal, 85/4 (1990), s. 316–329. Cato, De Agricultura = Cato, Varro, On Agriculture, Translated by W. D. Hooper, Harrison Boyd Ash, Cambridge 1934. Champion, Craige B., Cultural politics in Polybios’s Histories, Berkeley; Los Angeles; London 2004. Churchill, J. Bradford, “On The Content and Structure of the Prologue to Cato's "Origines".” Illinois Classical Studies, 20 (1995), s. 91–106. Churchill, J. Bradford, “Cato Orationes 66 and the Case against M.’ Acilius Glabrio in 189 B.C.E.” The American Journal of Philology, 121/4 (2000), s. 549–557. Cicero, De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione = On Old Age, On Friendship, On Divination, Translated by W. A. Falconer, Cambridge 1923. Cicero, Tusculanarum Disputationum = Tusculan Disputations, Translated by J. E. King, Cambridge 1927. Cicero, De Re publica = On the Republic, (De Legibus), On the Laws, Translated by Clinton W. Keyes, Cambridge 1928. Crawford, Michael H., The Roman Republic, (2nd ed.), Cambridge, 1993. Dorey, Thomas Alan, “Contributory Causes of the Second Macedonian War.”, The American Journal of Philology, 80/3 (1959), s. 288–295. Eckstein, Arthur M., “Physis and Nomos: Polybius, the Romans, and Cato the Elder”, P. Cartledge, P. Garnsey, and E. S. Gruen (Eds.), Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography, (1st ed.), Berkeley 1997, s. 175–198. Edwards, Catharine, The politics of immorality in ancient Rome, Cambridge 1993. Frank, Tenney, Roman imperialism, New York 1914. Gelzer, Matthias, (1969). The Roman nobility, Çev. Robin Seager, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Gotter, Ulrich, “Cato’s Origines: The historian and his enemies”, A. Feldherr (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Historian, Cambridge (2009), s. 108–122. Gruen, Erich S., The Hellenistic world and the coming of Rome, I–II, Berkeley; London 1984. Gruen, Erich S., Culture and national identity in Republican Rome, Ithaca 1992. Gruen, Erich S., “Cultural Fictions and Cultural Identity.”, Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974–), 123 (1993),s. 1–14. Gruen, Erich S., "The “Fall” of the Scipios", I. Malkin and Z.W. Rubinsohn (Eds.), Leaders and masses in the Roman world: Studies in honor of Zvi Yavetz, Leiden 1995, s. 59–90. Hopkins, Keith, Conquerors and slaves, (sociological studies in Roman history, I), Cambridge 1978. Harris, William V., “On War and Greed in the Second Century B.C.” The American Historical Review, 76/5 (1971), s. 1371–1385. Harris, William V., War and imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 B.C. Oxford; New York 1979. Harris, William V., Ancient literacy, Cambridge 1989. Hodgson, Louise, Res Publica and the Roman republic ’Without body or form’, Oxford 2017. Jefferson, Eleanor, “Problems and audience in Cato’s Origines”, S.T. Roselaar (Ed.), Processes of integration and identity formation in the Roman Republic, Leiden; Boston 2012, s. 311–326. Kienast, Dietmar, Cato der Zensor: seine Persönlichkeit und seine Zeit, Mit einem kritisch durchgesehenen Neuabdruck der Redefragmente Catos, Heidelberg 1954. Landrea, Cyrielle, “The Gentes Maiores and Aristocratic Competition in Rome (200–134 BCE)”, M. Balbo and F. Santangelo (Eds.), A community in transition: Rome between Hannibal and the Gracchi, Oxford 2022, s. 266–292. Lintott, Andrew W., “Imperial Expansion and Moral Decline in the Roman Republic.”, Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte, 21/4 (1972), s. 626–638. Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, Periochae = Livy, History of Rome, I–XIV, Translated by B. O. Foster, J. C. Yardley, and Alfred C. Schlesinger, Cambridge 1919–1959. Malcovati, Henrica, Oratorum Romanorum fragmenta liberae rei publicae, (2d ed.), Torino 1955. Morley, Neville, The Roman empire roots of imperialism, London; New York 2010. Momigliano, Arnaldo, Alien wisdom: the limits of Hellenization, Cambridge 1975. Münzer, Friedrich, Roman aristocratic parties and families, Çev. Thérése Ridley, Baltimore 1999. Nepos, Cato, De Viris Illustribus = Cornelius Nepos, On Great Generals, On Historians, Translated by J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge 1984. Plinius, Naturalis Historia = Pliny, Natural History, I–X, Translated by H. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones and D. E. Eichholz, Cambridge 1938–1962. Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi = Plutarch, Lives, I–VII, Translated by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge 1914–1926. Plutarkhos, Quaestiones Romanae = Plutarch, Moralia, IV, Roman Questions, Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge 1936. Pollitt, Jerome J., “The Impact of Greek Art on Rome.”, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 108 (1978), s. 155–174. Polybios, Historiae = Polybius, The Histories, I–VI, Translated by W. R. Paton, and S. Douglas Olson, Rev. F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht, Cambridge 2010–2012. Quintilianus, Institutio Oratoria, Quintilian, The Orator’s Education, Edited and translated by Donald A. Russell, Cambridge 2002, Rawson, Elizabeth. Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic. Baltimore, 1985. Reay, Brendon, “Agriculture, Writing, and Cato’s Aristocratic Self–Fashioning”, Classical Antiquity, 24/2 (2005), s. 331–361. Ruebel, James S., “Cato and Scipio Africanus.”, The Classical World, 71/3 (1977), s. 161–173. Seneca, (Ad Lucilium) Epistulae Morales = Epistles, I–III, Translated by Richard M. Gummere, Cambridge 1917–1925. Suetonius, De Vita XII Caesarum = Lives of the Caesars, I–II, De Viris Illustribus = Lives of Illustrious Men: Grammarians and Rhetoricians, Poets (Terence, Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Persius, Lucan), Lives of Pliny the Elder and Passienus Crispus, Translated by J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge 1914. Schullard, Howard Hayes, Roman Politics, 220–150 B.C. Oxford 1951. Schullard, Howard Hayes, A history of the Roman World, 753 to 146 BC. (4th ed.), London; New York 1980. Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX = Memorable Doings and Sayings, I–II, Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Cambridge 2000. Velleius Paterculus, Historiae Romanae = Compendium of Roman History, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, Translated by Frederick W. Shipley, Cambridge 1924. Veyne, Paul “The Hellenization of Rome and the Question of Acculturations,” Diogenes 106 (1979), s. 1–27. Wallace–Hadrill, Andrew, “To Be Roman, Go Greek Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome”, M.M. Austin, J. Harries, and C. Smith (Eds.), Modus operandi: essays in honour of Geoffrey Rickman, London 1998, s. 79–91. Wallace–Hadrill, Andrew, Rome’s cultural revolution, Cambridge 2008. Williams, Craig A., Roman homosexuality: ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity, Oxford 1999. Zanda, Emanuela, Fighting Hydra–like Luxury: Sumptuary Regulation in the Roman Republic, London 2013. Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum = History of Zonaras: from Alexander Severus to the death of Theodosius the Great, Translated by Thomas M. Banchich and Eugene N. Lane, London; New York 2009.