<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>vakanüvi̇s</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2149-9535</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2636-7777</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Serkan YAZICI</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24186/vakanuvis.1794582</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>History of The Republic of Turkiye</subject>
                                                            <subject>General Turkish History (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Dış Politika Aracı Olarak İstihbarat: İkinci Dünya Savaşı Döneminde Tarafsız Türkiye’de CIA’nın Öncülü OSS’nin Operasyonları</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Intelligence as Covert Statecraft: The OSS, CIA’s Predecessor, in Neutral Turkey, 1939-1945</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-7520</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Toman</surname>
                                    <given-names>Murat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260331">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>11</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>752</fpage>
                                        <lpage>782</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251001">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260329">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>ÖzII. Dünya Savaşı sırasında ABD Stratejik Servisler Ofisi (OSS), tarafsız Türkiye’de Müttefik diplomasisinin kaldıraçlarından biri hâline gelen gizli operasyonlar yürüttü. Bu makalenin amacı, arşiv belgelerinin yakın okumalarını uluslararası ilişkiler kuramıyla birleştirerek bu faaliyetlerin Ankara’nın savaş sırasındaki tarafsızlığını ve savaş sonrası yönelimini nasıl şekillendirdiğini açıklamaktır. Çalışmanın önemi, tarafsızlık ve ittifak oluşumunu açıklayan anlatılarda istihbaratın çoğu kez arka planda kalmasına; onu analizin merkezine yerleştirmenin belirsizlik ve tehdit altında devlet tercihlerini nasıl yeniden kalibre ettiğini görünür kılmasına dayanmaktadır. Yöntemsel olarak çalışma, ABD savaş dönemi arşivlerinden örneğin; OSS saha raporları, telgraflar, diplomatik yazışmalarından yararlanmakta, nitel bir vaka incelemesi yürütmekte ve bulguları realist tehdit dengesi ve kurumsalcı yaklaşımlarla yorumlamakta; operasyonlardan politikaya uzanan mekanizmaları, bilgi toplama, etki süreçleri ve karşılıklı tavizlere dayalı pazarlık, izlemektedir. Analiz, İstanbul’daki OSS ağlarının Mihver hareketleri hakkında zamanlı raporlar üreterek Alman nüfuzunu aşındırdığını ve Türkiye’yi Mihver’den uzaklaştırmaya dönük Müttefik baskısını güçlendirdiğini göstermektedir. Aynı anda Cumhurbaşkanı İsmet İnönü ve yakın çevresi, resmî tarafsızlığı korurken Müttefik istihbaratıyla seçici iş birliği yaparak yardım ve güvenlik güvenceleri elde etmeye yönelen bir “istihbarat diplomasisi” uygulamıştır. Çıktılar, Türkiye’nin savaşın sonuna doğru Almanya ile bağları koparmasını ve savaş sonrasında ABD tarafından liderliği yürütülen özgür dünyaya daha pürüzsüz bir geçiş yapmasını içermektedir. Çalışmanın literatüre katkısı, istihbaratı diplomasiyle eşgüdüm içinde işleyen bir dış politika aracı olarak kuramsallaştırmak, tehdit altındaki tarafsızlığa dair açıklamaları keskinleştirmek ve küçük devletlerin dengeleme/tedbir stratejilerine uygun bir “istihbarat diplomasisi” örneği ortaya koymaktır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                                                                                            <abstract><p>AbstractDuring World War II, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) ran clandestine operations in neutral Turkey that became a lever of Allied diplomacy. The aim of this article is to explain how these covert activities shaped Ankara’s wartime neutrality and postwar alignment by integrating close archival analysis with international relations theory. The study is important because intelligence is often treated as background noise in accounts of neutrality and alliance formation; placing it at the center clarifies how states recalibrate choices under uncertainty and threat. Methodologically, the article conducts a qualitative case study using U.S. wartime archives such as; OSS field reports, cables, and diplomatic correspondence and interprets the evidence through realist balance-of-threat and institutionalist lenses, tracing mechanisms, collection, influence, and quid-pro-quo bargaining,  that link operations to policy outcomes. The analysis finds that OSS networks in İstanbul generated timely reporting on Axis movements and eroded German influence, reinforcing Allied leverage to distance Turkey from the Axis. At the same time, President İsmet İnönü and his advisers practiced “intelligence diplomacy,” selectively cooperating with Allied espionage to extract aid and security assurances while maintaining formal neutrality. Outcomes include Turkey’s late-war rupture with Germany and a smoother path into the postwar U.S. led free world. The article contributes to the literature by utilizing the intelligence as a tool of statecraft that works in tandem with diplomacy, sharpening explanations of neutrality under threat, and offering an empirically grounded concept, “intelligence diplomacy”,  that travels to other cases of small-state hedging.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                                                                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>OSS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  CIA</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  World War II</kwd>
                                                    <kwd> </kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Intelligence Diplomacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Active Neutrality</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Turkey</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  U.S.</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dogwood</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Evros Mission</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>CIA</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İkinci Dünya Savaşı;</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Aktif Tarafsızlık</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dogwood</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Evros Mission</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  istihbarat diplomasisi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  OSS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ABD</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">British House of Commons Debates (Hansard). Parliamentary Debates (5th series). Debate “Turkish Chrome Ore (Exports),” 18 April 1944, vol. 399, cols. 7–8; and 25 April 1944, vol. 399.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coleman, Archibald F. “Narrative Account of the Organization and Activities of the DOGWOOD Project.” Report dated 2 November 1944. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency FOIA Electronic Reading Room (Doc. 0000493983).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhuriyet [Istanbul]. “Trakya’da Bir Tren Köprüsü Yıkıldı” [A Railway Bridge Was Destroyed in Thrace]. 2 June 1944.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhuriyet [Istanbul]. “Krom İhracatımız ve İngiliz Basını” [Our Chrome Exports and the British Press]. 9 Nisan 1944.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhuriyet [Istanbul]. “Krom İhracatımız” [Our Chrome Exports]. 14 Nisan 1944</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhuriyet [Istanbul]. “Krom Hakkında Verdiğimiz Karar” [The Decision We Made About Chrome]. 21 Nisan 1944.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Donovan, William J. Memorandum to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 18 June 1944. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library (President’s Secretary’s File, Box 4).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Imperial War Museum (UK). Photograph K 8889, “Turkey Enters the War” (Turkish Parliament in session, 23 Feb 1945).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">National Archives and Records Administration (USA). Record Group 226: Records of the Office of Strategic Services, Entries 99 and 210 (OSS Istanbul station and Cairo reports, 1943–44). College Park, MD.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The National Archives (UK). HW 19/321, Use of ISOS by Section V during Second World War (MI6 Section V wartime files).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Kingdom Parliament. House of Commons Parliamentary Debates. See Hansard entries (18 Apr 1944; 25 Apr 1944) regarding Turkish chrome exports.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United States Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1940, Vol. III. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United States Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Vol. IV (The Near East and Africa). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United States Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, Vol. V (The Near East, South Asia, and Africa; The Far East). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yad Vashem Digital Archives. “OSS documents on the ‘Dogwood’ operation.” (Collection of declassified OSS documents related to Operation DOGWOOD, accessed via Yad Vashem Archives website).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence. London: John Murray, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aldrich, Richard J. “Transatlantic Intelligence and Security Cooperation.” International Affairs 80, no. 4 (2004): 731-753.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anderson, Scott. The Quiet Americans: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War- A Tragedy in Three Acts. New York: Doubleday, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andrew, Christopher M. The Secret World: A History of Intelligence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andrew, Christopher M. “Intelligence, International Relations and ‘Under-Theorization’.” In Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century: Journeys in Shadows, edited by Peter Jackson and Len Scott, 170–184. London: Routledge, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andrew, Christopher M., and David Dilks, eds. The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence Communities in the Twentieth Century. London: Macmillan, 1984.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baker Fox, Annette. The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baldwin, David A. Economic Statecraft. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bezci, Egemen B. Turkish Intelligence and the Cold War: The Turkish Secret Service, the US and the UK. London: I.B. Tauris, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bezci, Egemen B. “Turkey’s Intelligence Diplomacy during the Second World War.” Journal of Intelligence History 15, no. 1 (2016): 1–12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Caruana, Leonard, and Hugh Rockoff. “A Wolfram in Sheep’s Clothing: U.S. Economic Warfare in Spain, 1940–1944.” NBER Working Paper No. H-132, January 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carey, Mac. “How Did Turkey, Completely Surrounded by Warring Powers, Remain Neutral During Most of World War II?” HistoryNet, August 15, 2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cossaboom, Robert, and Gary Leiser. “Adana Station 1943–45: Prelude to the Post-War American Military Presence in Turkey.” Middle Eastern Studies 34, no. 1 (1998): 73-86.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Crowden, Robert E. “A Pioneering Experiment: OSS Double-Agent Operations in World War II.” Studies in Intelligence 58, no. 2 (2014): 65-75.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deringil, Selim. Denge Oyunu: İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Türk Dış Politikası [The Balancing Game: Turkey’s Foreign Policy during the Second World War]. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1994.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fenyvesi, Charles. “Official Enemies, Secret Allies, Part III.” Hungarian Review (December 7, 2011).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gill, Peter, and Mark Phythian. Intelligence in National Security: A Critical Introduction. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goodman, Michael S. The Official History of the Joint Intelligence Committee, Volume I: From the Approach of the Second World War to the Suez Crisis. London: Routledge, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Herman, Michael. Intelligence Power in Peace and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jeffery, Keith. MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949. London: Bloomsbury, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Len Scott. “Secret Intelligence, Covert Action and Clandestine Diplomacy.” Intelligence and National Security 19, no. 2 (2004): 322–341.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lowenthal, Mark M. Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy. 8th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mancini, John. “Bringing Down the Bridges.” Warfare History Network, 2018. (Online article).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mattingly, Robert E. Herringbone Cloak – GI Dagger: Marines of the OSS. Quantico, VA: USMC Command and Staff College, 1979.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II: 1942–1945. London: HMSO, 1959.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mulder, Nicholas. The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Önsoy, Murat. The World War Two Allied Economic Warfare: The Case of Turkish Chrome Sales. PhD diss., University of Erlangen–Nürnberg, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztekin, Hülya. “1944 Irkçılık-Turancılık Davası ve Basındaki Tartışmalar” [“The 1944 Racism-Turanism Trial and Debates in the Press”]. Selçuk İletişim 11, no. 1 (2018): 212–236.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pasquini, Elaine. “Remembering U.S. Presence in Istanbul’s Beyoğlu Neighborhood.” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, July 18, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prados, John. Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rid, Thomas. Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rubin, Barry. Istanbul Intrigues: Espionage, Sabotage, and Diplomatic Treachery in the Spy Capital of World War II. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seydi, Süleyman. “The Intelligence War in Turkey During the Second World War: A Nazi Spy on British Premises in Istanbul.” Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 3 (2004): 75–85.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scherner, Jonas. “Bericht zur deutschen Wirtschaftslage 1943/44” [“Report on the German Economic Situation 1943/44”]. Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 55, no. 3 (2007): 527–556.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tamkin, Nicholas. Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–45: Strategy, Diplomacy and Intelligence in the Eastern Mediterranean. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Walsh, James I. The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Warner, Michael. “A Matter of Trust: Covert Action Reconsidered.” Studies in Intelligence 63, no. 4 (2019): 33-46.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weisband, Edward. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1943–1945: Small State Diplomacy and Great Power Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weber, Frank G. The Evasive Neutral: Germany, Britain, and the Quest for a Turkish Alliance in the Second World War. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1979.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Westerfield, H. Bradford. “America and the World of Intelligence Liaison.” Intelligence and National Security 11, no. 3 (1996): 523–60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wires, Richard. The Cicero Spy Affair: German Access to British Secrets in World War II. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
