Hemotropic mycoplasmas: From Haemobartonella to Mycoplasma

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed to summarize recently gained insights into hemotropic mycoplasmas. Hemotropic mycoplasmas attaching to the host’s erythrocytes surface are unculturable, gram-negative, obligate and wall-less bacteria which are known as the causative agents of infectious anemia in a wide variety of mammals. These organisms, previously known as Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon, have been reclassified within the Mycoplasma genus while; sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon spp. has shown that hemotropic mycoplasmas belong to members of the mollicutes rather than the rickettsiales. These pathogens can be visualized as dark purple-blue coccoids, rings or short chains on the erythrocyte surface, using Romanowsky-type stain such as Giemsa, Wrigth Giemsa or DiffQuick of blood smears. But it has to be taken account that the polymerase chain reaction assays, based on the 16S rRNA gene are more sensitive and specific methods than cytology. Doxycycline, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline are the mostly used agents to cure hemotropic mycoplasmas nowadays. Furthermore, new research should likely be focused on treatment of hemotropic mycoplasmas with a potential vector-borne, interspecies transmission and a zoonotic potential.

Keywords

• Haemobartonella,hemoplasma,hemotropic mycoplasma,treatment

Hemotropik mikoplazmalar: Haemobartonella’dan Mycoplasma’ya

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemotropik mikoplazmalar ile ilgili son gelişmelerin özetlenmesidir. Hemotropik mikoplazmalar eritrosit yüzeyine yerleşen, kültürü yapılamayan, gram-negatif, obligat ve hücre zarı olmayan bakteriler olup pek çok memeli türünde infeksiyöz aneminin etkeni olarak bilinmektedir. Önceleri Haemobartonella ve Eperythrozoon olarak bilinen bu mikroorganizmalar, Haemobartonella ve Eperythrozoon spp. türlerinin 16S rRNA genlerinin sekans analizleri neticesinde riketsiyalardan çok farklı olarak Mollicutes üyesi olan hemotropik mikoplazma olduğu belirlenmiş ve Mycoplasma ailesi içinde tekrar sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu patojenler kan frotilerinin Giemsa, Wrigth Giemsa ya da DiffQuick gibi Romanowsky-tip boyanmasında, eritrosit yüzeylerinde mor-mavi renkli, kokoid, yüzük ya da kısa zincir formunda görüntülenmektedir. Fakat, 16S rRNA geninin temel alındığı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemi sitolojiden çok daha spesifik ve duyarlı bir yöntemdir. Doksisiklin, enrofloksasin ve oksitetrasiklin grubu antibiyotikler günümüzde tedavi için en yaygın kullanılan antibiyotiklerdir. Bununla birlikte, gelecekte hemotropik mikoplazmaların tedavisi, bulaşmada etkili vektörler, türler arası bulaşma ve zoonotik potansiyeli ile ilgili araştırmalar yapılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Haemobartonella,hemoplazma,hemotropik mikoplazma,tedavi

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