A review of endo and ecto parasites of equids in Iraq

Abstract

This article briefly reviews most studies in Iraq, and expressed common zoonotic and non-zoonotic parasites. Currently, protozoa, helminthes, hard and soft ticks have been properly reported, as a result of a large number of parasites were described and distributed in all Iraq. The protozoa frequently recorded included species belonging to the genera: Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia, plasmodium, Anaplasma, Microfilaria, cryptosporidium, giardia, Eimeria, Balantidium and Entamoeba. The helminths frequently reported of different of the genera: Dicrocoelium, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Trichostrongylus, Parascaris, Oxyuris, Cyathostomum, Anoplocephala, Setaria and Fasciola can affected all categories of equines, whether on grass or stabled. Also, hard, soft ticks and Sarcoptes were the only ectoparasites frequently recorded. Parasitic fly species of the genera Gasterophilus were also recorded. Parasitic infections of equines in Iraq are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and causes major economic losses. Infected equines with piroplasms are suffering from specific clinical signs: (emaciation, fever, pale mucosal membranes, jaundice, colic and diarrhoea) in addition companied with anemia, leukocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia. The parasitic infections associated with the several risk factors (age, gender, activity, location and season) and more risky in zoonotic parasites to horsemen. All treatment for the parasitic infections should be through the intramuscular route except ivermectin orally. Control of vector and make further researches depend on modern methods not only coprological examinations to identify distributed species and chronic infections.

Keywords

• Equine protozoa
• piroplasma spp.
• Equine helminths
• Ticks
• Iraq

Irak'ta bulunan tektırnaklıların endo ve ekto parazitleri üzerine derleme

Öz

Bu makale, Irak'taki çoğu araştırmayı kısaca gözden geçiriyor ve yaygın zoonotik ve zoonotik olmayan parazitleri ifade ediyor. Şu anda, protozoa, helmintler, sert ve yumuşak keneler, tüm Irak'ta çok sayıda parazitin tanımlanması ve dağıtılması sonucunda uygun şekilde rapor edilmiştir. Sık kaydedilen protozoa, cinslere ait türleri içerir: Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia, plasmodium, Anaplasma, Microfilaria, cryptosporidium, giardia, Eimeria, Balantidium ve Entamoeba. Helmintler sık ​​sık farklı cinsler hakkında bildirilmiştir: Dicrocoelium, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Trichostrongylus, Parascaris, Oxyuris, Cyathostomum, Anoplocephala, Setaria ve Fasciola, çimen üzerinde veya ahırda olsun, tüm at kategorilerini etkileyebilir. Ayrıca sert, yumuşak keneler ve Sarcoptes sıklıkla kaydedilen tek ektoparazitlerdi. Gasterophilus cinsinin parazitik sinek türleri de kaydedildi. Irak'ta atların parazitik enfeksiyonları sık görülür ve sağlığı tehdit eden ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olan çeşitli parazitlerden kaynaklanır. Piroplazmalı enfekte atlar, spesifik klinik belirtilerden muzdariptir: (zayıflama, ateş, soluk mukozal membranlar, sarılık, kolik ve ishal) ayrıca anemi, lökositoz ve hiperbilirubinemi ile birlikte görülür. Çeşitli risk faktörleri (yaş, cinsiyet, aktivite, yer ve mevsim) ile ilişkili parazitik enfeksiyonlar ve atlılar için zoonotik parazitlerde daha risklidir. Paraziter enfeksiyonlar için tüm tedavi, oral ivermektin dışında kas içi yolla yapılmalıdır. Vektörün kontrolü ve daha fazla araştırma yapılması, yalnızca dağınık türleri ve kronik enfeksiyonları belirlemek için modern yöntemlere değil, koprolojik incelemelere de bağlıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• At protozoası
• piroplasma spp.
• At helmintleri
• Keneler
• Irak

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