Hemotropic mycoplasmas: From Haemobartonella to Mycoplasma

Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 31 - 40, 11.12.2016

Öznur Aslan

Abstract

In the study, it was aimed to summarize
recently gained insights into hemotropic mycoplasmas. Hemotropic mycoplasmas
attaching to the host’s erythrocytes surface are unculturable, gram-negative,
obligate and wall-less bacteria which are known as the causative agents of
infectious anemia in a wide variety of mammals. These organisms, previously
known as Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon, have been
reclassified within the Mycoplasma genus while; sequence analysis of the
16S rRNA gene of Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon spp. has shown
that hemotropic mycoplasmas belong to members of the mollicutes rather than the
rickettsiales. These pathogens can be visualized as dark purple-blue coccoids,
rings or short chains on the erythrocyte surface, using Romanowsky-type stain
such as Giemsa, Wrigth Giemsa or DiffQuick of blood smears. But it has to be
taken account that the polymerase chain reaction assays, based on the 16S rRNA
gene are more sensitive and specific methods than cytology. Doxycycline, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline are the
mostly used agents to cure hemotropic mycoplasmas nowadays. Furthermore, new research should likely
be focused on treatment of hemotropic mycoplasmas with a potential vector-borne,
interspecies transmission and a zoonotic potential.

Keywords

Haemobartonella, hemoplasma, hemotropic mycoplasma, treatment

Hemotropik mikoplazmalar: Haemobartonella’dan Mycoplasma’ya

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı,
hemotropik mikoplazmalar ile ilgili son gelişmelerin özetlenmesidir. Hemotropik
mikoplazmalar eritrosit yüzeyine yerleşen, kültürü yapılamayan, gram-negatif,
obligat ve hücre zarı olmayan bakteriler olup pek çok memeli türünde infeksiyöz
aneminin etkeni olarak bilinmektedir. Önceleri Haemobartonella ve Eperythrozoon
olarak bilinen bu mikroorganizmalar, Haemobartonella ve Eperythrozoon
spp. türlerinin 16S rRNA genlerinin sekans analizleri neticesinde
riketsiyalardan çok farklı olarak Mollicutes üyesi olan hemotropik
mikoplazma olduğu belirlenmiş ve Mycoplasma ailesi içinde tekrar
sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu patojenler kan frotilerinin Giemsa, Wrigth Giemsa ya da
DiffQuick gibi Romanowsky-tip boyanmasında, eritrosit yüzeylerinde mor-mavi renkli,
kokoid, yüzük ya da kısa zincir formunda görüntülenmektedir. Fakat, 16S rRNA
geninin temel alındığı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu yöntemi sitolojiden çok daha
spesifik ve duyarlı bir yöntemdir. Doksisiklin, enrofloksasin ve
oksitetrasiklin grubu antibiyotikler günümüzde tedavi için en yaygın kullanılan
antibiyotiklerdir. Bununla birlikte, gelecekte hemotropik mikoplazmaların
tedavisi, bulaşmada etkili vektörler, türler arası bulaşma ve zoonotik
potansiyeli ile ilgili araştırmalar yapılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Haemobartonella, hemoplazma, hemotropik mikoplazma, tedavi

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