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CORONAVIRIDAE VIRUS FAMILY: AN OVERALL ASSESSMENT

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 30.04.2020

Öz

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are non-segmented, enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses, with a genome of approximately 30 kb and a unique replication strategy named after their corona-like or crown-like surface projections seen on electron microscopy. Coronaviruses cause a variety of diseases in mammals, rodents and birds ranging from mild to severe enteritis, pneumonia, encephalitis and systemic diseases. Millions of people are at severe risk due to zoonotic transmission of CoVs in the World. In the present article, it has been reviewed the literature on the overall assessment of coronaviruses.

Kaynakça

  • Armstrong, J., Niemann, H., Smeekens, S., Rottier, P., Warren, G. (1984). Sequence and topology of a model intracellular membrane protein, E1 glycoprotein, from a coronavirus. Nature, 308(5961):751–752.
  • Assiri, A., Al-Tawfiq, J.A., Al-Rabeeah, A.A., Al-Rabiah, F.A., Al-Hajjar, S., Al-Barrak, A., Flemban, H., Al-Nassir, W.N., Balkhy, H.H., Al-Hakeem, RF., Makhdoom, H.Q., Zumla, A.I., Memish, Z.A. (2013). Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lanet Infect Dis, 13(9):752-61.
  • Cavanagh, D. (2005). Coronaviridae: a review of coronaviruses and toroviruses, Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS, ed. by A. Schmidt, M.H. Wolff and O. Weber, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland.
  • Cavanagh, D. (2007). Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Veterinary Research, 38:281-297.
  • Decaro, N., Campolo, M., Lorusso, A., Desario, C., Mari, V., Colaianni, M.L., Elia, G., Martella, V., Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Experimental infection of dogs with a novel strain of canine coronavirus causing systemic disease and lymphopenia. Vet. Microbiol, 128:253-260.
  • Decaro, N., Martella, V., Saif, L.J., Buonavoglia, C. (2020). COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us, Research in Veterinary Science, 131:21-23.
  • de Groot, R.J. (2012). Family Coronaviridae. Virus Taxonomy, ICTV, 806-820.
  • Delmas, B., Laude, H. (1990). Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression. Journal of virology, 64(11):5367-5375.
  • Denison, M.R. (2004). Coronavirus Research: Keys To Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Of Sars. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler S, Mahmoud A, Lemon S, et al., editors. Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92477/
  • Drexler, J.F., Corman, V.M., Drosten, C. (2014). Ecology, Evolution and Classification of Bat Coronaviruses in the Aftermath of SARS, Antiviral Research, 101: 45–56. Dudas, G., Carvalho, L.M., Rambaut, A., Bedford, T. (2018). MERS-CoV Spillover at the Camel-Human Interface, Elife, 7: pii: e31257. doi: 10.7554/eLife.31257. Dye, C., Helps, C.R., Siddell, S.G. (2008). Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR for the quantification of FCoV shedding in the faeces of domestic cats, J.Feline Med. Surg, 10 (2):167-174.
  • Fehr, A.R., Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis Methods Mol Biol, 1282: 1–23, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.
  • Gaunt, E.R., Hardie, A., Claas, E.C., Simmonds, P., Templeton, K.E. (2010). Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. Journal of clinical microbiology, 48(8):2940–2947.
  • Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A.M., Neuman, B.W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Samborskiy, D.V., Sidorov, I.A., Sola, I., Ziebuhr, J. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus—The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862.
  • Hilgenfeld, R., Peiris, M. (2013). From SARS to MERS: 10 years of research on highly pathogenic human Coronaviruses, Antiviral Research, 100:286–295.
  • Hu, B., Ge, X., Wang, L., Shi, Z. (2015). Bat Origin of Human Coronaviruses, Virology Journal, 12:221, DOI 10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1.
  • Kipar, A., May, H., Menger, S., Weber, M., Leukert, W., Reinacher, M. (2005). Morphological features and development of granulomatous vasculitisin feline infectious peritonitis. Vet. Pathol, 42:321-330.
  • Lam, T.T., Shum, M.H., Zhu, H.C., Tong, Y.G., Ni, X.B., Liao, Y.S., Wei, W., Cheung, W.Y., Li, W.J., Li, L.F., Leung, G.M., Holmes, E.C., Hu, Y.L., Guan, Y. (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins, Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0. 2020 Mar 26.
  • Lau, S.K.P., Chan, J.F.W. (2015). Coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals, Virology Journal, 12:209, DOI 10.1186/s12985-015-0432-z.
  • Li, F. (2015). Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. Journal of Virology, 89(4), 1954–1964. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02615-14.
  • Li, F. (2016). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins, Annu Rev Virol, 3(1): 237-261. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301.
  • Licitra, B.N., Duhamel, G.E., Whittaker, G.R. (2014). Canine Enteric Coronaviruses: Emerging Viral Pathogens with Distinct Recombinant Spike Proteins, Viruses, 6:3363-3376; doi:10.3390/v6083363.
  • Lu, R., Yu, X., Wang, W., Duan, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, W., Xu, J., Xu, L., Hu, Q., Lu, J., Ruan, L., Wang, Z., Tan, W. (2012). Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in Chinese adults with adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. PLoS One;7(6):e38638.
  • Leopardi, S., Holmes, E.C., Gastaldelli, M., Tassoni, L., Priori, P., Scaravelli, D., Zamperin, G., De Benedictis, P.. (2018). Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses. Infect. Genet. Evol, 2018;58:279–289. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.012.
  • Mac-Lachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J. (2017). Coronaviridae, Chapter 24, Fenner’s Veterinary Virology, 5th ed., pp: 435-461. Academic Press, London, UK., doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6.
  • Nieto-Torres, J.L., Dediego, M.L., Verdia-Baguena, C., Jimenez-Guardeno, J.M., Regla-Nava, J.A., Fernandez-Delgado, R., Castano-Rodriguez, C., Alcaraz, A., Torres, J., Aguilella, V.M., Enjuanes, L. (2014). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel activity promotes virus fitness and pathogenesis. PLoS pathogens, 10(5):1004077.
  • Phan My, V.T., Tri, T.N., Anh, P.H., Baker, S., Vizions Consortium, Kellam, P., Cotten, M. (2018). Identification and characterization of Coronaviridae genomes from Vietnamese bats and rats based on conserved protein domains, Virus Evolution, 4(2): vey035, doi: 10.1093/ve/vey035.
  • Poutanen, SM. (2018). Human Coronaviruses. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 1148–1152.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00222-X.
  • Siddell, S.G., Walker., P.J., Lefkowitz, E.J., Mushegian, A.R., Adams, M.J., Dutilh, B.E., Gorbalenya, A.E., Harrach, B., Harrison, R.L., Junglen, S., Knowles, N.J., Kropinski, A.M., Krupovic, M., Kuhn, J.H., Nibert, M., Rubino, L., Sabanadzovic, S., Sanfaçon, H., Simmonds, P., Varsani, A., Zerbini, F.M., Davison, A.J. (2019). Additional changes to taxonomy ratified in a special vote by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol, 164:943-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-04136-2.
  • Su, S., Wong, G., Shi, W., Liu, J., Lai, A.C.K., Zhou, J., Liu, W., Bi, Y., Gao, G.F. (2016). Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 24, No. 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003.
  • Thiel, V. (2007). Coronaviruses : molecular and cellular biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.
  • URL1. https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/, erişim tarihi: 03.03.3020.
  • URL2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-we-know-about-the-wuhan-virus-11579716128, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL3. Coronavirinae in ViralZone, https://viralzone.expasy.org/785, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL4. https://talk.ictvonline.org, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL5. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/, erişim tarihi: 11.04.3020.
  • Vijaykrishna, D., Smith, G.J., Zhang, J.X., Peiris, J.S., Chen, H., Guan, Y. (2007). Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 81(8):4012-4020. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02605-06
  • Vijgen, L., Keyaerts, E., Moës, E., Thoelen, I., Wollants, E., Lemey, P., Vandamme, A.M., Van Ranst, M. (2005). Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event. Journal of Virology, 79(3):1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005.
  • Wang, Q., Vlasova, A.N., Kenney, S.P., Saif, L.J. (2019). Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr. Opi. Virol, 34:39-49.
  • Wang, L., Wang, Y., Ye, D., Liu, Q. (2020). A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Available online 19 March 2020, 105948, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948.
  • Weiss, S.R., Leibowitz, J.L. (2011). Coronavirus Pathogenesis, Advances in Virus Research, Volume 81: 86-136. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2
  • Wertheim, J.O., Chu, D.K., Peiris, J.S., Kosakovsky Pond, S.L., Poon, L.L. (2013). A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 87(12):7039-7045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03273-12.
  • WHO Multicentre Collaborative Network for SARS Diagnosis. (2003). A multicentre collaboration to investigate the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 361:1730-1733.
  • Woo, P.C.Y., Lau, S.K.P., Yuen, K.Y. (2006). Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 19(5):401-407.
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  • Ziebuhr, J., Baric, R.S., Baker, S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Neuman, B.W., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Sola, I., Gorbalenya, A.E. (2018). Proposal 2017.013S.A.v1. Reorganization of the family Coronaviridae into two families, Coronaviridae (including the current subfamily Coronavirinae and the new subfamily Letovirinae) and the new family Tobaniviridae (accommodating the current subfamily Torovirinae and three other subfamilies), revision of the genus rank structure and introduction of a new subgenus rank. https://talk.ictvonline.org/ICTV/proposals/2017.001S.012-017S.R.Nidovirales.zip.
  • Ziebuhr, J., Baker, S., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Neuman, B.W., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Sola, I., Gorbalenya, A.E. (2019). Proposal 2019.021S.Ac.v1. Create ten new species and a new genus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae and five new species and a new genus in the subfamily Serpentovirinae of the family Tobaniviridae. (ICTV, 2019); https://ictv.global/proposal/2019.Nidovirales/.
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CORONAVIRIDAE VİRUS AİLESİ: GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 30.04.2020

Öz

Coronaviruslar 30 kB genom büyüklüğüne sahip segmentsiz pozitif polariteli RNA viruslardır, kendilerine has replikasyon stratejileri elektrom mikroskop altındaki corona veya taç benzeri görüntüleri isimlendirilmelerine neden olmuştur. Coronaviruslar memeliler, kemirgenler ve kanatlılarda hafiften şiddetliye kadar değişen oranlarda enterit, pnömoni, ensefalit ve sistemik hastalık ile karakterize çeşitli hastalıklar oluşturur. Dünyada milyonlarca insan coronavirusların zoonotik taşınmasından dolayı risk altındadır. Bu makalede literatür gözden geçirilerek coronavirusların genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Armstrong, J., Niemann, H., Smeekens, S., Rottier, P., Warren, G. (1984). Sequence and topology of a model intracellular membrane protein, E1 glycoprotein, from a coronavirus. Nature, 308(5961):751–752.
  • Assiri, A., Al-Tawfiq, J.A., Al-Rabeeah, A.A., Al-Rabiah, F.A., Al-Hajjar, S., Al-Barrak, A., Flemban, H., Al-Nassir, W.N., Balkhy, H.H., Al-Hakeem, RF., Makhdoom, H.Q., Zumla, A.I., Memish, Z.A. (2013). Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study. Lanet Infect Dis, 13(9):752-61.
  • Cavanagh, D. (2005). Coronaviridae: a review of coronaviruses and toroviruses, Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS, ed. by A. Schmidt, M.H. Wolff and O. Weber, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland.
  • Cavanagh, D. (2007). Coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Veterinary Research, 38:281-297.
  • Decaro, N., Campolo, M., Lorusso, A., Desario, C., Mari, V., Colaianni, M.L., Elia, G., Martella, V., Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Experimental infection of dogs with a novel strain of canine coronavirus causing systemic disease and lymphopenia. Vet. Microbiol, 128:253-260.
  • Decaro, N., Martella, V., Saif, L.J., Buonavoglia, C. (2020). COVID-19 from veterinary medicine and one health perspectives: What animal coronaviruses have taught us, Research in Veterinary Science, 131:21-23.
  • de Groot, R.J. (2012). Family Coronaviridae. Virus Taxonomy, ICTV, 806-820.
  • Delmas, B., Laude, H. (1990). Assembly of coronavirus spike protein into trimers and its role in epitope expression. Journal of virology, 64(11):5367-5375.
  • Denison, M.R. (2004). Coronavirus Research: Keys To Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Of Sars. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler S, Mahmoud A, Lemon S, et al., editors. Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92477/
  • Drexler, J.F., Corman, V.M., Drosten, C. (2014). Ecology, Evolution and Classification of Bat Coronaviruses in the Aftermath of SARS, Antiviral Research, 101: 45–56. Dudas, G., Carvalho, L.M., Rambaut, A., Bedford, T. (2018). MERS-CoV Spillover at the Camel-Human Interface, Elife, 7: pii: e31257. doi: 10.7554/eLife.31257. Dye, C., Helps, C.R., Siddell, S.G. (2008). Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR for the quantification of FCoV shedding in the faeces of domestic cats, J.Feline Med. Surg, 10 (2):167-174.
  • Fehr, A.R., Perlman, S. (2015). Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis Methods Mol Biol, 1282: 1–23, doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.
  • Gaunt, E.R., Hardie, A., Claas, E.C., Simmonds, P., Templeton, K.E. (2010). Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. Journal of clinical microbiology, 48(8):2940–2947.
  • Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A.M., Neuman, B.W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Samborskiy, D.V., Sidorov, I.A., Sola, I., Ziebuhr, J. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus—The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862.
  • Hilgenfeld, R., Peiris, M. (2013). From SARS to MERS: 10 years of research on highly pathogenic human Coronaviruses, Antiviral Research, 100:286–295.
  • Hu, B., Ge, X., Wang, L., Shi, Z. (2015). Bat Origin of Human Coronaviruses, Virology Journal, 12:221, DOI 10.1186/s12985-015-0422-1.
  • Kipar, A., May, H., Menger, S., Weber, M., Leukert, W., Reinacher, M. (2005). Morphological features and development of granulomatous vasculitisin feline infectious peritonitis. Vet. Pathol, 42:321-330.
  • Lam, T.T., Shum, M.H., Zhu, H.C., Tong, Y.G., Ni, X.B., Liao, Y.S., Wei, W., Cheung, W.Y., Li, W.J., Li, L.F., Leung, G.M., Holmes, E.C., Hu, Y.L., Guan, Y. (2020). Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins, Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0. 2020 Mar 26.
  • Lau, S.K.P., Chan, J.F.W. (2015). Coronaviruses: emerging and re-emerging pathogens in humans and animals, Virology Journal, 12:209, DOI 10.1186/s12985-015-0432-z.
  • Li, F. (2015). Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies. Journal of Virology, 89(4), 1954–1964. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02615-14.
  • Li, F. (2016). Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins, Annu Rev Virol, 3(1): 237-261. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301.
  • Licitra, B.N., Duhamel, G.E., Whittaker, G.R. (2014). Canine Enteric Coronaviruses: Emerging Viral Pathogens with Distinct Recombinant Spike Proteins, Viruses, 6:3363-3376; doi:10.3390/v6083363.
  • Lu, R., Yu, X., Wang, W., Duan, X., Zhang, L., Zhou, W., Xu, J., Xu, L., Hu, Q., Lu, J., Ruan, L., Wang, Z., Tan, W. (2012). Characterization of human coronavirus etiology in Chinese adults with adults with acute upper respiratory tract infection by real-time RT-PCR assays. PLoS One;7(6):e38638.
  • Leopardi, S., Holmes, E.C., Gastaldelli, M., Tassoni, L., Priori, P., Scaravelli, D., Zamperin, G., De Benedictis, P.. (2018). Interplay between co-divergence and cross-species transmission in the evolutionary history of bat coronaviruses. Infect. Genet. Evol, 2018;58:279–289. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.012.
  • Mac-Lachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J. (2017). Coronaviridae, Chapter 24, Fenner’s Veterinary Virology, 5th ed., pp: 435-461. Academic Press, London, UK., doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800946-8.00024-6.
  • Nieto-Torres, J.L., Dediego, M.L., Verdia-Baguena, C., Jimenez-Guardeno, J.M., Regla-Nava, J.A., Fernandez-Delgado, R., Castano-Rodriguez, C., Alcaraz, A., Torres, J., Aguilella, V.M., Enjuanes, L. (2014). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus envelope protein ion channel activity promotes virus fitness and pathogenesis. PLoS pathogens, 10(5):1004077.
  • Phan My, V.T., Tri, T.N., Anh, P.H., Baker, S., Vizions Consortium, Kellam, P., Cotten, M. (2018). Identification and characterization of Coronaviridae genomes from Vietnamese bats and rats based on conserved protein domains, Virus Evolution, 4(2): vey035, doi: 10.1093/ve/vey035.
  • Poutanen, SM. (2018). Human Coronaviruses. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 1148–1152.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00222-X.
  • Siddell, S.G., Walker., P.J., Lefkowitz, E.J., Mushegian, A.R., Adams, M.J., Dutilh, B.E., Gorbalenya, A.E., Harrach, B., Harrison, R.L., Junglen, S., Knowles, N.J., Kropinski, A.M., Krupovic, M., Kuhn, J.H., Nibert, M., Rubino, L., Sabanadzovic, S., Sanfaçon, H., Simmonds, P., Varsani, A., Zerbini, F.M., Davison, A.J. (2019). Additional changes to taxonomy ratified in a special vote by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol, 164:943-946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-04136-2.
  • Su, S., Wong, G., Shi, W., Liu, J., Lai, A.C.K., Zhou, J., Liu, W., Bi, Y., Gao, G.F. (2016). Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 24, No. 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003.
  • Thiel, V. (2007). Coronaviruses : molecular and cellular biology. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK.
  • URL1. https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/, erişim tarihi: 03.03.3020.
  • URL2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-we-know-about-the-wuhan-virus-11579716128, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL3. Coronavirinae in ViralZone, https://viralzone.expasy.org/785, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL4. https://talk.ictvonline.org, erişim tarihi: 08.03.3020.
  • URL5. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/, erişim tarihi: 11.04.3020.
  • Vijaykrishna, D., Smith, G.J., Zhang, J.X., Peiris, J.S., Chen, H., Guan, Y. (2007). Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 81(8):4012-4020. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02605-06
  • Vijgen, L., Keyaerts, E., Moës, E., Thoelen, I., Wollants, E., Lemey, P., Vandamme, A.M., Van Ranst, M. (2005). Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event. Journal of Virology, 79(3):1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005.
  • Wang, Q., Vlasova, A.N., Kenney, S.P., Saif, L.J. (2019). Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr. Opi. Virol, 34:39-49.
  • Wang, L., Wang, Y., Ye, D., Liu, Q. (2020). A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Available online 19 March 2020, 105948, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105948.
  • Weiss, S.R., Leibowitz, J.L. (2011). Coronavirus Pathogenesis, Advances in Virus Research, Volume 81: 86-136. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2
  • Wertheim, J.O., Chu, D.K., Peiris, J.S., Kosakovsky Pond, S.L., Poon, L.L. (2013). A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 87(12):7039-7045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03273-12.
  • WHO Multicentre Collaborative Network for SARS Diagnosis. (2003). A multicentre collaboration to investigate the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet, 361:1730-1733.
  • Woo, P.C.Y., Lau, S.K.P., Yuen, K.Y. (2006). Infectious diseases emerging from Chinese wet-markets: zoonotic origins of severe respiratory viral infections, Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 19(5):401-407.
  • Woo, P.C.Y., Lau, S.K.P., Huang, Y., Yuen, K.Y. (2009). Coronavirus Diversity, Phylogeny and Interspecies Jumping. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 234:1117-1127.
  • Xie, M., Chen, Q. (2020). Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071.
  • Ziebuhr, J., Baric, R.S., Baker, S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Neuman, B.W., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Sola, I., Gorbalenya, A.E. (2018). Proposal 2017.013S.A.v1. Reorganization of the family Coronaviridae into two families, Coronaviridae (including the current subfamily Coronavirinae and the new subfamily Letovirinae) and the new family Tobaniviridae (accommodating the current subfamily Torovirinae and three other subfamilies), revision of the genus rank structure and introduction of a new subgenus rank. https://talk.ictvonline.org/ICTV/proposals/2017.001S.012-017S.R.Nidovirales.zip.
  • Ziebuhr, J., Baker, S., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Neuman, B.W., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Sola, I., Gorbalenya, A.E. (2019). Proposal 2019.021S.Ac.v1. Create ten new species and a new genus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae and five new species and a new genus in the subfamily Serpentovirinae of the family Tobaniviridae. (ICTV, 2019); https://ictv.global/proposal/2019.Nidovirales/.
  • Zhou, P., Yang, X.L., Wang, X.G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F., Shi, Z.L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature, 579:270-273.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Editöryal
Yazarlar

Hikmet Ün 0000-0003-2054-7823

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Nisan 2020
Kabul Tarihi 29 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ün, H. (2020). CORONAVIRIDAE VİRUS AİLESİ: GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 5(1), 1-12.

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