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A review of endo and ecto parasites of equids in Iraq

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.940901

Öz

This article briefly reviews most studies in Iraq, and expressed common zoonotic and non-zoonotic parasites. Currently, protozoa, helminthes, hard and soft ticks have been properly reported, as a result of a large number of parasites were described and distributed in all Iraq. The protozoa frequently recorded included species belonging to the genera: Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia, plasmodium, Anaplasma, Microfilaria, cryptosporidium, giardia, Eimeria, Balantidium and Entamoeba. The helminths frequently reported of different of the genera: Dicrocoelium, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Trichostrongylus, Parascaris, Oxyuris, Cyathostomum, Anoplocephala, Setaria and Fasciola can affected all categories of equines, whether on grass or stabled. Also, hard, soft ticks and Sarcoptes were the only ectoparasites frequently recorded. Parasitic fly species of the genera Gasterophilus were also recorded. Parasitic infections of equines in Iraq are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and causes major economic losses. Infected equines with piroplasms are suffering from specific clinical signs: (emaciation, fever, pale mucosal membranes, jaundice, colic and diarrhoea) in addition companied with anemia, leukocytosis and hyperbilirubinemia. The parasitic infections associated with the several risk factors (age, gender, activity, location and season) and more risky in zoonotic parasites to horsemen. All treatment for the parasitic infections should be through the intramuscular route except ivermectin orally. Control of vector and make further researches depend on modern methods not only coprological examinations to identify distributed species and chronic infections.

Destekleyen Kurum

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors, and the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Teşekkür

We would like to thanks all researcher in this field

Kaynakça

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  • Alali, F., Abbas, I., Jawad, M., & Hijjawi, N. 2021b. Cryptosporidium infection in humans and animals from Iraq: a review. Acta Tropica, 105946.‏ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001706X2100125X
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Irak'ta bulunan tektırnaklıların endo ve ekto parazitleri üzerine derleme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.940901

Öz

Bu makale, Irak'taki çoğu araştırmayı kısaca gözden geçiriyor ve yaygın zoonotik ve zoonotik olmayan parazitleri ifade ediyor. Şu anda, protozoa, helmintler, sert ve yumuşak keneler, tüm Irak'ta çok sayıda parazitin tanımlanması ve dağıtılması sonucunda uygun şekilde rapor edilmiştir. Sık kaydedilen protozoa, cinslere ait türleri içerir: Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia, plasmodium, Anaplasma, Microfilaria, cryptosporidium, giardia, Eimeria, Balantidium ve Entamoeba. Helmintler sık ​​sık farklı cinsler hakkında bildirilmiştir: Dicrocoelium, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Trichostrongylus, Parascaris, Oxyuris, Cyathostomum, Anoplocephala, Setaria ve Fasciola, çimen üzerinde veya ahırda olsun, tüm at kategorilerini etkileyebilir. Ayrıca sert, yumuşak keneler ve Sarcoptes sıklıkla kaydedilen tek ektoparazitlerdi. Gasterophilus cinsinin parazitik sinek türleri de kaydedildi. Irak'ta atların parazitik enfeksiyonları sık görülür ve sağlığı tehdit eden ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olan çeşitli parazitlerden kaynaklanır. Piroplazmalı enfekte atlar, spesifik klinik belirtilerden muzdariptir: (zayıflama, ateş, soluk mukozal membranlar, sarılık, kolik ve ishal) ayrıca anemi, lökositoz ve hiperbilirubinemi ile birlikte görülür. Çeşitli risk faktörleri (yaş, cinsiyet, aktivite, yer ve mevsim) ile ilişkili parazitik enfeksiyonlar ve atlılar için zoonotik parazitlerde daha risklidir. Paraziter enfeksiyonlar için tüm tedavi, oral ivermektin dışında kas içi yolla yapılmalıdır. Vektörün kontrolü ve daha fazla araştırma yapılması, yalnızca dağınık türleri ve kronik enfeksiyonları belirlemek için modern yöntemlere değil, koprolojik incelemelere de bağlıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdul-Majeed, M. and M Al-Saad, K., 2006. Clinical and pathological effects of gastrointestinal and lung worms on draught horses in mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(1):71-80. 10.33899/ijvs.2006.45786.
  • Afridi, M. J. K., Abdul Hafeez, M. I. A. N., Saqib, M., Abbas, G., Javid, A. L. I., and Mansoor, M. K. 2017. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Theileria equi infection in equines from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Iranian journal of parasitology,12(4):597. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756310/.
  • Alali, F., Alhaitami, I., Jawad, R.A. and Jawad, M. 2020a. Identification of two new species of chewing lice in pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in Kerbala Province, Iraq. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2290(1):020037. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0027457.
  • Alali, F., Abbas, I., Jawad, M., & Hijjawi, N. 2021b. Cryptosporidium infection in humans and animals from Iraq: a review. Acta Tropica, 105946.‏ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001706X2100125X
  • Albadrani, B. A., and Al-Iraqi, O. M. 2019. First detection of equine anaplasmosis and hemoplasmosis of horses in Mosul city, Iraq. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 7(2), 106-111.‏ DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.2.106.111.
  • Albadrani, B., and Aldelami, M. 2009. Therapeutic efficacy of a mixture of ivermectin and closantel against gastrointestinal parasites in draft horses. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 23(1), 37-42.‏ 10.33899/ijvs.2009.5681.
  • AL-Mola, G. and Al-Saad, K. 2006. Clinical and pathological study of equine babesiosis in draught horses in mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(1): 89-101. 10.33899/ijvs.2006.45787.
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  • García-Bocanegra, I., Arenas-Montes, A., Hernández, E., Adaszek, Ł., Carbonero, A., Almería, S., and Arenas, A.2013. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection in equids. The Veterinary Journal, ‏ 195(2):172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.012.
  • Golynski, A. A., Fernandes, K. R., Baldani, C. D., Golynski, A. L., Madeiro, A. S., Machado, R. Z., and Massard, C. L. 2008. Seroepidemiological studies on Babesia equi in horses from the State of Rio Grande do Sul determined by indirect immunoflourecence test and Elisa. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria= Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology: Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 17:317-321. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20059868/.
  • Hadi, A. M., and Atiyah, A. H. 2014. Isolation and identification of blood parasites from equine in Baghdad. In First scientific conference for medical and health, Baghdad, Iraq.
  • Hadi, A.M. 2011. Isolation and identification of intestinal parasites from vegetables from different markets of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum.11(4):17-25. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=34327.
  • Hajeel, M.S. and Abd Alfatlawi, M.A. 2019. Sequencing-based phylogenetic-study of Babesia spp det43ected in tick tissues in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(1):9-12. 10.33899/ijvs.2019.125512.1034.
  • Hamzah DJ. 2020.Molecular identification of Ascaridia columbae in the Local Healthy Pigeon (Columba livia domestica, Gmelin, 1780) in Karbala Province. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.;14(1):1008-112. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i1.
  • Hasson, R. H. 2016. Ectoparasites of farm animals in Diyala province, Iraq. Al-Anbar J. Vet. Sci, 9(2):9-18.https://www.anbarjvs.edu.iq/ectoparasites-of-farm-animals-in-diyala-province-iraq/.
  • Hodgkinson, J. E. 2006. Molecular diagnosis and equine parasitology. Veterinary parasitology, 136(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.006.
  • Hussain, J. 2011. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in native donkeys in Mosul. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 25(2), 111-115. ‏https://vetmedmosul.com/article_5654.html.
  • James, K. E., Smith, W. A., Packham, A. E., Conrad, P. A., and Pusterla, N. 2017. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: A case–control study of Californian horses. The Veterinary Journal, 224, 38-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.008.
  • Kalef, D.A. 2015. The prevalence of the genus Eimeria in Draught and Al-Fourosia club horses of Baghdad Province. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 39(1):70-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v39i1.199.
  • Khalid Jabar, A. Z. I. Z., and Al-Barwary, L. T. O. 2019. Epidemiological study of equine piroplasmosis (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) by microscopic examination and competitive-ELISA in Erbil Province North-Iraq. Iranian journal of parasitology, 14(3), 404.‏ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6815869/.
  • Klun, I., Uzelac, A., Villena, I., Mercier, A., Bobić, B., Nikolić, A., and Djurković-Djaković, O. 2017. The first isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from horses in Serbia. Parasites & vectors, 10(1), 1-9‏. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2104-x.
  • Kouam, M. K., Kantzoura, V., Gajadhar, A. A., Theis, J. H., Papadopoulos, E., and Theodoropoulos, G. 2010. Seroprevalence of equine piroplasms and host-related factors associated with infection in Greece. Veterinary Parasitology, 169(3-4): 273-278.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.011.
  • Littlewood, J. D.2011. Equine sarcoptic mange: Re‐emergence of a previously notifiable disease?. Equine Veterinary Education, 23(1):24-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00169.x.
  • Mahdi, N. K., and Ali, N. H. 2002. Cryptosporidiosis among animal handlers and their livestock in Basrah, Iraq. East African medical journal, 79(10), 551-554.‏ DOI: 10.4314/eamj.v79i10.8820.
  • Matthews, J. B., and Burden, F. A. 2013. Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions. Equine Veterinary Education, 25(9), 461-467.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12018.
  • Mikaeel, F. B., and Al-Saeed, A. T. M. 2020. Serological and molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii among ewes and horses in Duhok province-Iraq. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(4), 1212-1219.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i4.1100.
  • Mohamed, B. J. 2017. Effect of endurance exercise on sweat constituents of athletic Iraqi Arabian horses. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 31(2), 95-100.‏ 10.33899/ijvs.2017.145604.
  • Mohammad, M.K. 2015. Distribution of ixodid ticks among domestic and wild animals in central Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum. 13(3):23-30. https://jnhm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BINHM/article/view/71.
  • Moosa, D.A., 2019. Detection of Cryptospridium sp. Oocysts in Drought Horses in Mosul, Iraq. Rafidain Journal of Science, 28(3):11-16.10.33899/rjs.2019.163148.
  • Moretti, A., Mangili, V., Salvatori, R., Maresca, C., Scoccia, E., Torina, A., and Pietrobelli, M. 2010. Prevalence and diagnosis of Babesia and Theileria infections in horses in Italy: a preliminary study. The Veterinary Journal, 184(3):346-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.021.
  • Mustafa, B. 2019. Detection on ectoparasites on small ruminants and their impact on the tanning industry in Sulaimani province. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 33(2):303-9. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.162995.
  • Onyiche, T. E., Suganuma, K., Igarashi, I., Yokoyama, N., Xuan, X., and Thekisoe, O. 2019. A review on equine piroplasmosis: epidemiology, vector ecology, risk factors, host immunity, diagnosis and control. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1736. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101736.
  • Prochno, H. C., Scorsin, L. M., De Melo, F. R., Baldani, C. D., Falbo, M. K., Aquino, L. C. T. D., and Lemos, K. R. 2014. Seroprevalence rates of antibodies against Theileria equi in team roping horses from central-western region of Paraná. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 23(1):85-89. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014012.
  • Raue, K., Heuer, L., Böhm, C., Wolken, S., Epe, C., and Strube, C. 2017. 10-year parasitological examination results (2003 to 2012) of faecal samples from horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and hedgehogs. Parasitology research, 116(12), 3315-3330. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5646-0.
  • Raza, A., Qamar, A.G., Hayat, K., Ashraf, S. and Williams, A.R. 2019. Anthelmintic resistance and novel control options in equine gastrointestinal nematodes. Parasitology, 146(4):425-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182018001786[Opens in a new window].
  • Sazmand, A., Bahari, A., Papi, S., and Otranto, D. 2020. Parasitic diseases of equids in Iran (1931–2020): a literature review. Parasites & vectors, 13(1), 1-19.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04472-w.
  • Sevinc, F., Maden, M., Kumas, C., Sevinc, M., and Ekici, O. D. 2008. A comparative study on the prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in horse sub-populations in Turkey. VeterinaryParasitology, 156(3-4):173-117. doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.006.
  • Shubber, H. W., Al-Hassani, N. A., and Mohammad, M. K. 2014. Ixodid ticks diversity in the middle and south of Iraq. Int. J. Rec. Sci. Res, 5(9):1518-23. http://www.recentscientific.com/ixodid-ticks-diversity-middle-and-south-iraq.
  • Sray, A.H.K., Al-Shabbani, AH.A, & Gharban, H.A.J. 2019. Serological and molecular estimation of Theileria equi infections in Horses of Baghdad, Al-Qadisiyah, and Wasit Provinces / Iraq. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera,;50 (4): 391-404. https://www.academia.edu/41392432/Serological_and_Molecular_Estimation_of_Theileria_Equi.
  • Suleiman, E. G., Aghwan, S. S., and Al-Iraqi, O. M. 2020. Detection of microfilaria infection in horses in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 26, 23-26.‏ https://vetmedmosul.com/article_167131.html.
  • Sumbria, D., Singla, L. D., Kumar, S., Sharma, A., Dahiya, R. K., and Setia, R. 2016. Spatial distribution, risk factors and haemato-biochemical alterations associated with Theileria equi infected equids of Punjab (India) diagnosed by indirect ELISA and nested PCR. Acta Tropica, 155:104-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.020.
  • Sunday Idoko, I., Tirosh-Levy, S., Leszkowicz Mazuz, M., Mohammed Adam, B., Sikiti Garba, B., Wesley Nafarnda, D., and Steinman, A. 2020. Genetic characterization of piroplasms in donkeys and horses from Nigeria. Animals, 10(2), 324. doi: 10.3390/ani10020324.
  • Ueti, M. W., Palmer, G. H., Scoles, G. A., Kappmeyer, L. S., and Knowles, D. P. 2008. Persistently infected horses are reservoirs for intrastadial tick-borne transmission of the apicomplexan parasite Babesia equi. Infection and Immunity, 76(8), 3525-3529. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00251-08.
  • Wannas, H. Y. 2012. Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in horses and donkeys in al diwaniyah governorate. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 11(1), 148-155.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.29079/vol11iss1art183.
  • Zangana, I. K., Qader, N. H., Aziz, K. J., and Hassan, Z. I. 2013. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in Erbil province. North Iraq. Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 6(1).‏ https://www.iasj.net/iasj/article/79096.
  • Zhao, S., Wang, H., Zhang, S., Xie, S., Li, H., Zhang, X., and Jia, L. 2020. First report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in Jilin, China. Parasites & Vectors, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04338-1.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Düzeltme
Yazarlar

Firas Alali 0000-0002-3438-6453

Marwa Jawad 0000-0003-2927-9220

Qaes Talb Al-obaidi Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1334-3745

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Alali, F., Jawad, M., & Al-obaidi, Q. T. (2022). A review of endo and ecto parasites of equids in Iraq. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 7(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.940901

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