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Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi

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Law in Context

Hukuk

ARE ATTORNEY FEES RECOVERABLE UNDER ARTICLE 74 OF CISG?

AVUKATLIK MASRAFLARI CISG'NİN 74. MADDESİ KAPSAMINDA TAZMİN EDİLEBİLİR Mİ?

Pınarbaşı

Ali Talip

02 20 2018

1 177 205 11 12 2017 01 09 2018

2016

Yıldırım Beyazıt Hukuk Dergisi

ABSTRACT    United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) consists of a set of rules which govern international commercial transactions related to contracts of sale of goods . Article 74 of the CISG regulates requirements that need to be fulfilled for recovery of damages and stipulates that "damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by one party…". It is not explicitly stated in this article whether attorney fees fall under the category of loss and this issue has been highly debated especially since US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in 'Zapata case' that attorney fees cannot be compensated under article 74 of CISG.    In this article, firstly, so-called Zapata case will be analyzed and criticized in detail. Secondly, it will be argued that the CISG article 74 should be interpreted in a way that includes attorney fees.

ÖZETMilletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Sözleşmeler Hakkında Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması (CISG) satım sözleşmelerine ilişkin uluslararası ticari işlemleri düzenleyen kurallardan oluşur. CISG'nin 74. maddesi zararların tazmin edilmesi için gerçekleşmesi gereken şartları düzenler ve bu maddeye göre: "Taraflardan birinin sözleşmeyi ihlâli halinde ödenecek tazminat, mahrum kalınan kâr dâhil olmak üzere, ihlâlden dolayı diğer tarafın uğradığı zararın toplamına eşittir". Bu maddede avukatlık masraflarının 'zarar' kapsamına girip girmediği açıkça düzenlenmemiştir ve bu konu özellikle Amerikan 7. Temyiz Mahkemesinin 'Zapata' kararında bu zararların CISG m. 74'e göre tazmin edilemeyeceğine ilişkin kararından bu yana yoğun bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Bu makalede söz konusu 'Zapata' kararı detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilecek ve CISG m. 74'ün avukatlık masraflarını içerecek şekilde yorumlanmasının gerektiği tartışılacaktır.

CISG attorney fees

CISG Avukatlık masrafları

Butler, Allison E. (2007) 'A Practical Guide to the CISG: Negotiations through Litigation' Chapter 6, Aspen Publisher, Pp. 1-18, available at: <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu /cisg/biblio/butler6.html > s.e.t.25.10.2017. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 6, 'Calculation of Damages under CISG Article 74', Rapporteur: Professor John Yukio Gotanda, Villanova University School of Law, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA. Available at: < http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/CISG-AC-op6.html#* > s.e.t. 20.10.2017.

Dixon, David B. (2007) 'Que Lastima Zapata! Bad CISG Ruling on Attorneys' Fees Still Haunts U.S. Courts', University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Pp. 405-429 Available at: <http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol38/iss2/4/ > s.e.t. 1.10.2017.

Erdoğan, Ersin (2016) 'Medeni Usul Hukuku Kurallarının Yer Bakımından Uygulanması', Ankara, Yetkin Yayınları.

Felemegas, John (2002) 'An Interpretation of Article 74 CISG by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals', Pace International Law Review, Pp.91-147, available at: <https://www.cisg.law. pace.edu/cisg/biblio/felemegas4.html > s.e.t. 21.10.2017.

Felemegas, John (2001) 'The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: Article 7 and Uniform Interpretation, Pace Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)', Kluwer Law International, Pp. 115-265. available at: <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/felemegas.html#N_1> s.e.t. 22.10.2017.

Fletcher, Harry M. (2002) 'Recovering Attorneys' Fees as Damages under the U.N. Sales Convention (CISG): The Role of Case Law in the New International Commercial Practice, with Comments on Zapata Hermanos v. Hearthside Baking', V: 22 Issue: 2, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, Pp. 121-160.

Fletcher, Harry M./ Lookofsky, Joseph (2008) 'Viva Zapata! American Procedure and CISG Substance in a U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal', The Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration, Vol. 7, University of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research, Pp. 93-103, available at SSRN: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1311456 > s.e.t. 18.10.2017.

Gotanda, John Yukio (1999) 'Awarding Costs and Attorneys' Fees in International Commercial Arbitrations', Michigan Journal of International Law, V:21 Issue:1, Pp.1-50. Available at: <http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol21/iss1/1> s.e.t. 9.10.2017.

Honnold, John O. (1999) 'Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention', 3rd edition, Kluwer Law International, available at: <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/honnold.html > s.e.t. 12.09.2017.

Huber, Peter/Mullis, Alastair (2007) The CISG A New Textbook for Students and Practitioners, Sellier European Law Publishers.

Jochem, Helena (2015) 'Damages under the CISG - old and new challenges' (LLM Research Paper) available at: <http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/5087/ paper.pdf?sequence=1 >s.e.t. 24.10.2017.

Lookofsky, Joseph (2000) 'The 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods', Published in, J. Herbots (editor) / R. Blanpain (general editor), International Encyclopedia of Laws - Contracts, Suppl. 29, Pp. 1-192. Available at: <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/lookofsky.html#77-6 > s.e.t. 28.09.2017

McMahon Anthony J. (2006) 'Differentiating between Internal and External Gaps in the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Proposed Method for Determining "Governed by" in the Context of Article 7(2)', Volume 44 of Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, available at: <https://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/mcmahon1. html#iii > s.e.t. 25.10.2017.

Schlechtriem, Peter/Butler, Petra (2009) UN Law on International Sales the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Schlechtriem, Peter (2007) 'Legal Costs as Damages in the Application of UN Sales Law, Journal of Law and Commerce', V: 26 Pp. 71-80.

Schlechtriem, Peter (2002) 'Attorneys' Fees as Part of Recoverable Damages' Pace International Law Review, Available at: <http://cisgw3.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/ schlechtriem4.html> s.e.t. 25.10.2017.

Schwenzer, Ingeborg/Fountoulakis, Christina (Editors) (2007) International Sales Law, Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Schwenzer, Ingeborg/Schlechtriem, Peter (2010) Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 3rd edition, Oxford University Press.

Şanlı Cemal/Esen Emre/Figanmeşe-Ataman İnci (2016) Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk, 5. Bası, İstanbul, Vedat Yayıncılık.

Zeller, Bruno (2013) 'Attorneys' Fees-Last Ditch Stand?', Villanova Law Review:761 V:58 Issue:4, Pp. 761-772. <http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol58/iss4/16?utm_sou rce=digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu%2Fvlr%2Fvol58%2Fiss4%2F16&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages > s.e.t. 25.10.2017.

Zeller, Bruno (2003) 'Four-Corners- The Methodology for Interpretation and Application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods', available at: <http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/4corners.html > s.e.t. 25.10.2017.