The Four-Pillar Structure of International Nuclear Law: Nuclear Safety, Nuclear Security, Nuclear Safeguards and Liability

Yıl 2023, , 203 - 227, 31.07.2023

Çiğdem Pekar

https://doi.org/10.33432/ybuhukuk.1290448

Öz

With the discovery and global expansion of nuclear energy, the need for an international nuclear law framework has emerged. Thus, realizing the advantages of the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear technology and its applications in our daily lives depends on an inter- national nuclear law framework. According to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nuclear law stands on four main ‘pillars’: nuclear safety, nuclear security, nuclear safeguards and liability. This study aims to trace the development of international nuclear law focusing particularly on its four-pillar structure. To this end, the study first examines the concept of international nuclear law, and then respectively focuses on nuclear safety, nuclear security, nuclear safeguards and civil liability for nuclear damage within the framework of international nuclear law. In this regard, the work of the IAEA, the world’s international nuclear watchdog, towards ensuring that nuclear science and technology are used in a safe, secure, and peaceful manner has been assessed. The study also puts that all four pillars of international nuclear law has been expanded and improved due to the need in process and the particular challenges they have faced.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nuclear Energy, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Nuclear Safety, Nuclear Security, Nuclear Safeguards, Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

ULUSLARARASI NÜKLEER HUKUKUN DÖRT SÜTUNLU YAPISI: NÜKLEER GÜVENLİK, NÜKLEER EMNİYET, NÜKLEER GÜVENCELER VE SORUMLULUK

Öz

Nükleer enerjinin keşfedilmesi ve küresel ölçekte yayılmasıyla birlikte, uluslararası bir nükleer hukuk çerçevesine duyulan ihtiyaç ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle, nükleer teknolojinin güvenli, emniyetli ve barışçıl kullanımının avantajlarının ve günlük hayatımızdaki uygulamalarının gerçekleştirilmesi, uluslararası bir nükleer hukuk çerçevesine bağlıdır. Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı’na (IAEA) göre, nükleer hukuk dört ana “sütun” üzerinde yükselmektedir: nükleer güvenlik, nükleer emniyet, nükleer güvenceler ve sorumluluk. Bu çalışma, özellikle dört sütunlu yapısına odaklanarak uluslararası nükleer hukukun gelişiminin izini sürmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada öncelikle uluslararası nükleer hukuk kavramı incelenmekte, ardından uluslararası nükleer hukuk çerçevesinde sırasıyla nükleer güvenlik, nükleer güvenlik, nükleer güvenceler ve nükleer zararlara ilişkin hukuki sorumluluk konuları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, dünyanın uluslararası nükleer gözlemcisi olan IAEA’nın nükleer bilim ve teknolojinin güvenli, emniyetli ve barışçıl bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamaya yönelik çalışmaları değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca, uluslararası nükleer hukukun dört sütununun da süreçteki ihtiyaç ve karşılaştığı belirli zorluklar nedeniyle genişletildiğini ve iyileştirildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nükleer Enerji, Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı (IAEA), Nükleer Güvenlik, Nükleer Emniyet, Nükleer Güvenceler, Nükleer Zararlara İlişkin Hukuki Sorumluluk

Kaynakça

• Abraham, Mohit (2014) Nuclear Liability: A Key Component of the Public Policy Decision to Deploy Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia, Cambridge, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, <https://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/publi cation/downloads/nuclearLiability.pdf> l.a.d. 24.07.2023.
• Bellamy Jonathan (2019) “Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage in Countries Developing Nuclear New Build Programmes”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, I: 12, p. 108-120.
• Cameron, Gavin (2016) “Formal and Informal Mechanisms for Countering Nuclear Terrorism: The ICSANT and the GICNT”: Jeffrey, Knopf W. (Editors), International Cooperation on WMD Nonproliferation, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
• Caruso, Gustavo (2018) “IAEA’s Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security Worldwide”: Maiani, Luciano et al. (Editors), International Cooperation for Enhancing Nuclear Safety, Security, Safeguards and Non-proliferation-60 Years of IAEA and EURATOM, Heidelberg: Springer.
• Fischer, David (1997) “Safeguards: Past, Present, and Future.” IAEA Bulletin, V: 39, N: 4.
• Grossi, Rafael Mariano (2022) “Nuclear Law: The Global Debate”: International Atomic Energy Agency (Editor), Nuclear Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, p. 1-27.
• Handrlica, Jakub / Novotná, Marianna (2018) “The Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage: Past, Evolution and Perspectives”, Juridical Tribune, V: 8, Special Issue October, p. 48-63.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1986) Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency <https://www.iaea.org/ topics/nuclear-safety-conventions/convention-assistance-case-nuclear-accident-or- radiological-emergency> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1986a) Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident <https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-safety- conventions/convention-early-notification-nuclear-accident> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1986b) INFCIRC/335, 18 November 1986, <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc335.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1986c) INFCIRC/336, 18 November 1986, <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc336.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1989) Statute, Vienna <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/statute.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1994) Convention on Nuclear Safety <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc449.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1996) Defence in depth in nuclear safety: INSAG-10. Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group <https://www.pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1013e_web.pdf> l.a.d. 07.07.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1997) Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/infcirc546.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1997a) Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards, INFCIRC/540 (Corrected) <https://www.iaea.org/topics/additional-protocol> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2005) Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/ files/infcirc274r1.pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2011) Draft IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, GOV/2011/59-GC (55)/14, <https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear- safety-action-plan> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2020) “Legal Framework on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage”, <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/20/09/legal- framework-on-civil-liability-for-nuclear damage.pdf> l.a.d. 15.03.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards, <https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/dprk/fact-sheet-on-dprk- nuclear-safeguards> l.a.d. 12.03.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Nuclear liability conventions, <https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-liability-conventions> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), The Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), “The Database on Nuclear Power Reactors”, < https://pris.iaea.org/pris/> l.a.d. 09.07.2023. Keeley, James F. (1993) The IAEA and the Iraqi Challenge: Roots and Responses, International Journal, Winter, 1993/1994, Vol. 49, No. 1, p. 126-155.
• Kim, Duyeon / Kang, Jungmin (2012), “Where Nuclear Safety and Security Meet”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists V: 68, I:1, p. 86-93.
• Müller, Harald et. al. (Editor) (1994) Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Global Order, Oxford University Press. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1998) Nuclear Energy Agency, Nuclear Law Bulletin N: 61, p.39-53.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2021) Nuclear Energy Agency, NEA PRESS RELEASE: New Treaties to Strengthen Rights of People Affected by Nuclear Accidents, NEA/COM (2021)1, 17 December 2021, <https://one.oecd.org/document/NEA/COM(2021)1/en/pdf> l.a.d. 02.02.2023.
• Pilat, Joseph F. (2007) (Editor), Atoms for Peace: A Future after FiftyYears? Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press/Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
• Rockwood, Laura (2015) “The IAEA and International Safeguards” in Pilat, Joseph / Busch, Nathan E. (Editors), Nuclear Proliferation and Policy, Abingdon, Routledge, p.142-157.
• Scheinman, Lawrence (1993) “Lessons from Post-War Iraq for the International Full- Scope Safeguards Regime”, Arms Control Today, V: 23, I: 3, p. 3-6.
• Schlosser, Eric (2013) Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety, Penguin Press, 2013.
• Sloss, David (1995) “It’s Not Broken So Don ‘t Fix It: The International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards System and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty”, Virginia Journal of International Law, I: 35, p. 841-893.
• United Nations (UN) (2001) Security Council Resolution 1373, S/RES/1373.
• United Nations (UN) (1968) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) <https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2005/npttreaty.html> l.a.d. 11.03.2023.
• United Nations (UN) (2004) Security Council Resolution 1540, S/RES/1540. <https://documentsddsny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/328/43/PDF/N0432843.pdf? OpenElement> l.a.d. 11.03.2023.
• United Nations (UN) (2005) Office for Disarmament Affairs, International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ICSANT) <https://treaties. unoda.org/t/icsant> l.a.d. 14.03.2023.