<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>yduilaf</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2148-6026</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-4121</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32955/neu.ilaf.2023.9.1.05</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Political and Civilization History of Islam</subject>
                                                            <subject>History of Islam</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti</subject>
                                                            <subject>İslam Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Haçlı Seferlerinde Papalık ve Avrupa’da Müslümanlara Karşı Yapılan Ambargo Çağrıları</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Embargo Calls Against Muslims in the Papal and Europe in the Crusades</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1508-9752</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karakuş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nadir</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HİTİT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230615">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>15</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>69</fpage>
                                        <lpage>83</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230202">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230511">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>11</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Tarihin eski dönemlerinden beri silah ambargoları, değişik veçhelerle kendisini göstermiştir. Hz. Ömer döneminde stratejik öneme sahip at, silâh gibi askerî levazımın ve köleleştirilen savaş esirlerinin düşman ülkelerine ihracı yasaklanmış, Sâsânîler ve Bizans’a karşı daha etkin mücadele edilmesi esas alınmıştır. Bunun yanında Bizans’ın bulduğu Greguvar/Grejuva ateşi, önemli bir silah olarak yüzyıllar boyu imparatorluğun en önemli savunma ve saldırı gücü olmuş, düşmanlarına karşı caydırıcı bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Bu önemli silahın bırakınız satışını yapmak, bileşimleri dahi ilâhî bir sır gibi saklanmıştır. Haçlı seferleri esnasında ise silah ambargoları daha farklı cephesi ile kendisini göstermiştir. Papalar, 1144’te Urfa’nın İmâdeddin Zengî tarafından, 1187’de Kudüs’ün Selahaddin tarafından Franklardan alınması ile silah ambargosu çağrılarında bulunmaya başlamışlardır. Bu çağrılar, Müslümanların kazandıkları yeni başarı ve zaferlerle devam etmiş, papaların Mısır ile ticareti yasaklamasına ve silah satışına ambargo uygulamasına neden olmuştur. Papalığı böyle bir çağrı yapmaya sevk etmede Doğu’daki Haçlılar yanında şövalye tarikatlarının temsilcileri de rol oynamıştır. Selahaddin karşısında çaresiz kalan Hospitalier şövalye tarikatı büyük üstadı Roger de Les Moulins’i (1177-1187) bu süreçte hatırlayabiliriz. 1179’da Papa III. Aleksander ile görüşen büyük üstat, Selahaddin ile mücadele edebilmek için daha etkin kararlar alınmasını istirham etmiş, Müslümanlara silah ambargosu uygulanmasını istemiştir. Müslümanların büyük ihtiyaç duydukları demir, kereste ve zift gibi genellikle Batı’dan temin edilen silah hammaddelerinin satışı yasaklanmış, buna uymayanlar aforozla tehdit edilmişlerdir. Daha sonraki süreçte ise yasaklamalar ve ambargolar, yaşanılan felâketler yanında papalığın kendisine güç elde etme arayışları sebebiyle de gerçekleşmiştir. Özellikle dördüncü Haçlı seferi ve sonrasında Hıristiyanlara karşı gerçekleştirdiği Haçlı seferleri ile itibarı zedelenen papalar, Suriye ve Mısır üzerine düzenleyecekleri yeni Haçlı seferi çağrıları ile nefes almaya çalışmışlardır. Bu esnada papalık ile yıldızı bir türlü barışmayan Alman imparatorları da sürece dâhil olmuşlar, silah ambargolarına malzeme haline gelmişlerdir. Papalık yanında 1291’den sonra Doğu’daki kazanımlarını kaybeden şövalye tarikatı büyük üstatları da Mısır’a uygulanacak iktisadî ve silah ambargoları ile ilgilenmişler, bu süreçten kârlı çıkmayı hedeflemişlerdir. Oysa asıl gayelerinin çıkar ilişkileri olduğu görülmüş, Fransa Kralı’ndan yüklü miktardaki alacaklarını talep eden Tapınak şövalyeleri, işkencelerle yok edilerek ortadan kaldırılmıştır. Ambargo çağrılarının temel muhatabı ise Ceneviz, Venedik ve Pisa gibi İtalyan tüccar devletleridir. Papalığın yaptırım ve aforoz tehditlerine karşı, bu çağrılara yeterince kulak vermeyen İtalyanlar, ambargo çağrısına uymayarak kutsaldan ziyade paranın peşinde olduklarını göstermişlerdir. Seferlerin kutsaldan ziyade güç ve kazanımlar olduğunu ortaya koyan Venedikli Marino Sanudo gibi tâcirler ise kendi milletinin haklarının savunuculuğunu yapıp bu gayelerini silah ambargoları ve Müslümanlara yaptırımlar adı altında perdelemeye çalışmışlardır. Marino Sanodo, 1300-1321 yılları arasında kaleme aldığı Secreta Fidelium Crucis (Conditiones Terrae Sanctae) adlı eserinde, Mısır’a ekonomik ambargo uygulanmak suretiyle Doğu’nun zayıflatılabileceğini iddia etmiştir. O, kaleme aldığı bu eserinde ayrıca Kutsal Toprakları yeniden keşfetmeye çalışmış, yeni bir Haçlı ruhunun doğmasına olağanüstü çaba sarf ederek bu hususta güçlü bir donanma hazırlanmasını istemiştir. Bu hazırlanacak donanmanın gerçek meyvelerini Venediklilerin toplayacak olması ve kendi milleti olan Venedik’in yeni ticarî kazanımları ise Sanudo’nun gerçek niyetini ortaya koymuştur. Bu süreç de Haçlıların ve Papalığın ambargo çağrılarında kutsaldan ziyade çıkar ilişkilerinin ve iktisadî kazanımların yattığını göstermiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Since the ancient times of history, arms embargoes have manifested themselves in different aspects. During the Caliph Omar period, the export of strategically important military equipment such as horses and weapons, and the enslaved prisoners of war, to enemy countries was prohibited, and a more effective struggle against the Sassanids and Byzantium was taken as a basis. In addition, Greguvar/Grejuva fire, which was found by Byzantium, has been the most important defense and attack power of the empire for centuries as an important weapon, and has become a deterrent against its enemies. Let alone selling this important weapon, even its compositions have been kept like a divine secret. During the Crusades, arms embargoes showed themselves with a different front. Popes began to call for an arms embargo after Urfa was taken from the Franks by Imadeddin Zangi in 1144 and Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187. These calls continued with the new successes and victories of the Muslims, causing the popes to ban trade with Egypt and to impose an embargo on the sale of weapons. In addition to the Crusaders in the East, representatives of the knightly orders also played a role in prompting the Papacy to make such a call. We can remember Roger de Les Moulins (1177-1187), the grand master of the Hospitalier knighthood, who was helpless against Saladin in this process. Pope III in 1179. The great master, who met with Aleksander, asked for more effective decisions to be taken in order to fight against Saladin, and demanded an arms embargo on Muslims. The sale of weapons raw materials, which are generally supplied from the West, such as iron, timber and pitch, which Muslims greatly need, were prohibited, and those who did not comply were threatened with excommunication. In the later process, prohibitions and embargoes were realized due to the quests of the papacy to gain power, as well as the disasters experienced. The popes, whose reputation was damaged especially by the fourth Crusade and later the Crusades against the Christians, tried to breathe with the new Crusade calls they would organize on Syria and Egypt. Meanwhile, the German emperors, who could not reconcile with the papacy, were also involved in the process and became the material of the arms embargo. Besides the Papacy, the great masters of the knightly sect, who lost their gains in the East after 1291, were also interested in the economic and arms embargoes to be applied to Egypt, and they aimed to profit from this process. However, it was seen that their main aim was relations of interest, and the Knights Templar, who demanded large amounts of receivables from the King of France, were destroyed by torture. The main addressees of these calls are Italian merchant states such as Genoa, Venice and Pisa. The Italians, who did not pay enough attention to these calls against the threats of sanction and excommunication of the Papacy, showed that they were after money rather than holy by not complying with the call for embargo. Merchants like Marino Sanudo of Venice, who showed that the expeditions were power and gains rather than holy ones, defended the rights of their own nation and tried to cover up these goals under the name of arms embargoes and sanctions against Muslims. Marino Sanodo, in his work Secreta Fidelium Crucis (Conditiones Terrae Sanctae), which he wrote between 1300-1321, claimed that the East could be weakened by imposing an economic embargo on Egypt. In this work he wrote, he also tried to rediscover the Holy Land, made extraordinary efforts to raise a new Crusader spirit and wanted a strong navy to be prepared in this regard. The fact that the Venetians would reap the real fruits of this navy and the new commercial gains of its own nation, Venice, revealed the true intention of Sanudo. This process also showed that in the calls for embargo of the Papacy and Crusaders, interests and economic gains lie rather than sacred.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>İslâm Tarihi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Haçlı Seferleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ambargo</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mısır</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Müslümanlar</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                        <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Islamic History</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Crusades</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Papacy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Embargo</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Egypt</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Muslims</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Nâsır. “S̱ümâme b. Üs̱âl el-Ḥanefî”. Mecelletü Câmiati’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye 16 (1417/1996), 353-370.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abu’l-Farac, Gregory. Abu’l-Farac Târihi. çev. Ö. Rıza Doğrul. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1950.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abulafia, David. Frederick II. A Medieval Emperor. London: Penguin, 1988.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Albon, Marquis. “La Mort d&#039;Odon de Saint-Amand, Grand Maitre du Temple”. ROL 12 (1909-1911 ), 279-282.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alvira Cabrer, Martin. “La Cruzada albigense y la intervencion de la corona de Aragon”. Hispania 60 (2000), 947-975.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Armstrong, Karen. Holy War, The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World. New York: Anchor Books, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asbridge, Thomas. Haçlı Seferleri. çev. Ekin Duru. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade: A New History. London: Oxford University Press, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atiya, Aziz Suryal. The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages. London: Methuen, 1938.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aydüz, Salim. Tophâne-i Âmire ve Top Döküm Teknolojisi (XV-XVI. Asırlarda). Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barber, Malcolm. “James of Molay, the Last Grand Master of the Order of the Temple”. Studia Monastica 14 (1972), 91-124.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barber, Malcolm. The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages. Harlow: Addison Wesley, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barber, Malcolm. Yeni Şövalyelik, Tapınak Tarikatının Tarihi. çev. Berna Ülner. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Belâzurî. Ensâbu’l-Eşrâf. thk. Süheyl Zekkâr - Riyâd Ziriklî. Mısır: Dâru’l-Meârif, 1959.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bradacs, Gabor. “Crusade of the Poor (1309)”. War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict. ed. Jeffrey M. Shaw and Timothy J. Demy. ABC: Clio, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buhârî, Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İsmâil. Sahîhu’l-Buhârî. thk. Mustafâ Dîb el-Buğâ. Dımaşk: Dâru İbn Kesîr, 1414/1993.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulst-Thiele, Marie Luise. “Zur Geschichte der Ritterorden und des Königreichs Jerusalem im 13. Jahrhundert bis zur Schlacht bei La Forbie am 17 Oktober 1244”. Deutsches Achiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 22 (1966), 197-226.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carpini, Plano. Moğolistan Seyahatnâmesi. çev. Ergin Ayan. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap Yayınları, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chamberlain, E. R. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cobb, Paul M. Müslümanların Gözüyle Haçlı Seferleri. çev. Ekin Duru. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cowdrey, H. E. John. “Martyrdom and the First Crusade”. Crusade and Settlement. 46-56. ed. Peter Edbury. Cardiff: Cardiff University Press, 1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cox, George W. The Crusades. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1874.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Da Padova, Fidenzıo. “Liber Recuperationis Terrae Sanctae”. Biblioteca Bio-Bibliografica Della Terra Santa e Dell’Oriente Frencescano (1215-1300). 1-60. ed. Girolamo Golubovich. Firenze: Collegio di S. Bonaventura, 1906.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Villehardouin, Geoffroi. Konstantinopolis’te Haçlılar. çev. Ali Berktay. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils. ed. Norman P. Tanner. London: Sheed &amp; Ward, 1990.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demurger, Alain. “Letters of the Last Two Templar Masters”. Nottingham Medieval Studies 45 (2001), 145-171.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ebû Şâme. er-Ravzateyn fî Ahbâri’d-Devleteyn en-Nûriyye ve’s-Salâhiyye. thk. İbrahim Zeybek. Beyrut: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 1418/1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ebû Yûsuf. Kitâbü’l-Harâc. nşr. Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb. Kahire: el-Matbaatü&#039;s-Selefîyye, 1396.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ebü’l-Fidâ. el-Muhtasar fî Ahbari’l-Beşer. Kahire: Matbaatu’l-Hüseyniyye el-Mısriyye, ts.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eco, Umberto. Ortaçağ, Keşifler, Ticaret İlişkileri, Ütopyalar. çev. Leyla Tonguç Basmacı. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ehrenkreutz, A. S. “The Place of Saladin in the Naval History of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 75/2 (1955), 100-116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ernoul. Ernoul Kroniği, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi. çev. Ahmet Deniz Altunbaş. İstanbul: Kronik Kitap, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">France, John. “Crusading Warfare”. Palgrave Advances in the Crusades. 58-80. ed. Helen Nicholson. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">France, John. “Holy War and Holy Men: Erdmann and the Lives of Saints”. The Experience of Crusading. ed. Marcus Bull, Peter W. Edbury, Norman Housley, and Jonathan Phillips. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ghil, Eliza Miruna. “Ideological and Poetic Modes in the Song of the Albigensian Crusade”. Romanic Review 75 (1984), 131-146.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Graham-Leigh, Elaine. “Morts suspectes et justice papale: Innocent III, les Trencavel et la reputation de l’eglise”. La Croisade Albigeoise: Actes du Colloque du Centre d’Etudes Cathares, Carcassonne, 4, 5 et 6 octobre 2002. 219-233. ed. Marie-Paul Gimenez. Balma: Centre d’Etudes Cathares, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grousset, Rene. Bozkır İmparatorluğu, Atilla, Cengiz Han, Timur. çev. M. Reşat Uzmen. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 1980.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guillaume de Villaret: Des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jerusalem, de Chypres et de Rhodes hier aux Chevaliers de Malte aujourd’hui. Paris: Conseil International de la Langue Française, 1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Halecki, O. Un emperour de Byzance a Rome. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie, 1930.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Halfter, Peter. “Die Staufer und Armenien”. Von Schwaben bis Jerusalem: Facetten staufischer Geschichte. 187-208. ed. Sönke Lorenz-Ulrich Schmidt. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hamilton, Bernard. The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hasan, Masudul. “The Sixth Crusade 1216-1218”. History of Islam, Classical Period 571-1258. Lahore: yy., 1987.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heyd, William. Yakın-Doğu Ticaret Tarihi. çev. E. Ziya Karal. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Holt, P. M. Haçlılar Çağı, 11. Yüzyıldan 1517’ye Yakındoğu. çev. Özden Arıkan. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Horn, Michael. Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III. (1145-1153). Wissenschaften: Peter Lang Verlag, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Housley, Norman. “European Warfare c. 1200–1320”. Medieval Warfare: A History. 113-135. ed. Maurice Keen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Housley, Norman. The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Howarth, Stephen. The Knights Templar. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1982.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Irwin, Robert. “How Many Miles to Babylon? The Devise des Chemins de Babiloine Redated”. The Miltary Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. 57-63. ed. Malcolm Barber. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1994.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Isfahânî, İmâdüddin Kâtib. Hurûbu Selahaddîn ve Fethu Beyti’l-Makdîs. b.y.: Dâru’l-Menâr, 1425-2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Abdilber el-Kurtubî. el-İstîâb fî Ma’rifeti’l-Ashâb. thk. Ali Muhammed el-Becâvî. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Ceyl, 1412/1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Abdüzzâhir. er-Ravzu’z-Zâhir fî Sîreti’l-Meliki’z-Zâhir. nşr. Abdülaziz el-Huveytır. Riyad: Meşveret, 1396/1976.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Asâkir. Tarîhu Dımaşk. thk. Amr b. Ğarâme el-Amrî. Kahire: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1415/1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Dokmak. Nüzhetü’l-Enâm fî Târihi’l-İslâm. thk. Dr. Semîr Tabbâre. Beyrut: el-Mektebetü’l-Asriyye, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Hacer el-Askalânî. el-İsâbe fî Temyîzi’s-Sahâbe. thk. Âdil Ahmed. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1415.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Haldun. Kitâbü’l-İber ve Dîvânu Mübtede’ ve’l-Haber fî Tarîhi’l-Arab ve’l-Berber ve Âsirihim min Zevi’ş-Şe’ni’l-Ekber. thk. Halil Şahâde. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1408/1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Hallikân. Vefeyâtü’l-A’yân ve Enbâu Ebnâi’z-Zaman. thk. İhsan Abbas. Beyrut: Dâru Sadr, 1900-1904.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Hişâm. es-Sîretu’n-Nebeviyye. thk. M. es-Sekkâ-İ. Ebyârî-A. Şelbî. Kahire: y.y., 1375/1955.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Manzûr. Muhtasar-ı Târih-i Dımaşk. thk. Ruveyha en-Nahhâs vd. Dımaşk: Dâru’l-Fikr, 1402/1984.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Sâ’d. et-Tabakâtü’l-Kübrâ. thk. Muhammed Abdülkadir Atâ. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1410/1990.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Şeddâd, İzzeddin. el-A’lâku’l-Hatîre fî Zikri Ümerâi’ş-Şâm ve’l-Cezîre. b.y.: y.y., ts.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Tağrîberdî. en-Nücûmu’z-Zâhire fî Mülûk Mısr ve’l-Kahire. nşr. M. Hüseyin Şemseddin. Beyrut: Vezâretü’s-Sekâfe ve’l-İrşâd, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbn Vâsıl. Müferrücü’l-Kurûb fî Ahbâri Benî Eyyûb. thk. Cemâleddin eş-Şeyyâl vd. Kahire: el-Matbaatu’l-Emîriyye, 1377/1957.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbnü’l-Adîm. Buğyetü’t-Taleb fî Târîhi Haleb. thk. Süheyl Zekkâr. b.y.: Dâru’l-Fikr, ts.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbnü’l-Adîm. Zübdetü’l-Haleb fî Târîhi Haleb. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1417/1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbnü’l-Cevzî. el-Muntazam fî Tarihi’l-Mülûk ve’l-Ümem. thk. Muhammed Abdülkadir Atâ-Mustafa Abdülkadir Atâ. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1412/1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İbnü’l-Esir. et-Târîhu’l-Bâhir fi’d-Devleti’l-Atabekiyye. thk. Abdülkadir Ahmed. Mısır: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-Hadisiyye, 1382/1963.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jacoby, David. “Catalans, Turcs et Venitiens en Romanie (1305–1332): Un nouveau temoignage de Marino Sanudo Torsello”. Studi Medievali 15 (1974), 217–261.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jacoby, David. “The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Collapse of Hohenstaufen Power in the Levant”. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40 (1986), 83-101.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jean de Joinville. Bir Haçlının Hatıraları. çev. Cüneyt Kanat. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jordan, William C. Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jorga, N. “Un projet relatif a la conquete de Jerusalem, 1609”. Revue de l’Orient Latin 2 (1894), 183-189.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalkaşendî. Subhu’l-A’şâ fî Sınaâti’l-İnşâ. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l- İlmiyye, ts.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuttner, Stephan – Garcia, Antonio. “A New Eyewitness Account of the Fourth Lateran Council”. Traditio 20 (1964), 115-178.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laiou, A. “Marino Sanudo Torsello, Byzantium and Turks: The Background to the Anti-Turkish League of 1332-1334”. Speculum, 45 (1970), 374-392.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lamb, Harold. Selâhaddin Eyyubi ve Haçlılar. çev. Sinem Ceviz. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lambert, Michael. The Cathars. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lane-Pool, Stanley. Saladin and the Fall of the Jerusalem. London: Independently Published, 1898.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leopold, Antony. “Crusading Proposals in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries”. The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History. 216-227. ed. R. N. Swanson. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lock, Peter. “Rhodes”. Crusades an Ancyclopedia. 1030. ed. Alan V. Murray. California: Santa Barbara, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lomax, John Philip. “Frederick II, His Saracens and the Papacy”. Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam. 175-198. ed. John Victor Tolan. London: Routledge, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Longnon, Jean. “L’empereur Baudouin II et l’ordre de Saint Jacques”. Byzantion 22 (1952), 297-299.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Luttrell, Anthony. “The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306-1421”. A History of the Crusades. 3/278-339. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Luttrell, Anthony. Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West, 1291-1440. London: Variorum, 1978.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Macquarrie, Alan. “The Ideal of the Holy War in Scotland, 1296–1330”. Innes Review 32 (1981), 83-92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Makrizî. el-Mevâiz ve’l-İ’tibâr bi Zikri’l-Hitât-ı ve’l-Asâr. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l- İlmiyye, 1418.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Makrizî. es-Sülûk li Ma’rifeti Düveli’l-Mülûk. thk. Muhammed Abdülkadir Ata. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l- İlmiyye, 1418/1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marvin, Laurence W. “War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218”. War in History 8 (2001), 373-395.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Menache, Sophia. “The Hospitallers during the Pontificate of Clement V: The Spoiled Sons of the Papacy?”. The Military Orders, vol. 2: Welfare and Warfare. 153-162. ed. Helen Nicholson. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Menache, Sophia. Clement V. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morrison, Cecile. Haçlılar. Ankara: Dost Yayınları, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref93">
                        <label>93</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Murray, Alan V. “Marj Ayun, Battle of (1179)”. Crusades an Ancyclopedia. 801. ed. Alan V. Murray. California: Santa Barbara, 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref94">
                        <label>94</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Müverrih Vardan. “Türk Fütuhatı Tarihi, 889-1269”. İÜEF Yayınları, Tarih Seminerleri Dergisi, Metin ve Vesikalar. çev. Hrant D. Andreasyan. İstanbul: Millî Mecmua Basımevi, 1937.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref95">
                        <label>95</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nersessian, Sirarpie Der. “The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia”. A History of the Crusades. 2/630-659. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref96">
                        <label>96</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nicolle, David. Malazgirt 1071, Bizans Gücünün Çöküşü. çev. Özgür Kolçak. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref97">
                        <label>97</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nüveyrî. Nihâyetü’l-Ereb fî Fünûni’l-Edeb. Kahire: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-Vesâik, 1423.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref98">
                        <label>98</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ostrogorsky, Georg. Bizans Devleti Tarihi. çev. Fikret Işıltan. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref99">
                        <label>99</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ömerî, İbn Fadlullah. Mesâlikü’l-Ebsâr, Türkler Hakkında Gördüklerim ve Duyduklarım. çev. D. Ahsen Batur. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref100">
                        <label>100</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Phillips, Jonathan. Defenders of the Holy Land: Relations between the Latin East and the West, 1119-1187. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref101">
                        <label>101</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Poutiers, Jean-Christian. Rhodes et ses Chevaliers, 1306–1523: Approche Historique et Archeologique. Araya: y.y., 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref102">
                        <label>102</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prawer, Joshua. “La noblesse et le rrgime feodal du royaume latin de Jerusalem”. Le Moyen Age 65 (1959), 41-74.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref103">
                        <label>103</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pryor, John. Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref104">
                        <label>104</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Richard, Jean. Histoire des Croisades. Paris: Fayard, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref105">
                        <label>105</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, 1070-1309. London: St. Martin’s, 1967.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref106">
                        <label>106</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Robinson, I. S. “Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ”. History of Crusades 58 (1973), 169-192.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref107">
                        <label>107</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rowe, John G. “Alexander III and the Jerusalem Crusade: An Overview of Problems and Failures”. Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria. 112-132. ed. Maya Shatzmiller. Leiden: Brill, 1993.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref108">
                        <label>108</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Runciman, Steven. Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi. çev. Fikret Işıltan. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 1986.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref109">
                        <label>109</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Safedî. Nüzhetü’l-Mâlik ve’l-Mülûk fî Muhtasarı Sîreti men vellâ Mısr ve’l-Mülûk. thk. Ömer Abdüsselâm et-Tedmurî. Beyrut: el-Mektebetü’l-Asriyye, 1424/2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref110">
                        <label>110</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Serahsî, Şemsüleimme. el-Mebsût. Kahire: Matbaatü&#039;s-Saâde, 1324-1331.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref111">
                        <label>111</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî. Mir’âtü’z-Zamân fî Tevârîhi’l-A’yân. thk. Muhammed Berekât vd. Dımaşk: Dâru’r-Risâleti’l-Âlemiyye, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref112">
                        <label>112</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Süryani Mikhail. Süryânî Patrik Mihail’in Vakayinâmesi. çev. Hrant D. Andreasyan. Ankara: TTK Kütüphanesi Tercümeler Kısmı, 1944.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref113">
                        <label>113</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taberî, Ebu Cafer Muhammed b. Cerîr. Târîhu’l-Ümem ve’l-Mülûk (Târîhu’t-Taberî). Beyrut: Dâru’t-Turâs, 1387.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref114">
                        <label>114</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taşpınar, İsmail. “Mârûnîler”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 28/71. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref115">
                        <label>115</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Torsello, Marino Sanudo. “Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis”. Gesta Dei per Francos. ed. Jacques Bongars. Hannover: Typis Wechelianis, 1611.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref116">
                        <label>116</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Torsello, Marino Sanudo. The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross. 161-175. ed. Peter Lock. London: Routledge Publishing, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref117">
                        <label>117</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tyerman, Christopher J. “Marino Sanudo Torsello and the Lost Crusade: Lobbying in the Fourteenth Century”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 32 (1982), 57-73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref118">
                        <label>118</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tyerman, Christopher. England and the Crusades. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1988.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref119">
                        <label>119</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Urfalı Mateos. Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesî (952-1136) ve Papaz Grîgor’un Zeyli (1136-1162). çev. Hrant D. Andreasyan. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref120">
                        <label>120</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vâkıdî. el-Meğâzî. thk. Marsden Jones. Beyrut: Dâru’l-A’lemî, 1409/1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref121">
                        <label>121</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Cleve, Thomas C. “The Crusade of Frederick II”. A History of the Crusades. 2/429-462. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref122">
                        <label>122</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Cleve, Thomas C. “The Fifth Crusade”. A History of the Crusades. 2/377-428. ed. Kenneth Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969–1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref123">
                        <label>123</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vasiliev, A. A. Bizans İmparatorluğu Tarihi. çev. Arif Müfit Mansel. Ankara: Maarif Matbaası, 1943.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref124">
                        <label>124</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weiler, Björn. “Frederick II, Gregory IX and the Liberation of the Holy Land, 1230-1239”. Studies in Church History 36 (2000), 192-206.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref125">
                        <label>125</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">William of Tyre. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. çev. Emily Atwater Babcock-A. C. Krey. New York: Colombia Universty Press, 1943.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref126">
                        <label>126</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wolff, Robert. L. “Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor’s Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople”. Speculum 29 (1954), 225-303.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref127">
                        <label>127</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wolff, Robert. L. “The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261”. A History of the Crusades. 2/187-274. ed. Kenneth M. Setton. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref128">
                        <label>128</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yavaş, Halil. Yüzyıl Savaşları. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınları, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref129">
                        <label>129</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yunînî, Kutbeddin. Zeylu Mir’âti’z-Zamân. Kahire: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İslâmî, 1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref130">
                        <label>130</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zehebî. Siyeru A’lâmi’n-Nübelâ. thk. Şuayb el-Arnaûd. b.y.: Müessesetü’r-Risâle, 1405/1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
