<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>yühfd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-4650</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3062-1127</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Yeditepe Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Law in Context (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Hukuk (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT IN THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ İÇTİHADINDA ÇOCUKLARIN İŞKENCE VE KÖTÜ MUAMELEDEN KORUNMASI</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5422-9247</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yılmaz Eren</surname>
                                    <given-names>Esra</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>TÜRK-ALMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HUKUK FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20240929">
                    <day>09</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2024</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>21</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>217</fpage>
                                        <lpage>256</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240420">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20240614">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2004, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2004</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Children need special protection and assistance due to their fragile and vulnerable nature. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), like many supranational systems, provides special protection for children against torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3. States parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) are obliged to prevent individuals within their jurisdiction from being subjected to torture or ill-treatment by anyone, including not only public authorities but also individuals. The prohibition of torture and ill-treatment under the ECHR imposes two different obligations on States: substantive and procedural. The consequences of torture and other forms of ill-treatment are even more acute in the case of children. Therefore, in accordance with the case law of the ECtHR, it is of great importance for the protection of children that states act in accordance with these obligations, establish the necessary domestic legislation, implement preventive measures and also carry out effective investigations. Within the scope of this study, the first section will provide general information on the case law of the ECtHR on Article 3 prohibition of torture and ill-treatment. In the second part, the protection provided by the ECtHR to children within the scope of Article 3 will be discussed under five headings: protection against corporal punishment, protection of children in detention, prisons and care centers, protection from domestic violence, protection of foreign children and protection from sexual abuse. ECtHR judgements that are characteristic in terms of jurisprudence have been selected for the study.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Çocuklar hassas ve savunmasız olmaları nedeniyle özel koruma ve yardıma ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) de ulusal üstü pek çok sistem gibi işkence, insanlık dışı veya aşağılayıcı muamele veya cezaya karşı çocuklara özel koruma sağlamaktadır. Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’ne (AİHS) taraf olan Devletler yetki alanları içindeki kişilerin, sadece devlet yetkilileri değil bireyler de dahil olmak üzere herhangi biri tarafından işkence veya kötü muameleye maruz kalmalarını engellemekle yükümlüdürler. İşkence ve diğer kötü muamelelerin sonuçları çocuklar söz konusu olduğunda daha da ciddi hale gelmektedir. Bu nedenle AİHM içtihadı uyarınca devletlerin gerekli iç mevzuatın oluşturulması, önleyici tedbirlerin uygulanması ve ayrıca etkili soruşturmaların gerçekleştirilmesi ile hem maddi hem de usuli unsurlar barındıran bu yükümlülüklere uygun hareket etmesi çocukların korunması için büyük öneme sahiptir.Bu çalışma kapsamında ilk bölümde AİHM’in madde 3 işkence ve kötü muamele yasağı içtihadına ilişkin genel bilgiler verilecektir. İkinci bölümde AİHM’in madde 3 kapsamında çocuklara sağladığı koruma; bedensel cezalara karşı koruma, gözaltı, ceza infaz kurumları ve bakım merkezlerinde bulunan çocukların korunması, aile içi şiddetten korunma, yabancı çocukların korunması ve cinsel istismardan korunma olmak üzere beş başlık altında ele alınacaktır. Çalışmada içtihat bakımından özellik arz eden nitelikteki kararlar seçilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>işkence ve kötü muamele yasağı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  çocukların korunması</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  aile içi şiddet</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  çocuk göçmenler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  bedensel ceza</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  cinsel istismar.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>prohibition of torture and ill treatment</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  protection of children</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  domestic violence</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  child migrants</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  corporal punishment</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sexual abuse.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alastair  R. Mowbray, The Development of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights, Oxford, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Allein, Jean, “The jus cogens Nature of non‐refoulement”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 4, 2001, 533–558.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anayurt, Ömer. “AİHM İçtihatlarında İşkence Kavramı”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1, 2008, 421-460.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bilge, Burak. “AİHM İçtihatları Bağlamında Etkin Soruşturma Yükümlülüğü”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 5, Sayı: 2, 2014, 367-406.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boyar, Oya, “İşkence ve Kötü Muamele”, İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi ve Anayasa, (ed. Sibel İnceoğlu), Ankara 2013, 137-157.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coleman, Nils, “Non-Refoulement Revised: Renewed Review of the Status of Non-Refoulement as Customary International Law”, European Journal of Migration Law, Sayı: 5, 2003, 23-65.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğan, İlyas, Kaya, Mehmet, İstanbul Protokolü ve İşkencenin Önlenmesi, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara, Mayıs 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğru, Osman. AİHS Hukukunda İşkence ve Kötü Muamele Yasağı, Legal Yayınları, 1. Baskı, Ankara, Mart 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğru, Osman; Nalbant, Atilla. İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, Avrupa Konseyi, 1. Baskı, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dursun, Gizem, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi ve Anayasa Mahkemesi Kararları Işığında İşkence Yasağı ve İşkenceyi Etkili Biçimde Soruşturma Yükümlülüğü, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ekşi, Nuray, 6458 Sayılı Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu’nda İdari Gözetim, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gemalmaz, Haydar Burak, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesinde ve Türk Hukukunda Çocuğun Fiziksel İstismardan Özellikle Dayaktan Korunması, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gemalmaz, Haydar Burak, “Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi’ne Göre İşkence ve Kötü Muamele Mağduru Çocukların Rehabilitasyon Hakkı”, Karşılaştırmalı Güncel Ceza Hukuku Serisi 4, Sulhi Dönmezer’in Değerli Hatırasına Armağan, Çocuklar ve Suç/Ceza, 2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gemalmaz, Mehmet Semih, Ulusalüstü İnsan Hakları Hukuku Işığında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi(Madde 3/İşkence Yasağı) Analizi, Ankara Barosu Yayınları, Ankara 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, O’Boyle &amp; Warbrick, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Hukuku, (çev. Mehveş Bingöllü Kılcı, Ulaş Karan), Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hasselbacher Lee, “State obligations regarding domestic violence: the European Court of Human Rights, due diligence, and international legal minimums of protection”, Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights, Sayı: 2, 2010, 190–215.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuşçu, Döndü, “Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Hükümleri Uyarınca Sınır Dışı Edilmelerine Karar Verilen Yabancıların İdari Gözetim Altına Alınmaları”, Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 22, 2017, 241-284.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lauterpacht, Elihu, Bethlehem, Daniel, “The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement: Opinion”, Refugee Protection in International Law UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection, (ed. E Feller/ V Türk/F Nicholson), Cambridge, 2003, 87-177.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mowbray, Alastair R. The Development of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights, Oxford-Portland Oregon, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Önok, Murat. Uluslararası Boyutuyla İşkence Suçu, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, Kasım 2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özenç, Berke, “Saatli Bomba Senaryosu ve Geliştirilmiş Sorgu Teknikleri: İşkence Yasağının Mutlak Niteliği Işığında Bir Değerlendirme”, Kadir Has Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 8, Sayı: 2, 2020, 201-215.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rodley, Nigel S., “The Definition(s) of Torture in International Law”, Current Legal Problems, Sayı: 55, 2002, 467-493.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reidy, Aisling, İşkencenin Yasaklanması: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nin 3. Maddesi’nin Uygulanmasına İlişkin Kılavuz, İnsan Hakları El Kitapları, No. 6, Avrupa Konseyi, 2002.
Sveaass, Nora, “The United Nations Convention Against Torture And Other Cruel, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment-The Absolute Prohibition And The Obligation To Prevent”, Torture And Its Definition in International Law- An Interdisciplinary Approach, (ed. Metin Başoğlu), OUP, 2017, 247-271.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weissbrodt, David, Heilman, Cheryl, “Defining Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment”, Law &amp; Inequality, Sayı: 29, 2011, 343-394.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avrupa Konseyi, Kadına Yönelik Şiddet ve Aile İçi Şiddetin Önlenmesi ve Bunlarla Mücadeleye Dair Avrupa Konseyi Sözleşmesi, İstanbul, 11.V.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BM Çocuk Hakları Komitesi, Çocukların Fiziksel Cezalardan veya Cezalandırmanın Zalimce veya Aşağılayıcı diğer Biçimlerinden Korunma Hakkı, Genel Yorum 8, 2006.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Recommendation 1666 (2004) Europe-wide ban on corporal punishment of children, Doc.10199, report of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, Text adopted by the Assembly on 23 June 2004 (21st Sitting). https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=17235&amp;lang=en (4.4.2024).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’nun 10 Aralık 1948 tarih ve 217 A (III) sayılı kararı ile ilân edilmiştir. Beyanname’nin İngilizce esas metni için bkz. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml. Beyanname’nin T.B.M.M. İnsan Hakları Komisyonu tarafından yayınlanan Türkçe çevirisi için bkz. http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/insanhaklari/pdf01/203-208.pdf.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İşkenceye ve Diğer Zalimane, Gayriinsani veya Küçültücü Muamele veya Cezaya Karşı Birleşmiş Milletler Sözleşmesi, UNGA Res. 39/46, 10.12.1984, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu’nun 10 Aralık 1984 tarih ve 39/46 sayılı kararıyla kabul edilmiş ve 26 Haziran 1987 tarihinde yürürlüğe girmiştir.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme, UNGA Res. 2200A (XXI), UN Doc. A/6316, 16.12.1966.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İşkencenin ve Gayriinsani ya da Küçültücü Ceza veya Muamelenin Önlenmesine Dair Avrupa Sözleşmesi, R.G. 19738-27.2.1988.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Recommendation CM/Rec (2008)11 on the European Rules for juvenile offenders subject to sanctions or measures, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 5 November 2008.
UNGA Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Third Committee (A/55/602/Add.1)] 55/89. Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Annex Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, p. 5-7, 22 February 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UNGA Res. 48/104 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 23.2.1994.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The Greek Case, European Commission on Human Rights, Yearbook, Cilt 12, 5.11.1969.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İrlanda/Birleşik Krallık, 5310/71, 18.1.1978.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tyrer/Birleşik Krallık, 5856/72, 25.4.1978.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Campbell ve Cosans/Birleşik Krallık, 7511/76, 7743/76, 25.2.1982.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdulaziz, Cabales ve Balkandali/Birleşik Krallık, 9214/80; 9473/81; 9474/81, 28.5.1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maxine ve Karen Warwick/Birleşik Krallık, 9471/81, 18.7.1986.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A. Ailesinin 3 üyesi/Birleşik Krallık, 10592/83, EComHR Report–Friendly Settlement, 16.7.1987.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Soering/Birleşik Krallık, 14038/88, 7.7.1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cruz Varas ve Diğerleri/İsveç, 15576/89, 20.3.1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vilvarajah ve Diğerleri/Birleşik Krallık, 13163/87; 13164/87; 13165/87; 13447/87; 13448/87, 30.10.1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tomasi/Fransa, 12850/87, 27.8.1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Y./Birleşik Krallık, 14229/88, 29.10.1992.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Costello-Roberts/Birleşik Krallık, 13134/87, 25.3.1993.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chalal/Birleşik Krallık, 22414/93, 15.11.1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aksoy/Türkiye, 21987/93, 18.12.1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D./Birleşik Krallık, 30240/96, 2.5.1997.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aydın/Türkiye, 23178/94, 25.9.1997 [GC].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaya/Türkiye, 22729/93, 19.2.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rehbock/Slovenya, 29462/95, 20.05.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kurt/Türkiye, 15/97/799/1002, 25.5.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">L.C.B./Birleşik Krallık, 23413/94, 9.6.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tekin/Türkiye, 26794/10, 52/1997/836/1042, 9.7.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A./Birleşik Krallık, 25599/94, 23.9.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Osman/Birleşik Krallık, 23452/94, 28.10.1998.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çakıcı/Türkiye, 23657/94, 8.7.1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Selmouni/Fransa, 25803/94, 28.7.1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">T./Birleşik Krallık, 24724/94, 16.12.1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">V/Birleşik Krallık, 24888/94, 16.12.1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smith ve Grady/Birleşik Krallık, 33985/96; 33986/96, 27.9.1999, Final 27.12.1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mahmut Kaya/Türkiye, 22535/93, 28.3.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Salman/Türkiye, 21986/93, 27.6.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jabari/Türkiye, 40035/98, 11.7.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scozzari ve Giunta/İtalya, 39221/98, 41963/98, 13.07.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akkoç/Türkiye, 22947/93-22948/93, 10.10.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kudla/Poland, 30210/96, 26.10.2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Z. ve Diğerleri/Birleşik Krallık, 29392/95, 10.5.2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Al-Adsani/Birleşik Krallık, 35763/97, 21.11.2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Čonka/Belçika, 51564/99, 05.02.2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anguelova/Bulgaristan, 38361/97, 13.06.2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalashnikov/Rusya, 47095/99, 15.7.2002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D.P. ve J.C/Birleşik Krallık, 38719/97, 10.10.2002, Final 10/01/2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">E. ve Diğerleri/Birleşik Krallık, 33218/96, 26.11.2002, Final 15.01.2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M.C./Bulgaristan, 39272/98, 4.12.2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Görgülü/Almanya, 74969/01, 26.2.2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ilaşcu ve Diğerleri/Moldovya ve Rusya, 48787/99, 8.7.2004.
Mehmet Emin Yüksel/Türkiye, 40154/98, 20.7.2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nevmerzhitsky/Ukrayna, 54825/00, 5.4.2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Afanasyev/Ukrayna, 38722/02, 5.4.2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mikheyev/Rusya, 77617/01, 26.1.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ognyanova ve Choban/Bulgaristan, 46317/99, 23.02.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Soner ve Diğerleri/Türkiye, 40986/98, 27.4.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Batı ve Diğerleri/Türkiye, 33097/96; 57834/00, 3.6.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moldovan ve Diğerleri/Romanya (No 2), 41138/98; 64320/01, 12.7. 2005, Final 30.11.2005.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mubilanzila Mayeka ve Kaniki Mitunga/Belçika, 13178/03, 2.10.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Okkalı/Türkiye, 52067/99, 17.10.2006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Collins ve Akaziebie/İsveç, 23944/05, 8.3.2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kontrová/Slovakya, 7510/04, 31.05.2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Modârcă/Moldova, 14437/05, 10.5.2007, Final 10.8.2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Necdet Bulut/Türkiye, 77092/01, 20.11.2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maslova ve Nalbandov/Rusya, 839/02, 24.1.2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saadi/İtalya, 37201/06, 28.02.2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref93">
                        <label>93</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chember/Rusya, 7188/03, 3.7.2008, Final 1.12.2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref94">
                        <label>94</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khadzhialiyev ve Diğerleri/Rusya, 3013/04, 6.11.2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref95">
                        <label>95</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Panovits/Kıbrıs, 4268/04, 11.12.2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref96">
                        <label>96</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beganović/Hırvatistan, 46423/06, 25.6.2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref97">
                        <label>97</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Volkan Özdemir/Türkiye, 29105/03, 20.10.2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref98">
                        <label>98</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mrozowski/Polonya, 9258/04, 12.5.2009, Final 12.8.2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref99">
                        <label>99</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muskhadzhiyeva ve Diğerleri/Belçika, 41442/07, 19.01.2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref100">
                        <label>100</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmadpour/Türkiye, 12717/08, 22.11.2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref101">
                        <label>101</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gäfgen/Almanya, 22978/05, 1.6.2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref102">
                        <label>102</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M.S.S./Belçika ve Yunanistan, 30696/09, 21.01.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref103">
                        <label>103</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sambor/Polonya, 15579/05, 1.2.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref104">
                        <label>104</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rahimi/Yunanistan, 8687/08, 05.04.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref105">
                        <label>105</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mađer v. Hırvatistan, 56185/07, 21.6.2011, Final 21.9.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref106">
                        <label>106</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kanagaratnam ve Diğerleri/Belçika, 15297/09, 13.12.2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref107">
                        <label>107</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">C.A.S. ve C.S./Romanya, 26692/05, 20.03.2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref108">
                        <label>108</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Najafli/Azerbaycan, 2594/07, 2.10.2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref109">
                        <label>109</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">El Masri/Eski Yugoslavya Makedonya Cumhuriyeti, 39630/09, 13.12.2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref110">
                        <label>110</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krisztián Barnabás Tóth/Macaristan, 48494/06, 12.02.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref111">
                        <label>111</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aswat/Birleşik Krallık, 17299/12, 16.4.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref112">
                        <label>112</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nencheva ve Diğerleri/Bulgaristan, 48609/06, 18.06.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref113">
                        <label>113</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vinter ve Diğerleri/Birleşik Krallık, 66069/09, 130/10 ve 3896/10, 9.7.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref114">
                        <label>114</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">X./Litvanya, 27853/09, 26.11.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref115">
                        <label>115</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ghorbanov ve Diğerleri/Türkiye, 28127/09, 03.12.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref116">
                        <label>116</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharifi ve Diğerleri/İtalya ve Yunanistan, 16643/09, 21.10.2014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref117">
                        <label>117</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muršić/Hırvatistan, 7334/13, 12.3.2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref118">
                        <label>118</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blokhin/Rusya, 47152/06, 23.3.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref119">
                        <label>119</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">I.C./Romanya, 36934/08, 24.5.2016</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref120">
                        <label>120</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A.B. ve Diğerleri/Fransa, 11593/12, 12.07.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref121">
                        <label>121</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">G.U./Türkiye, 16143/10, 18.10.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref122">
                        <label>122</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdullahi Elmi ve Aweys Abubakar/Malta, 25794/13, 28151/13, 22.11.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref123">
                        <label>123</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A.Ş./Türkiye, 58271/10, 13.09.2016, Final 13.12.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref124">
                        <label>124</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Poposhvili/Belçika, 41738/10, 13.12.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref125">
                        <label>125</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khlaifia ve Diğerleri/İtalya, 16483/12, 15.12.2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref126">
                        <label>126</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">V.K./Rusya, 68059/13, 07.03.2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref127">
                        <label>127</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">S.F. ve Diğerleri/Bulgaristan, 8138/16, 07.12.2017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref128">
                        <label>128</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">G.B. ve Diğerleri/Türkiye, 4633/15, 17.10.2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref129">
                        <label>129</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">A./Rusya, 37735/09, 12.11.2019.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref130">
                        <label>130</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Association Innocence en Danger/Fransa ve Association Enfance and Partage/Fransa, 15343/15, 16806/15, 4.6.2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref131">
                        <label>131</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moustahi/Fransa, 9347/14, 25.6.2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref132">
                        <label>132</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M.K. ve Diğerleri/Polonya, 40503/17, 42902/17, 43643/17, 23.07.2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref133">
                        <label>133</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">X. ve Diğerleri Bulgaristan, 22457/16, 02.02.2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref134">
                        <label>134</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">R.R. ve Diğerleri/Macaristan, 36037/17, 02.03.2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref135">
                        <label>135</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">M.H. ve Diğerleri/Hırvatistan, 15670/18, 43115/18, 18.11.2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref136">
                        <label>136</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">I.G.D./Bulgaristan, 70139/14, 7.6.2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
