<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>yyufbed</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1300-5413</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-467X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.53433/yyufbed.1791059</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Sustainable Architecture</subject>
                                                            <subject>Architecture (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sürdürülebilir Mimari</subject>
                                                            <subject>Mimarlık (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Eğitim Yapılarında Enerji Etkin İyileştirme ve Karbonsuzlaştırma:  Van YYÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Örneği</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Energy Efficient Improvement and Decarbonization in Educational Buildings: The Case of Van YYU Faculty of Veterinary Medicine</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-3613</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özeler Kanan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nilay</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-4840</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bastem</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sümeyye Sena</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-843X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kılınç Gilisıralıoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Merve</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>NECMETTİN ERBAKAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0984-7270</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Taşcı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Merve Nur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KTO KARATAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-9647</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Önal</surname>
                                    <given-names>Huriye</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KTO KARATAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-5633</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Tunçbilek</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ekrem</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260429">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>31</volume>
                                                    <fpage>203</fpage>
                                        <lpage>224</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250925">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260301">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1995, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1995</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Binalar, inşaat sektöründe enerji kullanımı ve CO₂ emisyonlarının oluşumunda önemli bir paya sahiptir. Enerji verimliliği ile karbon emisyonlarının azaltılması hedefleri doğrultusunda mevcut yapıların performansının artırılması kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliktir. Karbonsuzlaştırma kapsamında binalara ısı pompaları ve fotovoltaik (PV) sistemlerin hibrit entegrasyonu, mimarideki güncel teknolojik gelişmeler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi binasının enerji verimliliğini artırmak ve karbon emisyonlarını azaltmak amacıyla dört farklı iyileştirme senaryosu geliştirilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir: yapı kabuğunun termofiziksel özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi (S1), aydınlatma sisteminin ve armatürlerin iyileştirilmesi (S2), yapının ısıtma sisteminin ısı pompası olarak değiştirilmesi (S3), yapıya fotovoltaik (PV) panellerin eklenmesi (S4). Her bir senaryo için enerji tüketimi ve karbon emisyonu hesaplanmıştır. Mevcut durum ve iyileştirme analizleri karşılaştırıldığında, ısıtma için harcanan enerjide S3 senaryosu ile %98 oranında verimlilik sağlanmıştır. Isı pompasının elektrik tüketimi de dahil edildiğinde bu oran %90&#039;a düşmektedir. S3’ten sonra en etkili müdahale olan S1 ile %80, S2 ile aydınlatma kaynaklı enerji tüketiminde %51, S4 ile elektrik tüketiminde %61.5 oranında verimlilik elde edilmiştir. Karbon emisyonları açısından ise operasyonelde %65, tüm aşamalarda %45 oranında azalma sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, eğitim yapılarının enerji etkin biçimde iyileştirilmesiyle hem enerji verimliliği sağlanabileceğini hem de karbon salımının önemli ölçüde azaltılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, farklı iklim ve benzer kullanım koşullarına sahip yapılar için ulusal ölçekte enerji verimliliği konusunda, küresel ölçekte karbon salımı konusunda örnek teşkil etmekte; yeşil kampüs yaklaşımının yaygınlaşması için de ayrıca rehberlik etmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Buildings constitute a significant share of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the construction sector. Energy efficiency and the reduction of carbon emissions are essential for improving the performance of existing buildings. The hybrid integration of heat pumps and photovoltaic (PV) systems into buildings is the latest architectural strategy for decarbonisation. In this study, four different retrofitting scenarios were developed and analysed to improve the energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions of the Veterinary Faculty at Van YYU: retrofitting the thermophysical properties of the building envelope (S1), improving the lighting system and fixtures (S2), converting the building&#039;s heating system to a heat pump (S3), and integrating PV into the building (S4). Results showed that the S3 scenario achieved 98% efficiency in energy consumption for heating. When the electricity consumption of the heat pump is included, this ratio decreases to 90%. Following S3, the most scenario was S1, which achieved 80% efficiency, S2 achieved 51% efficiency in lighting-related energy consumption, and S4 achieved 61.5% efficiency in electricity consumption. Carbon emissions were reduced by 65% operationally and 45% overall. The findings indicate that energy efficiency can be achieved and carbon emissions can be significantly reduced by improving the energy efficiency of educational buildings. The study serves as an example of energy efficiency at the national level for buildings with different climates and similar usage conditions, and of carbon emissions at the global level; it also provides guidance for the widespread adoption of the green campus approach.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Enerji etkin iyileştirme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Eğitim yapısı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Bina yaşam döngüsü</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Karbonsuzlaştırma</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Energy efficiency design</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Educational buildings</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Building lifecycle</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Decarbonization</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                        <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                                            <award-id>--</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abusamhadana, M. S., &amp; Türkmenoğlu, N. (2018). Tarihi okul yapılarında ısıl konfor gereksinimleri bağlamında enerji iyileştirme stratejileri: Ulugazi İlköğretim Okulu. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 3(2), 189–206.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adebayo, P., Jathunge, C. B., Darbandi, A., Fry, N., Shor, R., Mohamad, A., Wemhöner, C., &amp; Mwesigye, A. (2024). Development, modeling, and optimization of ground source heat pump systems for cold climates: A comprehensive review. Energy and Buildings, 320, 114646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114646</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ali, H., &amp; Hashlamun, R. (2019). Envelope retrofitting strategies for public school buildings in Jordan. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100819</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alim, H. (2025). Konut binalarının net sıfır enerji yaklaşımı ile mimari tasarım ve uygulama potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi: Soğuk iklim bölgesi [Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. (2025). ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals. ASHRAE Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aruta, G., Ascione, F., Bianco, N., Iovane, T., &amp; Mastellone, M. (2023). Assessment of the incentive rate to favor the energy retrofit of public buildings: A comprehensive approach for an Italian university facility. Energies, 16(11), 4483. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114483</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ascione, F., Bianco, N., De Masi, R. F., De’ Rossi, F., &amp; Vanoli, G. P. (2015). Energy retrofit of an educational building in the ancient center of Benevento: Feasibility study of energy savings and respect of the historical value. Energy and Buildings, 95, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.11.044</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ashrafian, T. (2023). Enhancing school buildings energy efficiency under climate change: A comprehensive analysis of energy, cost, and comfort factors. Journal of Building Engineering, 80, 107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107969</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Balali, A., &amp; Yunusa-Kaltungo, A. (2025). Selection of passive energy consumption optimisation strategies for buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 210, 115222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115222</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bentoumi, L., Bouacida, T., Bessaih, R., &amp; Bouttout, A. (2024). Impact of thermal insulation on energy consumption in buildings. Journal of Thermal Engineering, 10(4), 924–935. https://doi.org/10.18186/thermal.1465954</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bilgin, H., &amp; Hyraj, D. (2025). Sustainable interventions in historic buildings: Case of Polytechnic University of Tirana. Energy and Buildings, 343, 115921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115921</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blewden, E., &amp; Petrović, E. K. (2023). Whole-of-life carbon comparison of retrofit strategies for Aotearoa New Zealand’s existing housing stock. In P. Rajagopalan &amp; M. Andamon (Eds.), ASA 2023 Proceedings-Sustainability and health: The nexus of carbon neutral architecture and well-being: Proceedings of the 56th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (ANZAScA) (pp.722–734). Wellington, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.25455/wgtn.26401969</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (CSBB). (2018). Üniversite Mekanları Envanter Yönetim Sistemi Projesi (MEKSİS). Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://meksis.sbb.gov.tr/Harita.aspx?Sehir=Turkiye</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). On İkinci Kalkınma Planı: 2024–2028. Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (ÇŞİDB). (2020a). Kamu binalarının enerji verimli yenilenmesine yönelik rehber. Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://meslekihizmetler.csb.gov.tr/kamu-binalarinin-enerji-verimli-yenilemesine-yonelik-rehber-i-99595</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (ÇŞİDB). (2020b). Neredeyse sıfır enerjili binalar (nSEB) için rehber.  Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/icerikler/nseb_rehber–20201117075919.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (ÇŞİDB). (2021). Bina sektörü enerji verimliliği teknoloji atlası. Retrieved March 13, 2025, from https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/meslekihizmetler/icerikler/atlas_ocak_small-20210126120540.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">D’Agostino, D., Tzeiranaki, S. T., Zangheri, P., &amp; Bertoldi, P. (2021). Assessing nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) development in Europe. Energy Strategy Reviews, 36, 100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100680</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dabous, S. A., &amp; Hosny, F. (2025). A review of building envelope retrofitting methods for improving energy efficiency, aesthetic, and indoor environmental quality. Energy Nexus, 18, 100407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100407</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DesignBuilder Software Ltd. (2025, May 5). DesignBuilder Section 63 Manual (SBEM/DSM) (Manual v7.3.1). DesignBuilder Software Ltd. Retrieved March 14, 2025, from https://designbuilder.co.uk/helpv7.0/Content/Calculation_Options.htm</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Directive (EU) 2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on energy efficiency (EED, recast). (2023). Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/1791/oj</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elaouzy, Y., &amp; El Fadar, A. (2023). Potential of thermal, electricity and hydrogen storage systems for achieving sustainable buildings. Energy Conversion and Management, 294, 117601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117601</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EnergyPlus. (2025). Version 9.4.  Retrieved March 20, 2025, from https://energyplus.net/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EnergyPlus Engineering Reference. (2025). Conduction transfer function (CTF) calculations in EnergyPlus. Retrieved March 14, 2025, from  https://bigladdersoftware.com/epx/docs/8-0/engineering-reference/page-016.html#conduction-transfer-function-ctf-calculations-in-energyplus</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB). (2012). Güneş Enerjisi Potansiyeli Atlası – Van ili. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from  https://gepa.enerji.gov.tr/pages/65.aspx</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB). (2018). Paydaş Etkileşim Planı, AB Katılım Öncesi Mali Yardım Aracı (IPA), 2018 Enerji Sektör Programı – Faz 3 Projesi. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/BHIM/tr/Duyurular//Ek_2_Paydaş_Etkileşim_Planı_Türkçe_Versiyon_202304261600.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB). (2024). 2030 Stratejisi ve II. Ulusal Enerji Verimliliği Eylem Planı (2024–2030). Retrieved March 08, 2025, from  https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/BHIM/tr/Duyurular/TürkiyeninEnerjiVerimliliği2030StratejisiveIIUlusalEnerjiVerimliliğiEylemPlanı_202401161407.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Committee for Standardization. (2011). Sustainability of construction works — Assessment of environmental performance of buildings — Calculation method. (EN Standard No. 15978:2011)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Commission. (2018). Energy performance of buildings directive. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://epb.center/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fahlstedt, O., Temeljotov-Salaj, A., Rasmussen, F. N., &amp; Bohne, R. A. (2025). Integrating energy, cost, and carbon assessments into building portfolio management: A case study. Energy and Buildings, 336, 115538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115538</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fang, H., Li, W. K., &amp; Dai, P. (2025). Parametric analysis of passive ultra-low energy building envelope performance in existing residential buildings. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 23407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07421-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fenner, A. E., Kibert, C. J., Li, J., Razkenari, M. A., Hakim, H., Lu, X., &amp; Sam, M. (2020). Embodied, operation, and commuting emissions: A case study comparing the carbon hotspots of an educational building. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122081</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hainoun, A., Stortecky, S., Horak, D., &amp; Serageldin, A. A. (2025). Monitoring and evaluation of integrated energy solutions in a zero-energy building (ZEB) in Vienna. Energy and Buildings, 343, 115906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115906</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">He, X., Huang, J., Liu, Z., Lin, J., Jing, R., &amp; Zhao, Y. (2023). Topology optimization of thermally activated building system in high-rise building. Energy, 284, 128637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128637</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Energy Agency (IEA). (2022). Roadmap for energy-efficient buildings and construction in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Retrieved April 16, 2026, from https://www.iea.org/reports/roadmap-for-energy-efficient-buildings-and-construction-in-the-association-of-southeast-asian-nations</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023a). Heat pumps. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from   https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/heat-pumps</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023b). Renewables 2023: Executive summary. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023/executive-summary</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024a). World energy outlook 2024. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/140a0470-5b90-4922-a0e9-838b3ac6918c/WorldEnergyOutlook2024.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024b). Energy efficiency 2024. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/f304f2ba-e9a2-4e6d-b529 fb67cd13f646/EnergyEfficiency2024.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). Çevre yönetimi—Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi—İlkeler ve çerçeveler. (ISO Standard No. 14040 (A1+A2):2006).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jiao, Y., Wei, H., Wang, W., &amp; Zhang, M. (2024). Comparative study of development scenarios to decipher carbon emissions of new/old campuses in China with urban building energy model: A case study of Southeast University. Building Simulation, 17(11), 2063–2082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-024-1125-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jokinen, I., Lund, A., Hirvonen, J., Jokisalo, J., Kosonen, R., &amp; Lehtonen, M. (2022). Coupling of the electricity and district heat generation sectors with building stock energy retrofits as a measure to reduce carbon emissions. Energy Conversion and Management, 269, 115961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115961</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khoukhi, M., Darsaleh, A. F., &amp; Ali, S. (2020). Retrofitting an existing office building in the UAE towards achieving low-energy building. Sustainability, 12(6), 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062573</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krawczyk, D. A., Werner-Juszczuk, A., Sadowska, B., Rynkowski, P., Siuta-Olcha, A., Babiarz, B., &amp; Gawryluk, D. (2025). New method of retrofitting of kindergartens resulting in increase of energy self-sufficiency. Energy and Buildings, 336, 115595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115595</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, Y., &amp; Feng, H. (2025). Pathways to urban net zero energy buildings in Canada: A comprehensive GIS-based framework using open data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 122, 106263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2025.106263</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, C., Ma, W., Hao, J., Luo, D., Zuo, J., &amp; Zhang, C. (2022). Energy retrofitting assessment of public building envelopes in China’s hot summer and cold winter climate region. Buildings, 12(11), 1866. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111866</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, Y., Chen, D., Wang, J., &amp; Dai, M. (2023). Energy-saving and ecological renovation of existing urban buildings in severe cold areas: A case study. Sustainability, 15(17), 12985. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15172985</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (MGM). (2007). Rüzgar enerjisi potansiyeli atlası – Van ili. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from  https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/ruzgar-atlasi.aspx</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB). (2023). 2023–2024 Eğitim öğretim istatistikleri. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from  https://www.meb.gov.tr/2023-2024-egitim-ogretim-istatistikleri-aciklandi/haber/34977/tr</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Montero, I., Miranda, M. T., Barrena, F., Sepúlveda, F. J., &amp; Arranz, J. I. (2022). Analysis of photovoltaic self-consumption systems for hospitals in southwestern Europe. Energy and Buildings, 269, 112254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112254</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Munda Solar. (2020). Türkiye güneşlenme süreleri iller aylık yıllık ortalama. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://mundasolar.com/2020/12/23/turkiye-guneslenme-sureleri-iller-aylik-yillik-ortalama/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pallotta, G., Marrasso, E., Martone, C., Luciano, N., Squarzoni, G., Roselli, C., &amp; Sasso, M. (2025). Aquifer thermal energy storage for decarbonising heating and cooling energy supply in southern Europe: A dynamic environmental impact assessment. Applied Energy, 394, 126105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126105</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharma, A., Saxena, A., Sethi, M., &amp; Shree, V. (2011). Life cycle assessment of buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 871–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.008</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tozlu, S. (2025). Calibration of building energy simulation models for energy-efficient retrofitting: A residential case study in Samsun-Havza. International Journal of Energy Studies, 10(2), 595–617. https://doi.org/10.58559/ijes.1623553</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE). (2024). Binalarda ısı yalıtım kuralları standardı. (TS Standard No. 825:2024).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Umcu, M. E., Acar, U., &amp; Kaşka, Ö. (2025). Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic systems of various sizes: An environmental and economic perspective on an educational building in a hot climate. International Journal of Energy Studies, 10(1), 997–1042.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">UN Environment Programme (UNEP) &amp; Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction (GlobalABC). (2024). Global status report for buildings and construction 2024/25. Retrieved March 08, 2025, from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-status-report-buildings-and-construction-20242025</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vavanou, A., Schwartz, Y., &amp; Mumovic, D. (2022). The life cycle impact of refurbishment packages on residential buildings with different initial thermal conditions. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37(2), 951–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-021-09859-4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vettorazzi, E., Figueiredo, A., Rebelo, F., Vicente, R., &amp; Da Cunha, E. G. (2021). Optimization of the passive house concept for residential buildings in the South-Brazilian region. Energy and Buildings, 240, 110871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110871</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılmaz, Y., &amp; Oral, G. K. (2018). Bir ortaokul binasının maliyet ve enerji etkin yenilenmesi için bir yaklaşım. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(1), 393–408. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.406099</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhuang, C., Choudhary, R., &amp; Mavrogianni, A. (2023). Uncertainty-based optimal energy retrofit methodology for building heat electrification with enhanced energy flexibility and climate adaptability. Applied Energy, 341, 121111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121111</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
