THE RELIGION-SCIENCE CONFLICT DURING HASKALAH: APPROVAL DOCUMENTS, SCIENCE BOOKS AND THE RABBINIC CLERGY

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 2, 113 - 138, 30.11.2018

Abdullah Altuncu

Öz

The emergence and expansion of the printing
house since the 15^th century led to a rapid rise in the book market.
The decisions of the Christian rulers about the published works also affected
the Jews living in these areas. Jews had taken some measures to protect their
own religious beliefs and traditions as well as not to experience conflict with
the rulers of the countries in which they live. One of them was the provision
of the certificate of approval in the publication of Hebrew books. The Haskalah
movement, which emerged as a result of the Enlightenment period in Europe and
aimed at the modernization of the Jewish community, produced many publications
in the 18^th and 19^th centuries. During this period,
science continued to be a field of conflict between the Rabbinic clergy and the
Maskilim. The effect of the Haskalah movement was tried to be minimized by the
Rabbinic clergy especially in the early periods, through a system that rejects
the issuance of approval documents for the publication of Hebrew science books
that were accepted as potentially dangerous. It is observed that
this attitude started to change in later periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Haskalah, Tradition, Haskama, Rabbinic Clergy, Science, Herem, Hebrew

Haskala Sırasında Din-Bilim Çatışması: Onay Belgeleri, Bilim Kitapları ve Rabbani Din Adamları

Öz

Matbaanın
15. yüzyıldan itibaren ortaya çıkması ve yaygınlaşması, kitap piyasasının hızlı
bir yükselişine neden olmuştur. Yayınlanan eserler konusunda Hıristiyan
yöneticilerin kararları, buralarda yaşayan Yahudileri de etkilemiştir.
Yahudiler, yaşadıkları ülkelerin idarecileri ile çatışma yaşamamak, ayrıca
kendi dini inanç ve geleneklerini korumak amacıyla bazı tedbirler almışlardır.
İbranice kitapların basımında onay belgesinin şart koşulması da bunlardan
birisidir. Avrupa’daki Aydınlanma dönemi etkisiyle ortaya çıkan ve Yahudi
toplumunun modernizasyonunu amaçlayan Haskala hareketi, etkili olduğu 18. ve
19. yüzyıllarda birçok yayın ürünü ortaya koymuştur. Bu dönem boyunca bilim, rabbani
din adamları ve Maskilim arasında çatışma alanı olmaya devam etmiştir. Rabbani
din adamları tarafından, özellikle ilk dönemlerde “potansiyel tehlike” olarak
kabul edilen İbranice bilim kitaplarına onay belgeleri verilmeyerek Haskala
hareketinin etkisi en aza indirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonraki dönemlerde ise bu
tutumun değişmeye başladığı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Haskala, Haskama, Gelenek, Rabbani Din Adamları, Bilim, Herem, İbranice

Kaynakça

• Amram, David Werner. The Makers of Hebrew Book in Italy. Philadelphia: Press of Edward Stern & Co., Inc., 1909.
• “Approbation,” The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion, ed. R. J. Zwi Werblowsky ve Geoffrey Wigoder (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), ss.57-58.
• Bloch, Samson ben Isaac. Şiviley Olam. Zholkwa: Meyerhoffer, 1828.
• Bosmajian, Haig A. Burning Books. Jefferson, N.C. & Londra: McFarland & Company Inc., 2006.
• Cohn, Haim Hermann. “Herem,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, c.9, ss.10-16.
• Cantor, Geoffrey. “Modern Judaism,” John Hedley Brooke ve Ronald L. Numbers (ed.), Science and Religion around the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) içinde, ss.44-66.
• Dynner, Glenn. Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
• Efron, Noah J. Judaism and Science: A Historical Introduction. Londra: Greenwood Press, 2007.
• Eisenberg, Ronald L. Essential Figures in Jewish Scholarship. Maryland: Jason Aranson, 2014.
• Feiner, Shmuel. The Jewish Enlightenment. Terc. Chaya Naor. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
• Feiner, Shmuel. The Origins of Jewish Secularization in Eighteenth-Century Europe. Terc. Chaya Naor. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
• Fishman, David E. Russia’s First Modern Jews: The Jews of Shklov. New York ve Londra: New York University Press, 1995.
• Flatto, Sharon. “19th-Century Prague: Tradition, Modernization, and Family Bonds,” Hebrew Union College Annual 87 (2016), ss.279-334.
• Freudenthal, Gad. “Arabic and Latin Cultures as Resources for the Hebrew Translation Movement,” Gad Freudenthal (ed.), Science in Medieval Jewish Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011) içinde, ss.74-105.
• Gottheil, Richard ve J. M. Hillesum. “Approbation,” The Jewish Encyclopedia, c.2, ss.27-29.
• Hacker, Joseph R. “Sixteenth-Century Jewish Internal Censorship of Hebrew Books,” Joseph R. Hacker ve Adam Shear (ed.), The Hebrew Book in Early Modern Italy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011) içinde, ss.109-120.
• Halevi, Avigdor ben Simcha. Sefer Davar Tov. Prag, 1783.
• Heller, Marvin J. Further Studies in the Making of the Early Hebrew Book. Leiden ve Boston: Brill, 2013.
• Heller, Marvin J. The Sixteenth Century Hebrew Book. Brill: Leiden ve Boston, 2004.
• Horlacher, Rebekka. “What is Bildung? or: Why Pädagogik cannot Get Away from the Concept of Bildung,” Pauli Siljander, Ari Kivela ve Ari Sutinen (ed.), Theories of Bildung and Growth: Connections and Controversies Between Continental Educational Thinking and American Pragmatism (Boston: Sense Publishers, 2012) içinde, ss.135-148.
• Kahn, Yoel. The Three Blessings: Boundaries, Censorship, and Identity in Jewish Liturgy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Katz, Jacob. Toward Modernity: The European Jewish Model. New York: Transaction Books, 1987.
• Kogman, Tal. “Science and the Rabbis: Haskamot, Haskalah, and the Boundaries of Jewish Knowledge in Scientific Hebrew Literature and Textbooks,” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 62:1 (2017), ss.135-149.
• Kurt, Ali Osman. “Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi: Haskala,” Milel ve Nihal 7:1 (2010), ss.33-59.
• Marcus, Jacob Rader ve Marc Saperstein. The Jews in Christian Europe: A Source Book 315–1791. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press ve University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.
• Meral, Yasin. “16. Yüzyıl İstanbul Yahudi Cemaatinde İlmî Hayat,” Feridun M. Emecen, Ali Akyıldız ve Emrah Safa Gürkan (ed.), Osmanlı İstanbulu - V (İstanbul: İstanbul 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018) içinde, ss.593-604.
• Meral, Yasin. “Erken Dönem İbrani Matbaacılığında Haham Onayları ve Cemaat İçi San-sür,” Dini Araştırmalar 18:47 (2015), ss.96-118.
• Meral, Yasin. “İbrani Matbaacılığında Telif Hakları: 16-18. Yüzyıllar,” İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 5:2 (2016), ss.298-320.
• Meral, Yasin. “Spinoza’nın Teolojik-Politik İncelemesi’nde Tanah Eleştirisi,” Mukaddime 6:1 (2015), ss.19-45.
• Nadler, Steven. Spinoza: A Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Netanel, Neil Weinstock. From Maimonides to Microsoft: The Jewish Law of Copyright Since the Birth of Print. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Özmen, Seda. 18. Yüzyıl Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi Haskala ve Moses Mendelssohn. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2014.
• Özmen, Seda. “Moses Mendelssohn ve Yahudi Modernizasyonu,” Hümeyra Dinçer ve Ümit Güneş (ed.), IV. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmaları Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, (İstanbul: Matsis, 2015) içinde, ss.221-233.
• Patai, Raphael. The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
• Pelli, Moshe. Haskalah and Beyond: The Reception of the Hebrew Enlightenment and the Emergence of Haskalah Judaism. Lanham: University Press of America, 2010.
• Raz-Krakotzkin, Amnon. The Censor, the Editor, and the Text: The Catholic Church and the Shaping of the Jewish Canon in the Sixteenth Century. Terc. Jackie Feldman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
• Ruderman, David B. Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe. New Haven ve Londra: Yale University Press, 1995.
• Rubin, Rehav. Portraying the Land: Hebrew Maps of the Land of Israel from Rashi to the Early 20th Century. Kudüs: Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2018.
• Sinkoff, Nancy. Out of the Shtetl: Making Jews Modern in the Polish Borderlands. Providence: Brown Judaic Studies, 2004.
• Sládek, Pavel. “Ezekiel Landau (1713-1793): A Political Rabbi,” Ivo Cerman, Rita Krueger ve Susan Reynolds (ed.), The Enlightenment in Bohemia: Religion, Morality and Multiculturalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press ve The Voltaire Foundation, 2011) içinde, ss.233-251.
• Sorkin, David. Moses Mendelssohn and the Religious Enlightenment. Londra: Peter Halban, 1996.
• Sorkin, David. The Berlin Haskalah and German Religious Thought: Orphans of Knowledge. Londra: Vallentine Mitchell, 2000.
• Stow, Kenneth R. “The Burning of the Talmud in 1553, in the Light of Sixteenth Century Catholic Attitudes toward the Talmud,” Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance 34:3 (1972), ss.435-459.
• Veltri, Giuseppe. A Mirror of Rabbinic Hermeneutics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2015.
• Weinberger, Moshe Carmilly. “Haskamah,” Encyclopaedia Judaica, c.8, ss.444-445.
• Wessely, Naphtali Herz. Masehet Avod im-Peruş Yeyn Levanon. Berlin, 1775.
• Wright, Dudley. “The Burnings of the Talmud,” The Open Court: Devoted to the Science of Religion, the Religion of Science, and the Extension of the Religious Parliament Idea 39:4 (1925), ss.193-217.
• Zinberg, Israel. A History of Jewish Literature. New York: Hebrew Union College Press ve Ktav Publishing House, 1975.
• Zwiep, Irene E. “Imagined Speech Communities: Western Ashkenazi Multilingualism as Reflected in Eighteenth-Century Grammars of Hebrew,” Shlomo Berger, Aubrey Pomerance, Andrea Schatz ve Emile Schrijver (ed.), Speaking Jewish - Jewish Speak: Multilingualism in Western Ashkenazic Culture (Leuven: Peeters, 2003) içinde, ss.77-117.