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Political Representation of Arab Women in the Aftermath of the Revolutions: An Illusion of Arab Spring?

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 1, 131 - 162, 03.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.69821

Öz

Arab women who supported the protests of the Arab Spring, which attempted to bring political rights and civil liberties to their countries, found themselves isolated from the transition process in the aftermath of the revolutions. Moreover, Arab women have even lost the rights they received during the rule of the former authoritarian leaders. This article in an attempt to analyze this conflicting situation and will refer to three research methods of comparative politics: structural, cultural and rational choice approaches. By referring to structural analysis, the study looks at the impact of institutions such as the constitution and the institutional structures on women’s rights. Through a cultural analysis, it concentrates on how the patriarchal life style, religion and Islamists in power constrained women’s rights. By referring to a rational choice approach, the study argues that new regimes – while prioritizing the issues such as ending the war, providing security and resolving the economic crisis – have not paid much attention to women’s rights. The article will concentrate on women’s rights and political representation prior to and in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen and Libya. The article will argue that there has not been much improvement in women’s rights in four countries as a result of cultural and structural reasons, as well as the rational choices

Kaynakça

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  • Arshad, Shazia (2013), “The Arab Spring: What did it do for women?”, Middle East Monitor, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/5584-the-arab-spring-what-didit-do-for-women (25.10.2013).
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  • Boros, Crina (2013) “Egypt is worst Arab state for women, Comoros best: survey”, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/12/us-arab-women-idUSBRE9AB00820131112 (18.01.2014).
  • Bugaighis, Wafa (2013) “Women Leading Political Participation, Public Service, and Transitional Justice in Libya”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_ democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA_region_compilation.pdf, (20.01.2014): 18-32.
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  • De Alvis, Rangita de Silva (2013), “Introduction”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions_in_the _MENA_region_compilation.pdf, (11.04.2014): 1-8.
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  • El-Sherbini, Maged. (2007), “Lobbying for Increased Participation of Women in Egypt”, The Arab Quota Report: Selected Case Studies by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.quotaproject.org/publications/arab_quota_report.pdf (23.11.2013): 78-84.
  • Esfandiari, Haleh (2013), “Why the Arab Spring Countries Need a Plan of Action for Women”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA_region _compilation.pdf, (20.03.2014)
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  • Guenena, Nemat and Nadia Wassef (1999) “Unfulfilled Promises: Women‟s Rights” Cairo: Population Council West Asia and North Africa Regional Office.
  • Hoodfar Homa and Mona Tajali (2011) Electoral Politics: Making Quotas Work for Women (London: Macquis Imprimeur Inc.).
  • Hudson, Michael (1995), “The Political Culture Approach to Arab Democratization: The Case of Bringing it Back In, Carefully”, Rex Brynenm Bahgat Korany ve Paul Noble (Der.), Political Liberalization & Democratization in the Arab World, Theoretical Perspectives, 1. Cilt, (Boulder ve Londra, Lynne Rienner Publishers): 61-77.
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Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını'nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 1, 131 - 162, 03.04.2015
https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.69821

Öz

Arap Baharı sürecinde, ülkelerine siyasi özgürlükler ve temel hakları getirmek amacıyla gerçekleşen eylemlere önemli ölçüde destek veren Arap kadınları devrimleri takip eden süreçte yeni kurulan hükümetlerde siyasetten dışlanmış ve otoriter yönetimler sırasında sahip oldukları hakları dahi kaybetmişlerdir. Makale bu çelişkili durumu inceleyebilmek için karşılaştırmalı siyasetin üç araştırma yöntemine (yapısal, kültürel ve rasyonel seçim yaklaşımlarına) başvurmuştur. Yapısal yaklaşımla, geçiş sürecinde oluşturulmaya çalışılan anayasa gibi kurumların ve kurumsal yapıların kadın hakları üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılırken; kültürel analizle ataerkil yapıların, dinin ve İslamcıların başa geçmesinin kadınların özgürlüklerini kısıtlaması konusundaki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca rasyonel seçim yaklaşımı ile incelenen ülkelerde iç savaşın sonlandırılması, güvenliğin sağlanması ve ekonomik krizlerin çözümü gibi öncelikleri olan konular varken kadın haklarına fazla önem verilmemesi konusu açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Makalede Mısır, Tunus, Yemen ve Libya’daki Arap Baharı öncesi ve sonrasındaki kadın hakları konuları özellikle kadının siyasi temsili üzerine odaklanılarak karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilecektir. Çalışma söz konusu ülkelerdeki yeni rejimlerin, kültürel ve yapısal olarak kadın haklarını fazla desteklememesine ilaveten geçiş sürecine dair daha acil sorunlarla uğraşılması nedeniyle kadınların siyasi haklarında iyileşme elde edilemediğini öne sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akbarzadeh, Shahram ve Benjamin MacQueen (2008), “Framing the debate on Islam and human rights”, Akbarzadeh, Shahram ve Benjamin MacQueen (Der.), Islam and Human Rights in Practice, Perspectives Across Ummah (London: Routledge), 2008:1-12.
  • Al-Haddad, al-Tahir. (2007), Muslim Women in Law and Society (London: Routledge) (Çev. Ronak Husni ve Daniel L. Newman).
  • Al-Kaylani ve Haifa Fahoum (2013), “Women As Drivers of Change in the Arab World”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11(4): 109-117.
  • Al-Muslimi, Farea (2013), “Yemeni National Dialogue Needs Jump Start”, http://www.al-monitor. com /pulse/originals/2013/12/yemen-little-progress-national-dialogue.html (11.01.2014)
  • Al-Mutawakel, Gabool (2012), “Women after the Arab Awakening”, Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/islamists/article/women-after-the-arab-awakening (10.10.2013)
  • Amara, Tarek (2012), “Thousands Rally in Tunisia for Women‟s Rights”. Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/14/us-tunisia-womenrightsidUSBRE87C1602012081 4 (12.05.2014).
  • “Arab Human Development Report 2002”, (2002), United Nations Development Programme, http://www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdr/ahdr2002e.pdf (18.04.2013): 1-167.
  • “Arab Women and the Future of the Middle East”, (2012), American Foreign Policy Interests, 34: 149-166.
  • Arshad, Shazia (2013), “The Arab Spring: What did it do for women?”, Middle East Monitor, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/middle-east/5584-the-arab-spring-what-didit-do-for-women (25.10.2013).
  • Barnard, Anne (2011), “Libyalı Muhalif Kadınların Zafer Sarhoşluğu”, Sabah, http://www.sabah.com.tr/NewYorkTimes/2011/09/19/libyali-muhalif-kadinlarin-zafersarhoslugu (06.01.2014)
  • Bilefsky Dan ve Mark Lander (2011), “As U.N. Backs Military Action in Libya, U.S. Role is Unclear”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/africa/18nations .html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
  • “Bringing Gender Justice to the Egyptian Parliament”, (2012), Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Policy Briefing, 30, http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/INF30.pdf (25.05.2014): 1-4.
  • Boros, Crina (2013) “Egypt is worst Arab state for women, Comoros best: survey”, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/12/us-arab-women-idUSBRE9AB00820131112 (18.01.2014).
  • Bugaighis, Wafa (2013) “Women Leading Political Participation, Public Service, and Transitional Justice in Libya”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_ democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA_region_compilation.pdf, (20.01.2014): 18-32.
  • Constitution of the Tunisian Republic (2014), http://www.jasminefoundation.org/doc/unofficial_english_translation_of_tunisian_constitution_final_ed.pdf (23.10.2014).
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), UN, (2000-2009),http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm (03.11.2013).
  • Dahlerup, Drude (2007), “Gender Balance in Politics: Goals and Strategies in a Global Perspective”, The Arab Quota Report: Selected Case Studies by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.quotaproject.org/publications/arab_quota_report.pdf (23.11.2013): 19-25.
  • De Alvis, Rangita de Silva (2013), “Introduction”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions_in_the _MENA_region_compilation.pdf, (11.04.2014): 1-8.
  • “Devrimden sonra Yemen‟de hayat kadınlar için kötüleşiyor”, (2012), Sol Portal, http://haber.sol.org.tr/ dunyadan/devrimden-sonra-yemende-hayat-kadinlar-icinkotulesiyor-haberi-60202 (09.01.2014)
  • Dettmer, Jamie (2013), “Libya Women Report Increased Harassment”, Voice of America, http://www.voanews.com/content/libya-women-report-increasedharassment/1781596.html (06.01.2013).
  • “Draft Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Stage” (2011), al-bab.com http://www.albab.com/arab/docs/libya/Libya-Draft-Constitutional-Charter-for-the-Transitional-Stage.pdf
  • “Draft of the Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt”, (2012), http://www.constitutionnet.org /files/2012.09.20_-_draft_constitution_-_english.pdf (23.10.2014).
  • El-Sayed, Shawki. “Lobbying for Increased Participation of Women in Egypt”, The Arab Quota Report: Selected Case Studies by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, (2007), http://www.quotaproject.org/publications/arab_quota_report.pdf (23.11.2013): 73-76.
  • El-Sherbini, Maged. (2007), “Lobbying for Increased Participation of Women in Egypt”, The Arab Quota Report: Selected Case Studies by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.quotaproject.org/publications/arab_quota_report.pdf (23.11.2013): 78-84.
  • Esfandiari, Haleh (2013), “Why the Arab Spring Countries Need a Plan of Action for Women”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA_region _compilation.pdf, (20.03.2014)
  • Esfandiari, Haleh (2012). “Introduction”, Is the Arab Awakening Marginalizing Women?, Wilson Center Occasional Paper Series, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ Arab%20Awakening %20Marginalizing%20Women_0.pdf (20.10.2013): 1-4.
  • Guenena, Nemat and Nadia Wassef (1999) “Unfulfilled Promises: Women‟s Rights” Cairo: Population Council West Asia and North Africa Regional Office.
  • Hoodfar Homa and Mona Tajali (2011) Electoral Politics: Making Quotas Work for Women (London: Macquis Imprimeur Inc.).
  • Hudson, Michael (1995), “The Political Culture Approach to Arab Democratization: The Case of Bringing it Back In, Carefully”, Rex Brynenm Bahgat Korany ve Paul Noble (Der.), Political Liberalization & Democratization in the Arab World, Theoretical Perspectives, 1. Cilt, (Boulder ve Londra, Lynne Rienner Publishers): 61-77.
  • “Human Right Watch World Report-2012”, (2012), Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/wr2012.pdf (12.08.2013): 1-676.
  • “Human Right Watch World Report-2013”, (2013), Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/wr2013_web.pdf (16.08.2013): 1-665.
  • İnal, Emel (2012). “Arap Baharı‟nın Kışa Döndüğü Suudi Arabistan, Yemen ve Bahreyn,” Türksam, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, http://www.turksam.org/tr/ (08.01.2014)
  • Irving Mark ve Alan S. Zuckerman (1997), Comparative Politics, Rationality, Structire and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991), “Introduction”, Deniz Kandiyoti (Der.), Women, Islam and the State, (Hampshire: Macmillan): 1-21.
  • Kassem, Fatima Sbaity (2012), “A Cup-Full or Empty: Is a „Women‟s Spring‟ Inevitable in Democratic Transitions?”, Is the Arab Awakening Marginalizing Women, Wilson Center Occasional Paper Series, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Arab%20 Awakening%20 Marginalizing %20Women_0.pdf (20.10.2013): 8-14.
  • Khattab, Moushira (2012), “Egyptian Women After The Revolution: Lost in Translation?”, Is the Arab Awakening Marginalizing Women, Wilson Center Occasional Paper Series, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Arab%20Awakening%20Marginalizing%2 0Women_0.pdf (20.10.2013): 14-17.
  • Khattab, Moushira (2013), “Heroines of the Arab Spring Unrewarded: Egypt‟s Case”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions_in_the _MENA_ region_compilation.pdf, (10.10.2013): 29-32.
  • Khattab, Moushira (2013), “Women‟s Rights Under Egypt‟s Constitutional Disarray”, Wilson Center, Viewpoints, 15, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/women%E2%80%99srights-under -egypt%E2%80%99s -constitutional-disarray (10.10.2013): 1-4.
  • Koç, Duygu (2012), “Ortadoğu‟da Kadın Olmak ve İsimsizlik,” ORSAM, http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/ yazigoster.aspx?ID=3628 (02.01.2014)
  • Leila, Reem (2012), “Moving backwards”, Al-Ahram Weekly, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1120 /eg5.htm (20.09.2013).
  • Libya‟da Kadınları Ne Bekliyor? (2011), Haber Sol, http://haber.sol.org.tr/kadinin-gunlugu/libyadakadinlari-ne-bekliyor-haberi-47704 (30.12.2013).
  • “Libya‟da Yüzlerce Kadın Tecavüze Uğradı”, (2011), Aktif Haber, http://www.aktifhaber.com /libyada-yuzlerce-kadin-tecavuze-ugradi-448486h.htm, (03.01.2014).
  • “Libyan Mufti Issues Edict Against UN Document on Women‟s Rights, Says It Counters Islamic Law”, (2013), Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/03/11/libyan-mufti-issuesedict-against-un-document-on-women-rights-says-it-counters/ (26.10.2014)
  • Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (2008), “The reformulation of Islamic thought on gender rights and roles”, Shahram Akbarzadeh ve Benjamin MacQueen (Der.), Islam and Human Rights in Practice, (London: Routledge): 12-32.
  • Mnasri, Anware (2013), “Recommendations for Women in Transitional Justice in Tunisia”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions_in_the _ MENA_region_compilation.pdf, (20.04.2014): 33-36.
  • Murphy, Emma C. (2003), “Women in Tunisia: Between State Feminism and Economic Reform”, Eleanor Abdella Doumato and Marsha Pripstein Posusney (Der.), Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 169-193.
  • Murray, Rebecca (2013), “Yemen Women Divided Over Rights Fight”, Aljazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/201341772410286960.html (10.01.2014)
  • Nagy, Howaida. (2013) “Women‟s Movement in Egypt: Dealing with Religious Fundamentalism”, Global Women’s Leadership Initiative: Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA Region, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA _region_compilation.pdf, (19.03.2014): 37-46.
  • Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart (2001), “Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation”, Journal of Democracy, 12 (3):126-140.
  • Pedersen, Jennifer and Monalisa Salib (2013) “Women of the Arab Spring”, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 15 (2): 256-266.
  • Sabbagh, Amal (2007), “Overview of Women‟s Political Representation in the Arab Region: Opportunities and Challenges”, The Arab Quota Report: Selected Case Studies by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.quotaproject.org/publications/arab _quota_report.pdf (23.11.2013): 1-18.
  • Shelton, Tracey (2011), “Libyan Women Celebrate New Freedom”, Global Post, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/110903/libya-womenrights-middle-east-protests (26.10.2014)
  • Singerman, Diane (2013), “Youth, Gender, and Dignity in the Egyptian Uprising”, Journal of Middle East Women‟s Studies, 9 (3): 1-27.
  • Sodaro, Michael (2008), Comparative Politics, A Global Introduction, (Boston: McGraw-Hill).
  • “Strengthening Libyan Women” (2012), AMICA, Humanitarian Aid Organization. http://www.amicaev.org/en/countries/libya/empowering-libyan-women (04.01.2014).
  • Şahin, Pelin Gönül (2013), “Women‟s Liberties and Gender Equality in Tunisia: The Asthma of the Arab Spring?”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11 (4): 161-168.
  • The National Council for Women Official Web Site (2014), http://ncwegypt.com/index.php/en/ (12.05.2014).
  • “Tunisian president heckled on Arab Spring anniversary”, (2012), France 24, http://www.france24.com/en/20121217-tunisia-sidi-bouzid-anniversary-rocks-jeerspresident-self-immolation/#./?&_suid=1389000546140048778031774657693 (25.10.2013).
  • Voorhoeve, Maaike (2014), “Women‟s rights in the new Tunisian constitution”, Open Democracy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/maaikevoorhoeve/women%E2%80%99s-rights-in-new-tunisian-constitution (21.03.2014).
  • Wafa Bugaighis (2013), “Women Leading Political Participation, Public Service, and Transitional Justice in Libya”, in Women in Democratic Transitions in the MENA, Global Women‟s Initiative, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Women_in_democratic_transitions _in_the_MENA region_ compilation.pdf (20.09.2013)
  • “Women after the Arab Awakening”, (2012). Wilson Center, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/islamists /article/women-after-the-arab-awakening (10.10.2013).
  • “Women and the Arab Spring: Taking Their Place,” (2012), International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/fidh.pdf (20.11.2013).
  • “Women have emerged as key players in the Arab Spring”, (2011), The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/22/women-arab-spring (12.10.2013).
  • “Women in National Parliaments” (2014), Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), http://www.ipu.org/wmne/world.htm (10 Mayıs 2014).
  • “Women‟s Rights Still Lacking in Libya” (2013), Al-Monitor, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse /culture/2013/11/libya-revolution-women-rights.html (06.01.2014)
  • Yamani, Mai (1996), Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives, (Ithaca Press: New York).
  • “Yemen‟s Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001”, (2014) constitute.project.org https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Yemen_2001.pdf (26.10.2014)
  • “Yemen Protect Women‟s Rights in Constitution” (2013), Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/17/yemen-protect-women-s-rights-constitution (10.01.2014)
  • “Yemen‟de Ulusla Diyalog Konferansı Başladı”, (2013), Yakın Doğu Haber, http://www.ydh.com.tr/HD11616_yemen-de-ulusal-diyalog-konferansi-basladi.html (10.01.2014)
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İrem Aşkar Karakır

Müge Aknur

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Nisan 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 70 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aşkar Karakır, İ., & Aknur, M. (2015). Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 70(1), 131-162. https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.69821
AMA Aşkar Karakır İ, Aknur M. Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?. SBF Dergisi. Nisan 2015;70(1):131-162. doi:10.16987/ausbf.69821
Chicago Aşkar Karakır, İrem, ve Müge Aknur. “Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70, sy. 1 (Nisan 2015): 131-62. https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.69821.
EndNote Aşkar Karakır İ, Aknur M (01 Nisan 2015) Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70 1 131–162.
IEEE İ. Aşkar Karakır ve M. Aknur, “Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?”, SBF Dergisi, c. 70, sy. 1, ss. 131–162, 2015, doi: 10.16987/ausbf.69821.
ISNAD Aşkar Karakır, İrem - Aknur, Müge. “Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 70/1 (Nisan 2015), 131-162. https://doi.org/10.16987/ausbf.69821.
JAMA Aşkar Karakır İ, Aknur M. Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?. SBF Dergisi. 2015;70:131–162.
MLA Aşkar Karakır, İrem ve Müge Aknur. “Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, c. 70, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 131-62, doi:10.16987/ausbf.69821.
Vancouver Aşkar Karakır İ, Aknur M. Devrimler Sonrası Arap Kadını’nın Siyasi Temsili: Bir Arap Baharı Yanılgısı mı?. SBF Dergisi. 2015;70(1):131-62.