Öz
Bu makalede İspanya’ya özgü ulusaltı bütünleşme anlamında bir bölgeselleşme modeli olan özerk topluluklar sisteminin tarihsel arkaplanı, yasal çerçevesi ve siyasal bağlamı analiz edilmektedir. Bask milliyetçiliğine özel önem verilerek ele alınan bölgecilik, son dönemde Katalonya’da cereyan eden bağımsızlıkçı harekete gönderme yapılarak tartışılmaktadır. Ayrıca Avrupa Birliği’nin çeşitli belgelerde öne sürdüğü bölgesel özerk yönetimlerin İspanya’daki bölgesel demokrasinin gelişimine katkı yaptığı belirtilmektedir. İspanya’daki bölgeselleşme, 2017 yılında İspanya’nın Katalonya bölgesinde ortaya çıkan bağımsızlık referandumu tartışması nedeniyle güncelliğini koruduğu için önemlidir. Üniter devlet düzeyi içinde bölgeli devlet modelinin tarihsel milliyetler/bölgeler açısından (Bask Ülkesi’nde daha zayıf olmakla birlikte) İspanya ile bütünleşmeyi pekiştirdiği ve ayrılıkçılık hareketlerinin etkisini kırabildiği; ancak son dönemde yükselişe geçen Katalan milliyetçiliğinin bu bütünleşmeyi tartışmalı hale getirdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bölgeli Devlet Özerk Topluluklar İspanya Bask Ülkesi Katalonya
Kaynakça
- AER. “Regionalisation in Spain: a nation of nations?” Assembly of European Regions, 2017. https://aer.eu/regionalisation-spain-nation-nations-ror2017/.
- Anderson, John. “Catholicism and democratic consolidation in Spain and Poland”. West European Politics 26, sayı 1 (Ocak 2003): 137–56.
- Avrupa Konseyi. Draft European Charter of Regional Self-Government (1997). http://www.cvce.eu/obj/draft_european_charter_of_regional_self_government_5_june_1997-en-78ae4dcf-6346- 4aa8-8474-7535e4091bf7.html.
- Baykal, Sanem. “Unity in Diversity? The Challenge of Diversity for the European Political Identity, Legitimacy and Democratic Governance: Turkey’s EU Membership as the Ultimate Test Case”. Jean Monnet Working Paper. New York, 2005.
- BBC News. “Catalonia’s bid for independence from Spain explained”. BBC, 2018. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415.
- Botella, Joan. “The Spanish New Regions: Territorial and Political Pluralism”. International Political Science Review 10, sayı 3 (1989): 263–71.
- Brassloff, Audrey. Religion and politics in Spain : the Spanish church in transition, 1962-96. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.Carr, Raymond. Spain: a history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Colino, César, ve Eloísa del Pino. Spain: The Consolidation of Strong Regional Governments and the Limits of Local Decentralization. Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Comparative Constitutions Project. “1931 Constitution of the Republic of Spain”, 2008.
- Conversi, Daniele. The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. 2. Baskı. Londra: Hurst&Company, 2000.
- Conversi, Daniele. “The Smooth Transition: Spain’s 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question”. National Identities 4, sayı 3 (2002): 223–44.
- Dowling, Andrew. “Convergència i Unió, Catalonia and the new Catalanism”. Içinde The Politics of Contemporary Spain, editör Sebastian Balfour, 106–20. New York: Routledge, 2005.
- Eryıldız, Semih. Yöre ve Bölge Araştırmasında Türkiye ve İspanya. İstanbul: Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları, 1993.
- Farwell, A. S. “Race, Language, and Basque Protohistory According to Sabino Arana”. Sancho el Sabio, sayı 30 (2009): 49–80. http://catalogo.fsancho-sabio.es/Record/256831.
- Field, Bonnie N. “De-Thawing Democracy”. Comparative Political Studies 38, sayı 9 (Kasım 2005): 1079–1103.
- Gunther, Richard. Spain After Franco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
- Gunther, Richard, ve José Ramón Montero. The Politics of Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
- Hay, Colin. “Contemporary capitalism, globalization, regionalization and the persistence of national variation”. Review of International Studies, sayı 29 (2000): 509–31.
- Heywood, Paul M. The Government and Politics of Spain. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. https://he.palgrave.com/page/detail/The-Government-and-Politics-of-Spain/?K=9780333520581.
- Keating, Michael, ve John Loughlin. “Introduction”. Içinde The Political Economy of Regionalism, editör Michael Keating ve John Loughlin, 1–13. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2012.
- Keleş, Ruşen, ve Yusuf Erbay. “Avrupa Konseyi’nin Bölge Olgusuna Bakışı”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi 8, sayı 4 (1999): 3–29.
- Kirk, Lisbeth. “Catalonia shows that ‘Europe of Regions’ is dead”. EUobserver, 2018. https://euobserver.com/news/140666.
- Madden, Marie R. Political Theory and Law in Medieval Spain. New York: Fordham Univeristy Press, 1930.
- Magone, José Maria. Contemporary Spanish Politics. London: Routledge, 2004. http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4178788-contemporary-spanish-politics.
- Martín, Irene, ve Ignacio Urquizu-Sancho. “The 2011 General Election in Spain: The Collapse of the Socialist Party”. South European Society and Politics 17, sayı 2 (2012): 347–63.
- Maxwell, Kenneth. “Spain’s Transition to Democracy: A Model for Eastern Europe”. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 38, sayı 1 (1991): 35–49.
- McDonough, Peter, Doh C. Shin, ve José Álvaro Moisés. “Democratization and Participation: Comparing Spain, Brazil, and Korea”. The Journal of Politics 60, sayı 4 (Kasım 1998): 919–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647725.
- Moreno, Luis. The Federalization of Spain. Londra: Frank Cass, 2001.
- Nalbant, Atilla. “Bölgesel Devlet: Yeni Bir Devlet Biçimi mi?” Amme İdaresi Dergisi 29, sayı 2 (1996): 39–70.
- Nalbant, Atilla. Üniter Devlet: Bölgeselleşmeden Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2012.
- Nunez Seixas, Xose M. “History and Collective Memories of Migration in a Land of Migrants: The Case of Iberian Galicia”. History & Memory 14, sayı 1 (2002): 229–58.
- Ormazbal, Mikel. “ETA sends letter to institutions, social agents announcing its dissolution”. El Pais, 02 Mayıs 2018.https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/05/02/inenglish/1525268967_181014.html.
- Özçer, Akın. Çoğul İspanya : Anayasal Sistemi ve Ayrılıkçı Terörle Mücadele Modeli. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2006.
- Payne, Stanley G. Spain: A Unique History. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.
- Perales, A. E. “Implementing the Spanish Constitution”. Içinde Constitutional Policy and the Change in Europe, editör Hesse ve Johnson. Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Pérez Díaz, Víctor. The Return of Civil Society : The Emergence of Democratic Spain. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
- Phillips, William D., ve Carla Rahn Phillips. İspanya’nın Kısa Tarihi. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2016.
- Rokkan, Stein., Derek W. Urwin, ve European Consortium for Political Research. Economy, territory, identity : politics of West European peripheries. Londra: Sage Publications, 1983.
- Schrijver, Frans Joachim. Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers, 2006.
- Serrano, Ivan. “Just a Matter of Identity? Support for Independence in Catalonia”. Regional and Federal Studies 23, sayı 5 (2013): 523–45.
- Teichova, Alice, Herbert Matis, ve Jaroslav Pátek. Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. “Regional Democracy: Council of Europe Reference Framework”, 2017.
- Thomas, Daniel C. “Constitutionalization through enlargement: the contested origins of the EU’s democratic identity”. Journal of European Public Policy 13, sayı 8 (Aralık 2006): 1190–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600999524.
- Tosun, Seyfullah. Bölgeli Devlet: İspanya, İtalya ve Birleşik Krallık Örnekleri. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2018.
- Tura, Jordi Solé. “The Spanish Case: Remarks on the General Theories of Nationalism”. International Political Science Review 10, sayı 3 (1989): 183–89.
- Uygun, Oktay. “Federalizm: İlkeler, Kurumlar, Uygulama”. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1995.
Öz
In this article, Spain’s system of autonomous communities as a model of regionalisation in terms of subnational integration is analysed regarding its historical background, legal framework, and political context. Regionalism is examined with special emphasis on Bask nationalism and is also discussed with reference to the recent independence movement taking place in Catalonia. The contribution of the European Union’s encouragement of regional self-government to the development of regional democracy in Spain is stated in the mentioned as well. Regionalisation in Spain is important as the discussion on 2017 independence referendum in Catalonia continues to be relevant. Being within unitary state level the regionalised state model strengthened the integration of the historical nationalities/regions with Spain and soothed the influence of the separatist movements; however, with the recent rally of Catalan nationalism this model became a controversial topic.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Regionalised State Autonomous Communities Spain Bask Country Catalonia
Kaynakça
- AER. “Regionalisation in Spain: a nation of nations?” Assembly of European Regions, 2017. https://aer.eu/regionalisation-spain-nation-nations-ror2017/.
- Anderson, John. “Catholicism and democratic consolidation in Spain and Poland”. West European Politics 26, sayı 1 (Ocak 2003): 137–56.
- Avrupa Konseyi. Draft European Charter of Regional Self-Government (1997). http://www.cvce.eu/obj/draft_european_charter_of_regional_self_government_5_june_1997-en-78ae4dcf-6346- 4aa8-8474-7535e4091bf7.html.
- Baykal, Sanem. “Unity in Diversity? The Challenge of Diversity for the European Political Identity, Legitimacy and Democratic Governance: Turkey’s EU Membership as the Ultimate Test Case”. Jean Monnet Working Paper. New York, 2005.
- BBC News. “Catalonia’s bid for independence from Spain explained”. BBC, 2018. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29478415.
- Botella, Joan. “The Spanish New Regions: Territorial and Political Pluralism”. International Political Science Review 10, sayı 3 (1989): 263–71.
- Brassloff, Audrey. Religion and politics in Spain : the Spanish church in transition, 1962-96. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.Carr, Raymond. Spain: a history. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
- Colino, César, ve Eloísa del Pino. Spain: The Consolidation of Strong Regional Governments and the Limits of Local Decentralization. Oxford University Press, 2010.
- Comparative Constitutions Project. “1931 Constitution of the Republic of Spain”, 2008.
- Conversi, Daniele. The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. 2. Baskı. Londra: Hurst&Company, 2000.
- Conversi, Daniele. “The Smooth Transition: Spain’s 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question”. National Identities 4, sayı 3 (2002): 223–44.
- Dowling, Andrew. “Convergència i Unió, Catalonia and the new Catalanism”. Içinde The Politics of Contemporary Spain, editör Sebastian Balfour, 106–20. New York: Routledge, 2005.
- Eryıldız, Semih. Yöre ve Bölge Araştırmasında Türkiye ve İspanya. İstanbul: Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları, 1993.
- Farwell, A. S. “Race, Language, and Basque Protohistory According to Sabino Arana”. Sancho el Sabio, sayı 30 (2009): 49–80. http://catalogo.fsancho-sabio.es/Record/256831.
- Field, Bonnie N. “De-Thawing Democracy”. Comparative Political Studies 38, sayı 9 (Kasım 2005): 1079–1103.
- Gunther, Richard. Spain After Franco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
- Gunther, Richard, ve José Ramón Montero. The Politics of Spain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
- Hay, Colin. “Contemporary capitalism, globalization, regionalization and the persistence of national variation”. Review of International Studies, sayı 29 (2000): 509–31.
- Heywood, Paul M. The Government and Politics of Spain. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. https://he.palgrave.com/page/detail/The-Government-and-Politics-of-Spain/?K=9780333520581.
- Keating, Michael, ve John Loughlin. “Introduction”. Içinde The Political Economy of Regionalism, editör Michael Keating ve John Loughlin, 1–13. Londra ve New York: Routledge, 2012.
- Keleş, Ruşen, ve Yusuf Erbay. “Avrupa Konseyi’nin Bölge Olgusuna Bakışı”. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi 8, sayı 4 (1999): 3–29.
- Kirk, Lisbeth. “Catalonia shows that ‘Europe of Regions’ is dead”. EUobserver, 2018. https://euobserver.com/news/140666.
- Madden, Marie R. Political Theory and Law in Medieval Spain. New York: Fordham Univeristy Press, 1930.
- Magone, José Maria. Contemporary Spanish Politics. London: Routledge, 2004. http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4178788-contemporary-spanish-politics.
- Martín, Irene, ve Ignacio Urquizu-Sancho. “The 2011 General Election in Spain: The Collapse of the Socialist Party”. South European Society and Politics 17, sayı 2 (2012): 347–63.
- Maxwell, Kenneth. “Spain’s Transition to Democracy: A Model for Eastern Europe”. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 38, sayı 1 (1991): 35–49.
- McDonough, Peter, Doh C. Shin, ve José Álvaro Moisés. “Democratization and Participation: Comparing Spain, Brazil, and Korea”. The Journal of Politics 60, sayı 4 (Kasım 1998): 919–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647725.
- Moreno, Luis. The Federalization of Spain. Londra: Frank Cass, 2001.
- Nalbant, Atilla. “Bölgesel Devlet: Yeni Bir Devlet Biçimi mi?” Amme İdaresi Dergisi 29, sayı 2 (1996): 39–70.
- Nalbant, Atilla. Üniter Devlet: Bölgeselleşmeden Küreselleşmeye. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2012.
- Nunez Seixas, Xose M. “History and Collective Memories of Migration in a Land of Migrants: The Case of Iberian Galicia”. History & Memory 14, sayı 1 (2002): 229–58.
- Ormazbal, Mikel. “ETA sends letter to institutions, social agents announcing its dissolution”. El Pais, 02 Mayıs 2018.https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/05/02/inenglish/1525268967_181014.html.
- Özçer, Akın. Çoğul İspanya : Anayasal Sistemi ve Ayrılıkçı Terörle Mücadele Modeli. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2006.
- Payne, Stanley G. Spain: A Unique History. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2008.
- Perales, A. E. “Implementing the Spanish Constitution”. Içinde Constitutional Policy and the Change in Europe, editör Hesse ve Johnson. Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Pérez Díaz, Víctor. The Return of Civil Society : The Emergence of Democratic Spain. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.
- Phillips, William D., ve Carla Rahn Phillips. İspanya’nın Kısa Tarihi. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2016.
- Rokkan, Stein., Derek W. Urwin, ve European Consortium for Political Research. Economy, territory, identity : politics of West European peripheries. Londra: Sage Publications, 1983.
- Schrijver, Frans Joachim. Regionalism After Regionalisation: Spain, France and the United Kingdom. Amsterdam: Vossiuspers, 2006.
- Serrano, Ivan. “Just a Matter of Identity? Support for Independence in Catalonia”. Regional and Federal Studies 23, sayı 5 (2013): 523–45.
- Teichova, Alice, Herbert Matis, ve Jaroslav Pátek. Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. “Regional Democracy: Council of Europe Reference Framework”, 2017.
- Thomas, Daniel C. “Constitutionalization through enlargement: the contested origins of the EU’s democratic identity”. Journal of European Public Policy 13, sayı 8 (Aralık 2006): 1190–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600999524.
- Tosun, Seyfullah. Bölgeli Devlet: İspanya, İtalya ve Birleşik Krallık Örnekleri. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2018.
- Tura, Jordi Solé. “The Spanish Case: Remarks on the General Theories of Nationalism”. International Political Science Review 10, sayı 3 (1989): 183–89.
- Uygun, Oktay. “Federalizm: İlkeler, Kurumlar, Uygulama”. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 1995.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Ekim 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1 |
Cited By
GİYİMİN BİR İŞARETLEYİCİ OLARAK ETNİK KİMLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
Motif Akademi Halk Bilimi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.12981/mahder.867867
Osmanlı’da Liberalizm Algısı
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.1217186
DEMOKRASİYE GEÇİŞ SÜRECİNDE İSPANYA SOLU
Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.979424
Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID) bilginin paylaşımı için Açık Erişim Politikasına uymaktadır.