Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 227 - 243, 01.10.2019
Öz
Son dönemlerde, çocuk istismarı / ihmalinin erişkinlik döneminde psikopatolojinin
gelişimini nasıl öngördüğünü anlamaya yönelik çalışmaların sayısında artış
bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar daha çok bu ilişkide etkili olan mekanizmalarının
saptanması ve değerlendirmesi üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu bakımdan, şema terapi,
erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar aracılığıyla yetişkin dönem psikopatolojisi ve çocukluk
istismarı ve ihmalin arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada, üniversite
öğrencileri örnekleminde çocuk istismarı / ihmali ve depresif semptomatoloji ilişkisi
arasındaki beş farklı şema alanının aracı rolleri araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın
örneklemini, yaşları 18 ile 32 arasında değişen 414 üniversite öğrencisinden [312 (%
75,4) kadın, 102 (% 24,6) erkek] ve [322 (% 75,4) kadın] oluşmaktadır. Beş şema alanı
için yürütülen Paralel Çoklu Aracı Değişken Analizi sonuçlarına göre, tüm şema
alanları arasında yalnızca zedelenmiş otonomi/ performans şema alanının, çocuk
istismarı / ihmali ve depresif semptomatoloji arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiğini
görülmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, çocukluk çağında karşılaşılan istismar ve ihmal
düzeylerinin yüksek olduğunu bildiren bireylerin, zedelenmiş otonomi / performans
şema alanından uyumsuz şemalar geliştirme eğiliminde oldukları ve bunun sonucu
olarak da depresif belirtiler açısından yüksek risk altında bulundukları söylenebilir.
Araştırma sonuçları alan yazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar depresif semptomatoloji depresyon çocuk istismarı/ihmali
Kaynakça
- Ahmadpanah, M., Astinsadaf, S., Akhondi, A., Haghighi, M, Bahmani, D. S., Nazaribadie, M., . . . Brand, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, shame, and abandonment are related to a history of suicide attempts among patients with major depressive disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77(2017), 71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.008
- Alba, J., Calvete, E., Wante, L., Van Bevere, ML., & Braet, C. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(1), 24-35. doi: 10.1007/s10608-017-9874-5
- Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018). A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(4), 328-349. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566
- Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N., & Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94(2016), 130-139. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.021
- Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53- 63.
- Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.
- Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., ... & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169-190.
- Boduszek, D., Hyland, P., & Bourke, A. (2012). An investigation of the role of personality, familial, and peer-related characteristics in homicidal offending using retrospective data. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 2(2), 96-106.
- Calvete, E., Estévez, A., López de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema Questionnaire - Short Form. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 90–99. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90
- Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2013). Cognitive mechanisms of the transmission of violence: Exploring gender differences among adolescents exposed to family violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(1), 73–84. doi: 10.1007/s10896-012-9472-y
- Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 85-99.
- Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non-clinical sample. A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 83(4), 333-349. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9250-
- Caslini, M., Bartoli, F., Crocano, C., Dakanalis, A., Clerici, M., & Carra`, G. (2016). Disentangling the association between child abuse and eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000233
- Colman, L. K. (2010). Maladaptive Schemas and Depression Severity: Support for Incremental Validity When Controlling for Cognitive Correlates of Depression (Master’s Thesis). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894.
- Davoodi, E., Wen, A., Dobson, K., Noorbala, A. A., Mohammadi, A., & Farahmand, Z. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235(2018), 82-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.017
- Debowska, A., Willmott, D., Boduszek, D., & Jones, A. D. (2017). What do we know about child abuse and neglect patterns of co-occurrence? A systematic review of profiling studies and recommendations for future research. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70(2017), 100-111. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.014
- Debowska, A., & Boduszek, D. (2017). Child abuse and neglect profiles and their psychosocial consequences in a large sample of incarcerated males. Child Abuse and Neglect, 65(2017), 266-277. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.003
- Flink, N., Lehto, S. M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Viinamäki, H., Ruusunen, A., M. Valkonen-Korhonen, M., & Honkalampi, K. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in depressed patients. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 31(3), 87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.07.001
- Haeffel, G. L., & Howard, G. S. (2010). Self-report: Psychology’s four-letter word. American Journal of Psychology, 123(2), 181–188.
- Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 368-379. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5
- Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405–416. doi: 10.1023/A:1016085112981
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press
- Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’ nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 118–122.
- Karaosmanoğlu, H. A., Soygüt, G. & Kabul, A. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Turkish Young Compensation Inventory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20(2), 171-179. doi:10.1002/cpp.787
- Kırpınar, İ., Deveci, E., Çamur, D. Z., & Kılıç, A. (2014). Somatoform bozukluğu olan hastalarda erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2014), 84-93.
- Lumley, M. N., & Harkness, K. L. (2007). Specificity in the relations among childhood adversity, early maladaptive schemas, and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(5), 639-657. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9100-3
- McCarthy, M. C., & Lumley, M. N. (2012). Sources of emotional maltreatment and the differential development of unconditional and conditional schemas. Behaviour Therapy, 41(4), 288–97. doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.676669
- Mills, R., Kisely, S., Alati, R., Strathearn, L., & Najman, J. (2016). Self-reported and agencynotified child sexual abuse in a population-based birth cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 74(2016), 87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.021
- Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non‐clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 405-413. doi: 10.1002/cpp.506
- Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(2), 141-151.doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020335
- Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
- Passer, M. W., & Smith, R. E. (2007). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour. Boston: McGrawHill Higher Education.
- Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). Early maladaptive schemas ofpersonality disorder subtypes. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6), 546. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.6.546.19189
- Shaw, M., & De Jong, M. (2012). Child abuse and neglect: a major public health issue and the role of child and adolescent mental health services. The Psychiatrist, 36(9), 321-325.
- Shih, J. H. (2006). Sex differences in stress generation: an examination of Sociotropy/Autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 434–446. doi:10.1177/0146167205282739.
- Smith, M. S., Martin-herz, S. P., Womack, W. M., & Marsigan, J. L. (2003). Comperative study of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional diasability, and illness attribution in adolescent with chronic fatigues or migraine. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 111(4), 376–381.
- Soygut, G., Karaosmanoglu, A., & Cakır, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish young schema questionnaire-short form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 144-152.
- Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37-50.
- Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos-Marques, A., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Elucidating the role of early maladaptive schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238(2016), 53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008
- Sundag, J., Zens, C., Ascone, L., Thome, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018). Are schemas passed on? A study on the association between early maladaptive schemas in parents and their offspring and the putative translating mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(6), 738-753. doi: 10.1017/s1352465818000073
- Şar, V., Öztürk, E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054- 1063. doi: 10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
- Thimm, J. C. (2010). Personality and early maladaptive schemas: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 373-380. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.009
- Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1135-1142.
- Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., ... Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671.
- Watson, S., Gallagher, P., Dougall, D., Porter, R., Moncrieff, J., Ferrier, I. N., & Young, A. H. (2014). Childhood trauma in bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(6), 564-570.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
- Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(1), 59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007
- Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema–focused approach. Sarasota, FL. Professional Resource Pres.
- Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 227 - 243, 01.10.2019
Öz
Recently, there has been a growing interest in identifying the mechanisms of how child
abuse/neglect predicts the development of psychopathology in adulthood. In that
respect, schema therapy explains the origin of psychopathology with early maladaptive
schemas. This study aimed to explore the mediator roles of five different schema
domains between child abuse/neglect and depressive symptomatology relationship in
a university student sample. The sample of this study consisted of 414 undergraduate
and graduate students from the various universities of Turkey [312 (75.4%) female, and
102 (24.6%) male], whose ages ranged between 18 and 32 (M = 21.69, SD = 2.08).
Parallel Multiple Mediation Analysis for five schema domains showed that among all
schema domains only impaired autonomy/performance schema domain-mediated the
relationship between child abuse/neglect and depressive symptomatology. Individuals
who reported higher levels of childhood abuse and neglect tended to develop more
maladaptive schemas from impaired autonomy/performance schema domain, and as a
consequence, were at increased risk for depressive symptoms. Results were discussed
in light of the relavant literature.
Anahtar Kelimeler
: early maladaptive schemas depressive symptomatology depression child abuse/neglect
Kaynakça
- Ahmadpanah, M., Astinsadaf, S., Akhondi, A., Haghighi, M, Bahmani, D. S., Nazaribadie, M., . . . Brand, S. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, social isolation, shame, and abandonment are related to a history of suicide attempts among patients with major depressive disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77(2017), 71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.05.008
- Alba, J., Calvete, E., Wante, L., Van Bevere, ML., & Braet, C. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas as moderators of the association between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(1), 24-35. doi: 10.1007/s10608-017-9874-5
- Bach, B., Lockwood, G., & Young, J. E. (2018). A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(4), 328-349. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2017.1410566
- Barazandeh, H., Kissane, D. W., Saeedi, N., & Gordon, M. (2016). A systematic review of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder/traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 94(2016), 130-139. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.021
- Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 53- 63.
- Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., … Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1132–1136.
- Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., ... & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169-190.
- Boduszek, D., Hyland, P., & Bourke, A. (2012). An investigation of the role of personality, familial, and peer-related characteristics in homicidal offending using retrospective data. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 2(2), 96-106.
- Calvete, E., Estévez, A., López de Arroyabe, E., & Ruiz, P. (2005). The Schema Questionnaire - Short Form. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 90–99. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90
- Calvete, E., & Orue, I. (2013). Cognitive mechanisms of the transmission of violence: Exploring gender differences among adolescents exposed to family violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28(1), 73–84. doi: 10.1007/s10896-012-9472-y
- Calvete, E., Orue, I., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). A longitudinal test of the vulnerability-stress model with early maladaptive schemas for depressive and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 85-99.
- Carr, S. N., & Francis, A. J. P. (2010). Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: An examination in a non-clinical sample. A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 83(4), 333-349. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9250-
- Caslini, M., Bartoli, F., Crocano, C., Dakanalis, A., Clerici, M., & Carra`, G. (2016). Disentangling the association between child abuse and eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000233
- Colman, L. K. (2010). Maladaptive Schemas and Depression Severity: Support for Incremental Validity When Controlling for Cognitive Correlates of Depression (Master’s Thesis). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
- Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894.
- Davoodi, E., Wen, A., Dobson, K., Noorbala, A. A., Mohammadi, A., & Farahmand, Z. (2018). Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235(2018), 82-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.017
- Debowska, A., Willmott, D., Boduszek, D., & Jones, A. D. (2017). What do we know about child abuse and neglect patterns of co-occurrence? A systematic review of profiling studies and recommendations for future research. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70(2017), 100-111. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.014
- Debowska, A., & Boduszek, D. (2017). Child abuse and neglect profiles and their psychosocial consequences in a large sample of incarcerated males. Child Abuse and Neglect, 65(2017), 266-277. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.003
- Flink, N., Lehto, S. M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., Viinamäki, H., Ruusunen, A., M. Valkonen-Korhonen, M., & Honkalampi, K. (2017). Early maladaptive schemas and suicidal ideation in depressed patients. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 31(3), 87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpsy.2017.07.001
- Haeffel, G. L., & Howard, G. S. (2010). Self-report: Psychology’s four-letter word. American Journal of Psychology, 123(2), 181–188.
- Halvorsen, M., Wang, C. E., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas as predictors of depression: A 9-year follow-up study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(4), 368-379. doi: 10.1007/s10608-009-9259-5
- Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(3), 405–416. doi: 10.1023/A:1016085112981
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press
- Hisli, N. (1988). Beck Depresyon Envanteri’ nin geçerliği üzerine bir çalışma. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6, 118–122.
- Karaosmanoğlu, H. A., Soygüt, G. & Kabul, A. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Turkish Young Compensation Inventory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 20(2), 171-179. doi:10.1002/cpp.787
- Kırpınar, İ., Deveci, E., Çamur, D. Z., & Kılıç, A. (2014). Somatoform bozukluğu olan hastalarda erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2014), 84-93.
- Lumley, M. N., & Harkness, K. L. (2007). Specificity in the relations among childhood adversity, early maladaptive schemas, and symptom profiles in adolescent depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(5), 639-657. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9100-3
- McCarthy, M. C., & Lumley, M. N. (2012). Sources of emotional maltreatment and the differential development of unconditional and conditional schemas. Behaviour Therapy, 41(4), 288–97. doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.676669
- Mills, R., Kisely, S., Alati, R., Strathearn, L., & Najman, J. (2016). Self-reported and agencynotified child sexual abuse in a population-based birth cohort. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 74(2016), 87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.021
- Muris, P. (2006). Maladaptive schemas in non‐clinical adolescents: Relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, big five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13(6), 405-413. doi: 10.1002/cpp.506
- Nanni, V., Uher, R., & Danese, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(2), 141-151.doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020335
- Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
- Passer, M. W., & Smith, R. E. (2007). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour. Boston: McGrawHill Higher Education.
- Petrocelli, J. V., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Campbell, L. F. (2001). Early maladaptive schemas ofpersonality disorder subtypes. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6), 546. doi: 10.1521/pedi.15.6.546.19189
- Shaw, M., & De Jong, M. (2012). Child abuse and neglect: a major public health issue and the role of child and adolescent mental health services. The Psychiatrist, 36(9), 321-325.
- Shih, J. H. (2006). Sex differences in stress generation: an examination of Sociotropy/Autonomy, stress, and depressive symptoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(4), 434–446. doi:10.1177/0146167205282739.
- Smith, M. S., Martin-herz, S. P., Womack, W. M., & Marsigan, J. L. (2003). Comperative study of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional diasability, and illness attribution in adolescent with chronic fatigues or migraine. Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 111(4), 376–381.
- Soygut, G., Karaosmanoglu, A., & Cakır, Z. (2009). Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: A psychometric study of the Turkish young schema questionnaire-short form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 144-152.
- Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37-50.
- Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos-Marques, A., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Elucidating the role of early maladaptive schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238(2016), 53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008
- Sundag, J., Zens, C., Ascone, L., Thome, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2018). Are schemas passed on? A study on the association between early maladaptive schemas in parents and their offspring and the putative translating mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(6), 738-753. doi: 10.1017/s1352465818000073
- Şar, V., Öztürk, E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054- 1063. doi: 10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
- Thimm, J. C. (2010). Personality and early maladaptive schemas: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 373-380. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.009
- Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1135-1142.
- Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., ... Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: a meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671.
- Watson, S., Gallagher, P., Dougall, D., Porter, R., Moncrieff, J., Ferrier, I. N., & Young, A. H. (2014). Childhood trauma in bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(6), 564-570.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
- Wright, M. O., Crawford, E., & Del Castillo, D. (2009). Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33(1), 59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.12.007
- Young, J. (1990). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema–focused approach. Sarasota, FL. Professional Resource Pres.
- Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.
- Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Psikoloji |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ekim 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Mayıs 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 9 Temmuz 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 |
