Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 15 - 32, 01.01.2019

Öz

Turkey has recorded high growth rates during last two
decades that have led to a structural change in the income level of the provinces.
This shift arises to the question of whether the regional disparities in Turkey
converge or diverge. The growth performance of Turkey has also led to change
the structure of the economy which results in the move from rural areas to
urban areas. The empirical examination of the income convergence in Turkey
thereby seems to be timely and important in order to provide insights for
analyzing the causes and consequences of regional disparities and connecting a
link between economic growth and urbanization. We collect the per capita income
data of 73 provinces during the period 1992- 2013 and estimate different
econometric models by controlling for structural changes in the income. The
results overall provide an evidence on the income divergence between the east
and west of Turkey. We discuss why Turkish urbanization which is in tandem with
economic development process is not a stand-alone for the convergence and
discover that the region-specific structural characteristics (the geographical
conditions, the terrorist incidents, the regional investment policies, and the
horizontal imbalances) seem to be still prevailing.

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Z. and Uysal, T. (2013). Türkiye’de Bölgeler arası Yakınsama: Panel Birim Kök Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 125-143.
  • Arbia, G., Battisti, M., and Di Vaio, G. (2010). Institutions and geography: Empirical test of spatial growth models for European regions. Economic Modelling, 27, 12-21.
  • Aslan, A. and Kula, F. (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the Lagrange Multiplier unit root test. European Planning Studies, 19(3), 539-549.
  • Azomahou, T.T., El ouardighi, J., Nguyen-Van, P., and Pham, T.K. (2011). Testing convergence of European regions: a semiparametric approach. Economic Modelling, 28, 1202-1210.
  • Barro, R.J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross-section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-445.
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1991). Convergence across states and regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 107-158.
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251. Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Battisti, M. and G. Di Vaio. (2008). A spatially filtered mixture of β-convergence regressions for EU regions 1980-2002. Empirical Economics, 34, 105-121.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence and welfare: What the long run data show. American Economic Review, 76, 1072-1085.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W., Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381- 409.
  • Bentzen, J. (2005). Testing for catching-up periods in time-series convergence. Economics Letters, 88, 323-328.
  • Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliliği Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997. 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 51-59.
  • Bernard, A.B. and Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in international outputs. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 71, 161-173.
  • Bilgel, F., and Karahasan, B.C. (2017). The Economic Cost of Separatist Terrorism in Turkey. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61, 457-479.
  • Campbell, J.Y., and Mankiw, G.N. (1989). International evidence on the persistence of economic fluctuations. Journal of Monetary Economics, 23, 319-333.
  • Canova, F. (2004). Testing for convergence clubs in income per capita: a predictive density approach. International Economic Review, 45, 49-77.
  • Carlino, G.A., and Mills, L.O. (1993). Are US regional incomes converging? A time series analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 335-346.
  • Caselli, F., Esquivel, G. and Lefort, F. (1996). Reopening the convergence debate: A new look at cross-country growth empirics. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 363-389.
  • Chang, G.H. and Brada, J.C. (2006). The paradox of China’s growing under-urbanization. Economic Systems, 30, 24-40.
  • Chen, A. (2002). Urbanization and disparities in China: Challenges of growth and development. China Economic Review, 13, 407-411.
  • Chong, T.T.L., Hinich, M.J. Liew, V.K. and Lim, K.P. (2008). Time series test of nonlinear convergence and transitional dynamics. Economics Letters, 100, 337-339.
  • Cunado, J., and Perez de Gracia, F. (2006). Real convergence in Africa in the second-half of the 20th century. Journal of Economics & Business, 58, 153-167.
  • Datta, A. (2003). Time series test of convergence and transitional dynamics. Economics Letters, 81, 233- 240.
  • Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dobson, S., Ramlogan, C. and Strobl, E. (2003). Cross-country growth and convergence: a semiparametric analysis. Economic Discussion Papers, No. 0301, University of Otago (ISSN 0111-1760)
  • Doğruel, F., and Doğruel, A.S. (2003). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Gelir Farklılıkları ve Büyüme. A.H. Köse, F. Senses ve Yeldan, E. (der.), İktisat Üzerine Yazılar I: Küresel Düzen, Birikim, Devlet ve Sınıflar- Korkut Boratav’a Armağan içinde. İstanbul: İletisim Yayınları, 287-318.
  • Durlauf, S.N., and Johnson, P.A. (1995). Multiple regimes and cross-country behavior. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 365-384.
  • Enders, W. and Lee, J. (2012a). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Enders, W., and Lee, J. (2012b). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117, 196-199.
  • Erk, N., Ateş, S. and Direkçi, T. (2000). Convergence and Growth Within GAP Region (South Eastern Anatolia Project) and Overall Turkey’s Regions. IV. ODTÜ Uluslararası Ekonomi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 13-16 Eylül, Ankara.
  • Erlat, H. (2012). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yakınsama Sorununa Zaman Dizisi Yaklaşımı. Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni, No, 2012/64, Ankara.
  • Eser, E. (2011). Investment Incentive Systems in Turkey and Proposals for the Structure of the Current System.
  • Thesis for Planning Expertise, Turkish Prime Minister Secretariat of the State Planning Organization. Evans, P. (1996). Using cross-country variances to evaluate growth theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 20, 1027-1049.
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998). Türkiye’de iller arasında yakınsama. M. Aytaç, W. Işığıçok ve F. Acar (der.): III. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Güçlendirme Vakfı Yayınları, No.131, 167-179.
  • Fujita, M., P. Krugman, and Venables, A. (1999). The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade, MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
  • Gezici, F., and Hewings, G.J.D. (2004). Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 16(2), 113-132.
  • Henderson, J.V. and Storeygard, A. (2012). Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space. American Economic Review, 102(2), 994-1028.
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth Empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170.
  • Kapetanios, G., Y. Shin, and A. Snell. (2003). Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework. Journal of Econometrics, 112, 359-379.
  • Karaalp, H.S., and Erdal, F. (2009). Türkiye’de İller ve Bölgeler Arasında Gelir Farklılıkları: Sigma Yakınsama Analizi. I. Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 24-27 Eylül, Isparta, 27-39.
  • Karaca, O. (2004). Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var mı? Ekonomist Dergisi, Araştırma Bölümü.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y., and Özatagan, G. (2007). Impact of Relative Population Change on Regional Income Convergence: Evidence from Turkey. The Applied Regional Science Conference Book, 19, 210-223.
  • King, A., and Dobson, R.C. (2011). Nonlinear time-series convergence: The role of structural breaks. Economics Letters, 110, 238-240.
  • King, A., and Dobson, R.C. (2014). Are income differences within the OECD diminishing? Evidence from Fourier unit root tests. Studies in nonlinear dynamics and econometrics, 18, 185-199.
  • Krugman, P., (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483- 489.
  • Lee, J., and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum LM unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 63, 535-558.
  • Li, Q., and Papell, D. (1999). Convergence of international output: Time series evidence for 16 OECD countries. International Review of Economics and Finance, 8, 267-280.
  • Li, K., Zhou, X., and Pan, Z. (2016). Cross-country output convergence and growth: Evidence from varying coefficient nonparametric method, Economic Modelling, 55, 32-41.
  • Liu, T.Y., Su, C.W., and Jiang. X.Z. (2016). Is China’s urbanization convergent? The Singapore Economic Review, 61, 1550058
  • Mankiw, N., Romer, D., and Weil, D. (1992). Contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Narayan, P.K., and Popp, S. (2010). A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37, 1425-1438.
  • Ng, S., and Perron, P. (1995). Unit root tests in ARMA models with data dependent methods for the selection of the truncation lag. Journal of American Statistical Association, 90, 268-281.
  • Öcal, N., and Yildirim. J. (2010). Regional effects of terrorism on economic growth in Turkey: A geographically weighted regression approach. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 477-489.
  • Quah, D.T. (1993). Galton’s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95, 427-443.
  • Quah, D.T. (1996). Convergence empirics across countries with (some) capital mobility. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 95-124.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57, 1361-1401.
  • Pfaffermayr, M. (2009). Conditional β- and σ-convergence in space: A maximum likelihood approach. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, 63-78.
  • Rey, S.J., and Montouri, B.D. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33, 143-156.
  • Rodrigues, P., and Taylor, A.M.R. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and local GLS de-trending unit root tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(5), 736-759.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Strazicich, M.C., Lee, J., and Day, E. (2004). Are incomes converging among OECD countries? Time series evidence with two structural breaks. Journal of Macroeconomics, 26, 131-145.
  • Tansel, A., and Güngör, N.D. (1998). Economic growth and convergence: An application to the provinces of Turkey 1975-1995. ERC Working Paper No.98/9, Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Tomljanovich, M., and Vogelsang, T.J. (2002). Are U.S. regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues. Empirical Economics, 27, 49-62.
  • World Bank and The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV) (2015). Rise of the Anatolian Tigers: Turkey Urbanization Review. Report No: 87180-TR.
  • Yamanoğlu, K.B. (2008). Türkiye’de Sosyo Ekonomik Faktörlerin Iller Arası Yakınsama Uzerine Etkileri. İstatistikçiler Dergisi, 1, 33-49.
  • Zeren, F., and Yılancı, V. (2011). Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 143-151.
  • Zivot, E., and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence of the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.

Türkiye’de Gelir Yakınsıyor mu? Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 15 - 32, 01.01.2019

Öz

Türkiye’de, son yirmi yılda illerin gelir düzeyinde yapısal
bir değişime neden olan yüksek büyüme oranları gerçekleşmiştir. Bu değişim,
Türkiye’deki bölgesel farklılıkların yakınsayıp yakınsamadığı sorusunu ortaya
çıkarmıştır. Türkiye’nin büyüme performansı, kırsal alanlardan kentsel alanlara
geçişle sonuçlanan ekonomik yapının değişmesine neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla,
bölgesel farklılıkların nedenlerini ve sonuçlarını analiz etmek ve ekonomik
büyüme ile kentleşme arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını ortaya koymak
amacıyla, Türkiye’deki gelir yakınsamasının ampirik incelemesi zamanında ve
önemli gözükmektedir. Çalışmada, 1992-2013 döneminde 73 ilin kişi başına düşen
gelir verileri kullanılarak ve gelirdeki yapısal değişiklikler dikkate alınarak
farklı ekonometrik modeller tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, genel olarak,
Türkiye’nin doğusu ve batısı arasında illerin gelirlerinde yakınsama olmadığına
işaret etmektedir. Ekonomik kalkınma süreciyle birlikte gerçekleşen
kentleşmenin neden yakınsama için tek başına yeterli olmadığı tartışılmış ve
bölgeye özgü yapısal özelliklerin (coğrafi koşullar, terörist olaylar, bölgesel
yatırım politikaları ve yatay dengesizlikler) hâlâ büyük ölçüde etkili olduğu
tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdioğlu, Z. and Uysal, T. (2013). Türkiye’de Bölgeler arası Yakınsama: Panel Birim Kök Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(3), 125-143.
  • Arbia, G., Battisti, M., and Di Vaio, G. (2010). Institutions and geography: Empirical test of spatial growth models for European regions. Economic Modelling, 27, 12-21.
  • Aslan, A. and Kula, F. (2011). Is there really divergence across Turkish provinces? Evidence from the Lagrange Multiplier unit root test. European Planning Studies, 19(3), 539-549.
  • Azomahou, T.T., El ouardighi, J., Nguyen-Van, P., and Pham, T.K. (2011). Testing convergence of European regions: a semiparametric approach. Economic Modelling, 28, 1202-1210.
  • Barro, R.J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross-section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 407-445.
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1991). Convergence across states and regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 107-158.
  • Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251. Barro, R.J. and Sala-i Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
  • Battisti, M. and G. Di Vaio. (2008). A spatially filtered mixture of β-convergence regressions for EU regions 1980-2002. Empirical Economics, 34, 105-121.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity growth, convergence and welfare: What the long run data show. American Economic Review, 76, 1072-1085.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W., Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381- 409.
  • Bentzen, J. (2005). Testing for catching-up periods in time-series convergence. Economics Letters, 88, 323-328.
  • Berber, M., Yamak, R. and Artan, S. (2000). Türkiye’de Yakınlaşma Hipotezinin Bölgeler Bazında Geçerliliği Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma: 1975-1997. 9. Ulusal Bölge Bilimi ve Bölge Planlama Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 51-59.
  • Bernard, A.B. and Durlauf, S.N. (1995). Convergence in international outputs. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 71, 161-173.
  • Bilgel, F., and Karahasan, B.C. (2017). The Economic Cost of Separatist Terrorism in Turkey. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61, 457-479.
  • Campbell, J.Y., and Mankiw, G.N. (1989). International evidence on the persistence of economic fluctuations. Journal of Monetary Economics, 23, 319-333.
  • Canova, F. (2004). Testing for convergence clubs in income per capita: a predictive density approach. International Economic Review, 45, 49-77.
  • Carlino, G.A., and Mills, L.O. (1993). Are US regional incomes converging? A time series analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 335-346.
  • Caselli, F., Esquivel, G. and Lefort, F. (1996). Reopening the convergence debate: A new look at cross-country growth empirics. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 363-389.
  • Chang, G.H. and Brada, J.C. (2006). The paradox of China’s growing under-urbanization. Economic Systems, 30, 24-40.
  • Chen, A. (2002). Urbanization and disparities in China: Challenges of growth and development. China Economic Review, 13, 407-411.
  • Chong, T.T.L., Hinich, M.J. Liew, V.K. and Lim, K.P. (2008). Time series test of nonlinear convergence and transitional dynamics. Economics Letters, 100, 337-339.
  • Cunado, J., and Perez de Gracia, F. (2006). Real convergence in Africa in the second-half of the 20th century. Journal of Economics & Business, 58, 153-167.
  • Datta, A. (2003). Time series test of convergence and transitional dynamics. Economics Letters, 81, 233- 240.
  • Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dobson, S., Ramlogan, C. and Strobl, E. (2003). Cross-country growth and convergence: a semiparametric analysis. Economic Discussion Papers, No. 0301, University of Otago (ISSN 0111-1760)
  • Doğruel, F., and Doğruel, A.S. (2003). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Gelir Farklılıkları ve Büyüme. A.H. Köse, F. Senses ve Yeldan, E. (der.), İktisat Üzerine Yazılar I: Küresel Düzen, Birikim, Devlet ve Sınıflar- Korkut Boratav’a Armağan içinde. İstanbul: İletisim Yayınları, 287-318.
  • Durlauf, S.N., and Johnson, P.A. (1995). Multiple regimes and cross-country behavior. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 365-384.
  • Enders, W. and Lee, J. (2012a). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Enders, W., and Lee, J. (2012b). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117, 196-199.
  • Erk, N., Ateş, S. and Direkçi, T. (2000). Convergence and Growth Within GAP Region (South Eastern Anatolia Project) and Overall Turkey’s Regions. IV. ODTÜ Uluslararası Ekonomi Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 13-16 Eylül, Ankara.
  • Erlat, H. (2012). Türkiye’de Bölgesel Yakınsama Sorununa Zaman Dizisi Yaklaşımı. Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni, No, 2012/64, Ankara.
  • Eser, E. (2011). Investment Incentive Systems in Turkey and Proposals for the Structure of the Current System.
  • Thesis for Planning Expertise, Turkish Prime Minister Secretariat of the State Planning Organization. Evans, P. (1996). Using cross-country variances to evaluate growth theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 20, 1027-1049.
  • Filiztekin, A. (1998). Türkiye’de iller arasında yakınsama. M. Aytaç, W. Işığıçok ve F. Acar (der.): III. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Bildirileri. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Güçlendirme Vakfı Yayınları, No.131, 167-179.
  • Fujita, M., P. Krugman, and Venables, A. (1999). The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade, MIT Press. Cambridge, MA.
  • Gezici, F., and Hewings, G.J.D. (2004). Regional Convergence and the Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 16(2), 113-132.
  • Henderson, J.V. and Storeygard, A. (2012). Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space. American Economic Review, 102(2), 994-1028.
  • Islam, N. (1995). Growth Empirics: A panel data approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 1127-1170.
  • Kapetanios, G., Y. Shin, and A. Snell. (2003). Testing for a unit root in the nonlinear STAR framework. Journal of Econometrics, 112, 359-379.
  • Karaalp, H.S., and Erdal, F. (2009). Türkiye’de İller ve Bölgeler Arasında Gelir Farklılıkları: Sigma Yakınsama Analizi. I. Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 24-27 Eylül, Isparta, 27-39.
  • Karaca, O. (2004). Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Farklılıkları: Yakınsama Var mı? Ekonomist Dergisi, Araştırma Bölümü.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y., and Özatagan, G. (2007). Impact of Relative Population Change on Regional Income Convergence: Evidence from Turkey. The Applied Regional Science Conference Book, 19, 210-223.
  • King, A., and Dobson, R.C. (2011). Nonlinear time-series convergence: The role of structural breaks. Economics Letters, 110, 238-240.
  • King, A., and Dobson, R.C. (2014). Are income differences within the OECD diminishing? Evidence from Fourier unit root tests. Studies in nonlinear dynamics and econometrics, 18, 185-199.
  • Krugman, P., (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483- 489.
  • Lee, J., and Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum LM unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 63, 535-558.
  • Li, Q., and Papell, D. (1999). Convergence of international output: Time series evidence for 16 OECD countries. International Review of Economics and Finance, 8, 267-280.
  • Li, K., Zhou, X., and Pan, Z. (2016). Cross-country output convergence and growth: Evidence from varying coefficient nonparametric method, Economic Modelling, 55, 32-41.
  • Liu, T.Y., Su, C.W., and Jiang. X.Z. (2016). Is China’s urbanization convergent? The Singapore Economic Review, 61, 1550058
  • Mankiw, N., Romer, D., and Weil, D. (1992). Contribution to the empirics of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 407-437.
  • Narayan, P.K., and Popp, S. (2010). A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37, 1425-1438.
  • Ng, S., and Perron, P. (1995). Unit root tests in ARMA models with data dependent methods for the selection of the truncation lag. Journal of American Statistical Association, 90, 268-281.
  • Öcal, N., and Yildirim. J. (2010). Regional effects of terrorism on economic growth in Turkey: A geographically weighted regression approach. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 477-489.
  • Quah, D.T. (1993). Galton’s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 95, 427-443.
  • Quah, D.T. (1996). Convergence empirics across countries with (some) capital mobility. Journal of Economic Growth, 1, 95-124.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57, 1361-1401.
  • Pfaffermayr, M. (2009). Conditional β- and σ-convergence in space: A maximum likelihood approach. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39, 63-78.
  • Rey, S.J., and Montouri, B.D. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33, 143-156.
  • Rodrigues, P., and Taylor, A.M.R. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and local GLS de-trending unit root tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(5), 736-759.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956). A Contribution to the theory of economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
  • Strazicich, M.C., Lee, J., and Day, E. (2004). Are incomes converging among OECD countries? Time series evidence with two structural breaks. Journal of Macroeconomics, 26, 131-145.
  • Tansel, A., and Güngör, N.D. (1998). Economic growth and convergence: An application to the provinces of Turkey 1975-1995. ERC Working Paper No.98/9, Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
  • Tomljanovich, M., and Vogelsang, T.J. (2002). Are U.S. regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues. Empirical Economics, 27, 49-62.
  • World Bank and The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV) (2015). Rise of the Anatolian Tigers: Turkey Urbanization Review. Report No: 87180-TR.
  • Yamanoğlu, K.B. (2008). Türkiye’de Sosyo Ekonomik Faktörlerin Iller Arası Yakınsama Uzerine Etkileri. İstatistikçiler Dergisi, 1, 33-49.
  • Zeren, F., and Yılancı, V. (2011). Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(1), 143-151.
  • Zivot, E., and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence of the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilek Durusu-çiftçi 0000-0003-1911-4801

Şaban Nazlıoğlu 0000-0002-3607-3434

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Kabul Tarihi 27 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Durusu-çiftçi, D., & Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2019). Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment. Ege Academic Review, 19(1), 15-32.
AMA Durusu-çiftçi D, Nazlıoğlu Ş. Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment. eab. Ocak 2019;19(1):15-32.
Chicago Durusu-çiftçi, Dilek, ve Şaban Nazlıoğlu. “Does Income Converge in Turkey? An Empirical Assessment”. Ege Academic Review 19, sy. 1 (Ocak 2019): 15-32.
EndNote Durusu-çiftçi D, Nazlıoğlu Ş (01 Ocak 2019) Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment. Ege Academic Review 19 1 15–32.
IEEE D. Durusu-çiftçi ve Ş. Nazlıoğlu, “Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment”, eab, c. 19, sy. 1, ss. 15–32, 2019.
ISNAD Durusu-çiftçi, Dilek - Nazlıoğlu, Şaban. “Does Income Converge in Turkey? An Empirical Assessment”. Ege Academic Review 19/1 (Ocak 2019), 15-32.
JAMA Durusu-çiftçi D, Nazlıoğlu Ş. Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment. eab. 2019;19:15–32.
MLA Durusu-çiftçi, Dilek ve Şaban Nazlıoğlu. “Does Income Converge in Turkey? An Empirical Assessment”. Ege Academic Review, c. 19, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 15-32.
Vancouver Durusu-çiftçi D, Nazlıoğlu Ş. Does Income Converge in Turkey? an Empirical Assessment. eab. 2019;19(1):15-32.