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Kimlik, Güç ve Dış Politika: 1912-13 Yıllarında Rusya’nın Balkan Politikası Üzerine Bir Analiz

Year 2013, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 245 - 276, 23.07.2014

Abstract

Devletlerin uyguladıkları dış politikaların “kimlik” yaklaşımı çerçevesinde incelenmesi son yıllarda oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde egemen bir teorik model olarak ‘Yapısal Realizm’in dış politika analizlerini tıkayan/kısırlaştıran bir yönünün olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu teorinin aksine, “İnşacılık Ekolü” bağlamında “ulusal kimlik” esaslı dış politika analizlerinin yapılması daha verimli sonuçlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Bu nedenle “kimlik” eksenli dış politika analizleri kısa sürede Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini tarafından benimsenmiş ve bu alandaki uzmanlar arasında bir analiz modeli olarak kısa sürede geniş bir kabul gömüştür. Bu çalışmada, ulusal / devlet kimliğinin dış politika çıktılarını etkilediği tezi bağlamında, şimdiye kadar ihmal edilen 1912-13 yıllarında Balkan gelişmeleri çerçevesinde Rusya’nın izlemiş olduğu Balkan politikasını analiz etmek amacıyla söz konusu modelden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada bu modelin dış politika analizini zenginleştirici, daha da açıklayıcı, teorik ve kavramsal bir çerçeve sunduğu gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

  • ACHARYA A., Buzan B. (2007) “Why is there no non-western
  • International Relations theory?” International Relations of the AsiaPacific 7 (3). ADLER, E. (1997) “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in
  • World Politics,” European Journal of International Relations Vol. 3, No BASIL, J. (2005) Church and State in Late Imperial Russia: Critics of the Synodal System of Church Government, Minnesota
  • Mediterranean and Eastern European Monographs, Minneapolis. BLOOM, W. (1990) Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BOBROFF, R. (2000) Roads to Glory? Sergei D. Sazonov, the Turkish
  • Straits, and Russian Foreign Policy, 1910- 1916 (Ph.D. diss.) Duke University.
  • BOBROFF, R. (2000a) “Behind the Balkan Wars: Russian Policy toward Bulgaria and the Turkish Straits, 1912-13” Russian Review, Vol. 59, No. 1.
  • BOECKH, K. (1996) Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg.
  • Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan, München. CLUNAN, A. L. (2009) The Social Construction of Russia’s
  • Resurgence: Aspirations, Identity, and Security Interests, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. ÇAKMAK, Z. (2003) “Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu’nun
  • Bosna-Hersek’i İşgali ve Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti İle Yaptığı Antlaşma” Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları 4. DAVUTOĞLU, A. (1997) “Medeniyetlerin ben-idraki” Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışma Dergisi 3(1997/1).
  • DAVUTOĞLU, A. (2001) Stratejik Derinlik: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Konumu. Kure Y., Ist.
  • DAKIN, D. (1993) The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913.
  • Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki. DUNCAN, P. (2000) Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After. Routledge, London.
  • EFEGİL, E. (2012) Dış Politika Analizi, Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • ELY, C. (2002) This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia, Northern Illinois Univ. Pres, DeKalb.
  • EREKER, F. (2010) Dış Politika ve Kimlik: İnşacı Perspektiften
  • Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ü. Sos. Bil. E. Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. FREIHERR von Dungern (1914) “Die Bukarester Friedenskonferenz” Jahrbuch des Völkerrechts, Cilt. 2, München-Leipzig.
  • GERACI, R. (2001) Window on the East: National and Imperial
  • Identities in Late Tsarist Russia, Cornell Univ. Pres, Ithaca. HACISALIHOGLU, M. (2003) Die Jungtürken und die Mazedonische Frage (1890-1918), R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich.
  • HACISALİHOĞLU, M. (2008) “Jön Türklerin Balkan Politikası 1908-1913”, Divan 13/2008/24.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, A. (1995) Balkan Harbi Rumeli‘den Türk Göçleri (1912–1913) TTK, Ankara.
  • HALL, R. C. (2000) The Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Prelude to the First World War Lon. / NY.
  • HARRIS, N. D. (1914) “The Effect of the Balkan Wars on European
  • Alliances and the Future of the Ottoman Empire” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, Supp.: Proceedings of the American Pol. Science Association at Its 10. Ann. Meeting (Feb., 1914).
  • HILL, C. & Wallace, W. (1996) “Introduction: actors and actions”
  • C. Hill (ed.), The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy. Routledge, London. HOPF, T. (1998) “The Promise of Constructivism in IR Theory”, International Security, Vol.23, No.1.
  • HOSCH, E. (1993) Geschichte der Balkanländer von der Frühzeit bis zur Gegenwart, München.
  • HUDSON, V. M. (2005) “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific
  • Theory and the Ground of International Relations” Foreign Policy Analysis I. HUNCZAK, T. (ed.) (1974) Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution Rutgers University Press, New Jersey.
  • JELAVICH, B. (1991) Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914
  • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. JERSILD, A. (2002) Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus
  • Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845-1917, McGillQueeen’s Univ. Pres, Montreaal and Kingston.
  • KATSIADAKIS, Helen G. (1995) Greece and the Balkan Imbroglio.
  • Greek foreign policy 1911-1913.
  • KENT, M. (ed.) (1984) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, London.
  • KOHN, H. (1960) Pan-Slavism. Its History and Ideology, Vintage Books, New York.
  • KOLEV, V. & Koulouri, C. (Ed.) (2005) Balkan Wars, Teachıng
  • Modern Southeast European Hıstory, Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, Krispou 9, Ano Poli, 54634
  • Thessaloniki, Greece. http://lfh.edu.gr/histoiregeographie/sites/ default/files/ Ressources_pedagogiques/conseils_bibliographiques/ WorkBook3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:15 Şubat 2013).
  • KOLAKOVIC, A. (2012) “French Intellectuals and the French policy change in the Balkans (1912–1913)”, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri
  • Dergisi, XII/2 (Kış), ss.199-212. KOWERT, P. (1994) “National Identity: Inside and out”, Security
  • Studies, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, 1994.
  • LAVRIN, J. (1962) “The Slav Idea and Russia” Russian Review, Cilt 21, Sayı 1.
  • LEDERER, I. J. (ed.) (1962) Russian Foreign Policy, Essays in
  • Historical Perspective Yale University Press, London. LEVINE, L. (1914) “Pan-Slavism and European Politics”, Political
  • Science Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec.). LIBAL, W. (1993), Mazedonien zwischen den Fronten. Europa Verlag, Wien, Zürich.
  • NAFF, W. E. (1985) “Reflections on the Question of `East and West’ from the Point of View of Japan” Comparative Civilizations Review Fall 1985- Spring 1986.
  • PRIZEL, I. (1998) National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • RAE, H. (2002) State Identity and Homogenisation of Peoples, Cambridge.
  • RAGSDALE, H. (ed.) (1993) Imperial Foreign Policy. Cambridge
  • Univ. Press, Cambridge. RASTOVIC, A. (2013) “Edward Grey And The First Balkan War”
  • Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi (Ocak 2013).
  • ROSSOS, A. (1981) Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy 1908- 1914 Toronto.
  • SANDER, O. (2011) Siyasi Tarih: 1918-1994, İmge, Ankara.
  • SCHURMAN, J. G. (2004) The Balkan Wars 1912 to 1913 Kessinger Publishing.
  • TROTZKI, L. (1996) Die Balkankriege 1912-13 Arbeiterpresse Verlag, Essen.
  • TSYGANKOV, A. P. ve Tsygankov, P. A. (2010) “National ideology and IR theory: Three incarnations of the ‘Russian idea’” European
  • Journal of International Relations 16 (4). WENDT, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University: Press, Cambridge.
  • WOHLFORTH, W. C. (1987) “The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914”, World Politics, Vol. 39, No. 3 (April).
  • VALERIE, M. H. (2005) “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific
  • Theory and the Ground of International Relations”, Foreign Policy Analysis 1, p. 1-30. YALÇINKAYA, A. ve Efegil, E. (2009) “Türkiye’de Uluslararası
  • İlişkiler Eğitiminde ve Araştırmalarında Teorik ve Kavramsal Yaklaşım Temelinde Yabancılaşma Sorunu” Akademik Bakış, Cilt. YAVUZ, M. H. ve Sluglett, P. (eds) (2012) War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin University of Utah Press, Utah.

Identity, Power and Foreign Policy: An Analysis on Russian Balkan Policy from 1912 to 1913

Year 2013, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 245 - 276, 23.07.2014

Abstract

Examining foreign policies of states from an angle of identity has recently become a widely shared approach. Structural realism, the dominant theoretical model in international relations, is thought to have an aspect of blocking/impoverishing analyses of foreign policies. For this reason, now it is widely shared that analyses of foreign policies within the base of national identities in the context of constructivism school are more fruitful. Therefore, the approach of analyzing foreign policies on the base of identity was quickly taken up seriously by the discipline of international relations and was widely adopted by experts of this discipline as an analytical model. Based on the thesis that nation/state identity influences foreign policy outcomes, this paper tries to apply this model to account for the Balkan policies of Russia that she followed during the period of 1912-13 as reaction to political developments in the Balkans, a subject matter that has been ignored so far. The paper tries to show that this analytical model is enriching foreign policy analysis and that it offers a better explanatory set of theoretical and conceptual framework.

References

  • ACHARYA A., Buzan B. (2007) “Why is there no non-western
  • International Relations theory?” International Relations of the AsiaPacific 7 (3). ADLER, E. (1997) “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in
  • World Politics,” European Journal of International Relations Vol. 3, No BASIL, J. (2005) Church and State in Late Imperial Russia: Critics of the Synodal System of Church Government, Minnesota
  • Mediterranean and Eastern European Monographs, Minneapolis. BLOOM, W. (1990) Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • BOBROFF, R. (2000) Roads to Glory? Sergei D. Sazonov, the Turkish
  • Straits, and Russian Foreign Policy, 1910- 1916 (Ph.D. diss.) Duke University.
  • BOBROFF, R. (2000a) “Behind the Balkan Wars: Russian Policy toward Bulgaria and the Turkish Straits, 1912-13” Russian Review, Vol. 59, No. 1.
  • BOECKH, K. (1996) Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg.
  • Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan, München. CLUNAN, A. L. (2009) The Social Construction of Russia’s
  • Resurgence: Aspirations, Identity, and Security Interests, The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. ÇAKMAK, Z. (2003) “Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu’nun
  • Bosna-Hersek’i İşgali ve Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti İle Yaptığı Antlaşma” Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları 4. DAVUTOĞLU, A. (1997) “Medeniyetlerin ben-idraki” Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışma Dergisi 3(1997/1).
  • DAVUTOĞLU, A. (2001) Stratejik Derinlik: Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Konumu. Kure Y., Ist.
  • DAKIN, D. (1993) The Greek Struggle in Macedonia, 1897-1913.
  • Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki. DUNCAN, P. (2000) Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After. Routledge, London.
  • EFEGİL, E. (2012) Dış Politika Analizi, Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • ELY, C. (2002) This Meager Nature: Landscape and National Identity in Imperial Russia, Northern Illinois Univ. Pres, DeKalb.
  • EREKER, F. (2010) Dış Politika ve Kimlik: İnşacı Perspektiften
  • Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ü. Sos. Bil. E. Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. FREIHERR von Dungern (1914) “Die Bukarester Friedenskonferenz” Jahrbuch des Völkerrechts, Cilt. 2, München-Leipzig.
  • GERACI, R. (2001) Window on the East: National and Imperial
  • Identities in Late Tsarist Russia, Cornell Univ. Pres, Ithaca. HACISALIHOGLU, M. (2003) Die Jungtürken und die Mazedonische Frage (1890-1918), R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich.
  • HACISALİHOĞLU, M. (2008) “Jön Türklerin Balkan Politikası 1908-1913”, Divan 13/2008/24.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, A. (1995) Balkan Harbi Rumeli‘den Türk Göçleri (1912–1913) TTK, Ankara.
  • HALL, R. C. (2000) The Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Prelude to the First World War Lon. / NY.
  • HARRIS, N. D. (1914) “The Effect of the Balkan Wars on European
  • Alliances and the Future of the Ottoman Empire” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, Supp.: Proceedings of the American Pol. Science Association at Its 10. Ann. Meeting (Feb., 1914).
  • HILL, C. & Wallace, W. (1996) “Introduction: actors and actions”
  • C. Hill (ed.), The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy. Routledge, London. HOPF, T. (1998) “The Promise of Constructivism in IR Theory”, International Security, Vol.23, No.1.
  • HOSCH, E. (1993) Geschichte der Balkanländer von der Frühzeit bis zur Gegenwart, München.
  • HUDSON, V. M. (2005) “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific
  • Theory and the Ground of International Relations” Foreign Policy Analysis I. HUNCZAK, T. (ed.) (1974) Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution Rutgers University Press, New Jersey.
  • JELAVICH, B. (1991) Russia’s Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914
  • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. JERSILD, A. (2002) Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus
  • Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845-1917, McGillQueeen’s Univ. Pres, Montreaal and Kingston.
  • KATSIADAKIS, Helen G. (1995) Greece and the Balkan Imbroglio.
  • Greek foreign policy 1911-1913.
  • KENT, M. (ed.) (1984) The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire, London.
  • KOHN, H. (1960) Pan-Slavism. Its History and Ideology, Vintage Books, New York.
  • KOLEV, V. & Koulouri, C. (Ed.) (2005) Balkan Wars, Teachıng
  • Modern Southeast European Hıstory, Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe, Krispou 9, Ano Poli, 54634
  • Thessaloniki, Greece. http://lfh.edu.gr/histoiregeographie/sites/ default/files/ Ressources_pedagogiques/conseils_bibliographiques/ WorkBook3.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:15 Şubat 2013).
  • KOLAKOVIC, A. (2012) “French Intellectuals and the French policy change in the Balkans (1912–1913)”, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri
  • Dergisi, XII/2 (Kış), ss.199-212. KOWERT, P. (1994) “National Identity: Inside and out”, Security
  • Studies, Cilt 8, Sayı 1, 1994.
  • LAVRIN, J. (1962) “The Slav Idea and Russia” Russian Review, Cilt 21, Sayı 1.
  • LEDERER, I. J. (ed.) (1962) Russian Foreign Policy, Essays in
  • Historical Perspective Yale University Press, London. LEVINE, L. (1914) “Pan-Slavism and European Politics”, Political
  • Science Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec.). LIBAL, W. (1993), Mazedonien zwischen den Fronten. Europa Verlag, Wien, Zürich.
  • NAFF, W. E. (1985) “Reflections on the Question of `East and West’ from the Point of View of Japan” Comparative Civilizations Review Fall 1985- Spring 1986.
  • PRIZEL, I. (1998) National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • RAE, H. (2002) State Identity and Homogenisation of Peoples, Cambridge.
  • RAGSDALE, H. (ed.) (1993) Imperial Foreign Policy. Cambridge
  • Univ. Press, Cambridge. RASTOVIC, A. (2013) “Edward Grey And The First Balkan War”
  • Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi (Ocak 2013).
  • ROSSOS, A. (1981) Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy 1908- 1914 Toronto.
  • SANDER, O. (2011) Siyasi Tarih: 1918-1994, İmge, Ankara.
  • SCHURMAN, J. G. (2004) The Balkan Wars 1912 to 1913 Kessinger Publishing.
  • TROTZKI, L. (1996) Die Balkankriege 1912-13 Arbeiterpresse Verlag, Essen.
  • TSYGANKOV, A. P. ve Tsygankov, P. A. (2010) “National ideology and IR theory: Three incarnations of the ‘Russian idea’” European
  • Journal of International Relations 16 (4). WENDT, Alexander (1999) Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University: Press, Cambridge.
  • WOHLFORTH, W. C. (1987) “The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914”, World Politics, Vol. 39, No. 3 (April).
  • VALERIE, M. H. (2005) “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific
  • Theory and the Ground of International Relations”, Foreign Policy Analysis 1, p. 1-30. YALÇINKAYA, A. ve Efegil, E. (2009) “Türkiye’de Uluslararası
  • İlişkiler Eğitiminde ve Araştırmalarında Teorik ve Kavramsal Yaklaşım Temelinde Yabancılaşma Sorunu” Akademik Bakış, Cilt. YAVUZ, M. H. ve Sluglett, P. (eds) (2012) War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin University of Utah Press, Utah.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Reserch Articles
Authors

Hakkı Büyükbaş

Publication Date July 23, 2014
Submission Date July 23, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Büyükbaş, H. (2014). Kimlik, Güç ve Dış Politika: 1912-13 Yıllarında Rusya’nın Balkan Politikası Üzerine Bir Analiz. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 8(1), 245-276.

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