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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Mechanisms

Year 2012, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 221 - 235, 01.12.2012

Abstract

Thhe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the principal site for the synthesis, folding and maturation of most secreted proteins in the cell and essential for most cellular activities. Conditions that impair the folding capacity of the ER cause ER stress and induce a set of signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). If the protective mechanism activated by the UPR is not sufficient to restore normal ER function, cells die by apoptosis mechanism. Recent research suggests that ER stress and UPR play important roles in the metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, cancer, immune response and in some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington. Further studies on ER stress and UPR are necessary to clarify the exact role of this physiological mechanism and provide novel avenues to potential therapies. This review will provide an overview of ER stress, the UPR signaling pathways and ER stress induced apoptosis mechanism.

References

  • Qu L, Liu Z, Zhang HM, Su Y, Ye X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell survival and apoptosis. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine 2009;8:1-4.
  • Oyadomari S, Mori M. Roles of CHOP/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Death Differ 2004;11:381-9.
  • Marciniak, SJ, Ron D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling in disease. Physiol Rev 2006;86:1133-49.
  • Ohoka N, Yoshii, S, Hattori T, Onozaki K, Hayashi H. TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4– CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. EMBO J 2005;24:1243–55.
  • Zong WX, Li C, Hatzivassiliou G Lindsten T, Yu QC, Yuan J, Thompson CB. Bax and Bak can localize to the endoplasmic reticulum to initiate apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2003;162:59–69.
  • Lai E, Teodoro T,Volchuk A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Signaling the unfolded protein response. Physıology 2007;22:193–201.
  • Szegezdi E, Fitzgerald U, Samali A. Caspase-12 and ER stres mediated apoptosis:the story so far. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;1010:186-94.
  • Wang G, Yang ZQ, Zhang K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response in cancer: molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential. Am J Transl Res 2010;2:65-74.
  • Li X, Zhang K, Li Z. Unfolded protein response in cancer: the Physician’s perspective. Hematol Oncol 2011;4:1-8.

Endoplazmik Retikulum Stresi ve Apoptozis Mekanizması

Year 2012, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 221 - 235, 01.12.2012

Abstract

Endoplazmik retikulum (ER) hücrelerde salgı proteinlerinin sentez, katlanma ve olgunlaşma işlevlerinin gerçekleştiği yerdir ve çoğu hücresel aktiviteler için gereklidir. ER'nin katlanma kapasitesi bozulması durumunda ER strese girer ve katlanmamış protein cevabı (UPR) olarak adlandırılan sinyal yolunu indükler. Eğer UPR tarafından aktive olan koruma mekanizması normal ER fonksiyonunu tamir etmek için yeterli değilse hücreler apoptozis mekanizması tarafından ölürler. Son yapılan araştırmalar ER stresi ve UPR'nin diyabet, obezite gibi metabolik hastalıklarda, kanserde, immun yanıtta ve Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington hastalığı gibi nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda önemli rol oynadığını desteklemektedir. ER stresi ve UPR üzerinde yapılacak daha ileri çalışmalar bu fizyolojik mekanizmanın tam rolünü açıklamak için gereklidir ve potansiyel terapiler için yeni yollar sağlamaktadır. Bu derlemede ER stresi, UPR sinyal yolakları ve ER stresiyle indüklenen apoptozis mekanizmasına genel bir bakış yapılacaktır.

References

  • Qu L, Liu Z, Zhang HM, Su Y, Ye X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell survival and apoptosis. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine 2009;8:1-4.
  • Oyadomari S, Mori M. Roles of CHOP/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Death Differ 2004;11:381-9.
  • Marciniak, SJ, Ron D. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling in disease. Physiol Rev 2006;86:1133-49.
  • Ohoka N, Yoshii, S, Hattori T, Onozaki K, Hayashi H. TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4– CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death. EMBO J 2005;24:1243–55.
  • Zong WX, Li C, Hatzivassiliou G Lindsten T, Yu QC, Yuan J, Thompson CB. Bax and Bak can localize to the endoplasmic reticulum to initiate apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2003;162:59–69.
  • Lai E, Teodoro T,Volchuk A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: Signaling the unfolded protein response. Physıology 2007;22:193–201.
  • Szegezdi E, Fitzgerald U, Samali A. Caspase-12 and ER stres mediated apoptosis:the story so far. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;1010:186-94.
  • Wang G, Yang ZQ, Zhang K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response in cancer: molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential. Am J Transl Res 2010;2:65-74.
  • Li X, Zhang K, Li Z. Unfolded protein response in cancer: the Physician’s perspective. Hematol Oncol 2011;4:1-8.
There are 9 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

G.şeyda Seydel

Kıymet Aksoy This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 21 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Seydel G, Aksoy K. Endoplazmik Retikulum Stresi ve Apoptozis Mekanizması. aktd. December 2012;21(4):221-235.