Research Article
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Drivers of Capia Pepper Farmers’ Intentions and Behaviors on Pesticide Use in Turkey: A Structural Equation Model

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 243 - 254, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1258302

Abstract

The main actors responsible for pesticide use behavior are farmers. Still, factors are influencing the pesticide use behavior of farmers in the background. The theory of planned behavior is a widely used concept that explains farmers’ pesticide use behavioral intention. However, previous studies show that behavior is not included in the model. As a novelty, it was investigated whether behavioral intention transforms into behavior in this study. In this context, it is the first study conducted in Turkey. Turkey is in the top three for pepper production in the world. In addition, pepper is among the agricultural products that use the most pesticides. This study aims to determine and explain Capia pepper farmers’ pesticide reduction intention and pesticide use behaviors in Turkey. For this purpose, the pesticide use behaviors of farmers in the province of Çanakkale, which ranks first in Capia pepper production in Turkey, were analyzed with the Structural Equation Model. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with 206 Capia pepper farmers selected by a proportional sampling method. The research results show that subjective norms and attitudes are important determinants of farmers' willingness to reduce pesticide use. Likewise, perceived behavioral control is a unique factor in farmers' use of pesticides. However, farmers' intentions to reduce pesticide use were not reflected in their actions. It is important to increase awareness among farmers about pesticide behavior. Agricultural policy implications should be planned that target the perceived behavior, subjective norms, and attitudes of farmers regarding pesticide use.

Supporting Institution

Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit

Project Number

FYL-2019-2997

References

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  • Ajzen I (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32(4): 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  • Asadollahpour A, Najafabadi M O & Hosseini S J (2016). Modeling behavior pattern of Iranian organic paddy farmers. Paddy Water and Environment 14:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-015-0492-0
  • Ataei P, Gholamrezai S, Movahedi R & Aliabadi V (2021). An analysis of farmers’ intention to use green pesticides: The application of the extended theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Journal of Rural Studies 81:374-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.11.003
  • Bagheri A, Bondori A, Allahyari M S & Damalas C A (2019). Modeling farmers’ intention to use pesticides: an expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management 248:109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
  • Bagheri A, Emami N & Damalas C A (2021a). Farmers' behavior in reading and using risk information displayed on pesticide labels: a test with the theory of planned behavior. Pest Managment Science 77: 2903–2913. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6326
  • Bagheri A, Emami N & Damalas C A (2021b). Farmers' behavior towards safe pesticide handling: an analysis with the theory of planned behavior. Science of The Total Environment 751:141709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141709
  • Bakker L, Sok J, Werf W & Bianchi F J J A (2021). Kicking the habit: what makes and breaks farmers' intentions to reduce pesticide use? Ecological Economics 180:106868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106868
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  • Colémont A & Van Den Broucke S (2008). Measuring determinants of occupational health related behavior in Flemish farmers: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Safety Research 39:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.12.001
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  • Farani A Y, Mohammadi Y & Ghahremani F 2019. Modeling farmers’ responsible environmental attitude and behaviour: A case from Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26:28146-28161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06040-x
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  • Govindharaj G P P, Gowda P, Sendhil R, Adak T, Raghu S, Patil N, Mahendiran A, Rath P C, Kumar G A K & Damalas C A (2021). Determinants of rice farmers’ intention to use pesticides in Eastern India: Application of an extended version of the planned behavior theory. Sustainable Production And Consumption 26: 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.036
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  • Hwang H, Sarstedt M, Cheah J H & Ringle C M (2020). A concept analysis of methodological research on composite-based structural equation modeling: Bridging PLSPM and GSCA. Behaviormetrika 47:219–241
  • Imani B, Allahyari M S, Bondori A, Emami N & Bilal H (2021). Adoption of organic potato production in Ardabil Plain, Iran: An application of the extended theory of planned behaviour. Potato Research 64,177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09471-z
  • Kahramanoğlu İ, Usanmaz S & Atlas T (2020). Reasons behind the farmers’ behaviour about the implementation of sustainable farming practices. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 11(1-3): 67-77. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566764.2020/11.1-3.344
  • Kim K, Kabir E & Jahan S A (2017). Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of the Total Environment 575:525-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
  • Kwon H R & Silva E A (2019). Mapping the landscape of behavioral theories: systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Literature 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412219881135
  • Likert R (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology 1–55
  • Lou S, Zhang B & Zhang D (2021). Foresight from the hometown of green tea in China: Tea farmers’ adoption of pro-green control technology for tea plant pests. Journal of Cleaner Production 320:128817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128817
  • Niyaz Ö C & Demirbaş N (2018). Analysis of factors influencing the opinions of fresh fruits and vegetables consumers on food safety. Journal of Tekirdağ Agriculture Faculty 33(1):14-23. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.309225
  • Pahang J T, Nasirun N, Nisaa K, Nor M, Anuar H H &Saputra D H (2021). Examining factors that influence harumanis farmers. Global Business Management Review 13(1): 79-96. https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2021.13.1.5
  • Pan Y, Ren Y & Luning P A (2021). Factors influencing Chinese farmers’ proper pesticide application in agricultural products: A review. Food Control 122:107788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107788
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  • Rezaei R., Safa L, Damalas C A & Ganjkhanloo M M. (2019a). Drivers of farmers' intention to use integrated pest management: Integrating theory of planned behavior and norm activation model. Journal of Environmental Management 236: 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.097
  • Rezaei R, Seidi M & Karbasioun M (2019b). Pesticide exposure reduction: Extending the theory of planned behavior to understand Iranian farmers’ intention to apply personal protective equipment. Safety Science 120:527–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.044
  • Rezaei R, Safa L & Ganjkhanloo M M (2020). Understanding farmers’ ecological conservation behavior regarding the use of integrated pest management- An application of the technology acceptance model. Global Ecology and Conservation 22:E00941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.044
  • Savari M & Gharechaee H (2020). Application of extended theory of planned behavior to predict Iranian farmers’ intention for safe use of chemical fertilizers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 263:12512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121512
  • Semuroh J & Sumin V (2021). Factors affecting the intention of sustainable agriculture practices among pepper farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Research, 5(4) : 92 – 100. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(S4).005
  • Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Tanveer M, Sidhu G P S, Handa N, Kohli S K, Yadav P, Bali A S, Parihar R D, Dar O I, Singh K, Jasrotia S, Bakshi P, Ramakrishnan M, Kumar S, Bhandwaj R & Thukral A K (2019). Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Applied Science 1(146). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1
  • Tama R A Z, Liu Y, Man Y, Hoque M, Adnan M & Sarker S A (2021). Assessing farmers’ intention towards conservation agriculture by using the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management 280: 111654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654
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  • Wang J, Chu M, Deng Y Y, Lam H & Tang J (2017). Determinants of pesticide application: An empirical analysis with theory of planned behaviour. China Agricultural Economic Review 10(4): 608-625. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-02-2017-0030
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Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 243 - 254, 26.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1258302

Abstract

Project Number

FYL-2019-2997

References

  • Ajzen I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50(2):179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen I (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32(4): 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  • Asadollahpour A, Najafabadi M O & Hosseini S J (2016). Modeling behavior pattern of Iranian organic paddy farmers. Paddy Water and Environment 14:221–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-015-0492-0
  • Ataei P, Gholamrezai S, Movahedi R & Aliabadi V (2021). An analysis of farmers’ intention to use green pesticides: The application of the extended theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Journal of Rural Studies 81:374-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.11.003
  • Bagheri A, Bondori A, Allahyari M S & Damalas C A (2019). Modeling farmers’ intention to use pesticides: an expanded version of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management 248:109291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109291
  • Bagheri A, Emami N & Damalas C A (2021a). Farmers' behavior in reading and using risk information displayed on pesticide labels: a test with the theory of planned behavior. Pest Managment Science 77: 2903–2913. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6326
  • Bagheri A, Emami N & Damalas C A (2021b). Farmers' behavior towards safe pesticide handling: an analysis with the theory of planned behavior. Science of The Total Environment 751:141709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141709
  • Bakker L, Sok J, Werf W & Bianchi F J J A (2021). Kicking the habit: what makes and breaks farmers' intentions to reduce pesticide use? Ecological Economics 180:106868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106868
  • Beedell J & Rehman T (2000). Using social-psychology models to understand farmers' conservation behaviour. Journal of Rural Studies 16:117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00043-1
  • Central Bank of Republic of Turkey (CBRT) (2022). Retrieved in February, 22, 2022 from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/ Cheah I & Phau I (2011). Attitudes towards environmentally friendly products: the influence of ecoliteracy interpersonal influence and value orientation. Marketing Intelligence & Planning 29:452-472. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501111153674
  • Colémont A & Van Den Broucke S (2008). Measuring determinants of occupational health related behavior in Flemish farmers: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Safety Research 39:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.12.001
  • Çakırlı Akyüz N & Theuvsen L (2020). The impact of behavioral drivers on adoption of sustainable agricultural practices: the case of organic farming in Turkey. Sustainability 12(17): 6875. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176875
  • Çanakkale Commodity Exchange (2022). Retrieved in March, 01,2023 from https://www.ctb.org.tr/canakkale-tarim/ Çanakkale Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry (2019). Crop Production Records.
  • Damalas C A (2021). Farmers’ intention to reduce pesticide use: the role of perceived risk of loss in the model of the planned behavior theory. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28:35278–35285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13183-3
  • Despotovic J, Rodic V & Caracciolo F (2019). Factors affecting farmers’ adoption of integrated pest management in Serbia: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production 228:1196e1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.149
  • Eisinga R, Te Grotenhuis M & Pelzer B (2012). The reliability of a two-item scale: pearson, cronbach or spearman-brown? International Journal of Public Health 58 (4):637–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-012-0416-3 EURASIANET (2022).
  • Turkey: High pesticide use raising concern. Retrieved in May, 12, 2022 from https://eurasianet.org/turkey-high-pesticide-use-raising-concern EUROSTAT (2022). Agri-environmental indicator—Consumption of pesticides. Retrieved in April, 21, 2022 form https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Agri-environmental_indicator_-_consumption_of_pesticides Fan L, Niu H, Yang X, Qin W, Bento P M C,
  • Ritsema C J & Geissen V (2015). Factors affecting farmers’ behaviour in pesticide use: Insights from a field study in Northern China. Science of the Total Environment 537:360-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.150
  • Farani A Y, Mohammadi Y & Ghahremani F 2019. Modeling farmers’ responsible environmental attitude and behaviour: A case from Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26:28146-28161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06040-x
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2017). The future of food and agriculture; trends and challenges, Report, Rome/Italy.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022a). Agricultural production statistics, Retrieved in June, 12, 2022 from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2022b). Pesticide registration toolkit, Retrieved in June, 12, 2022 form https://www.fao.org/pesticide-registration-toolkit/registration-tools/en/
  • Govindharaj G P P, Gowda P, Sendhil R, Adak T, Raghu S, Patil N, Mahendiran A, Rath P C, Kumar G A K & Damalas C A (2021). Determinants of rice farmers’ intention to use pesticides in Eastern India: Application of an extended version of the planned behavior theory. Sustainable Production And Consumption 26: 814–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.036
  • Hair J F, Hult G T M, Ringle C & Sarstedt M (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Hwang H, Sarstedt M, Cheah J H & Ringle C M (2020). A concept analysis of methodological research on composite-based structural equation modeling: Bridging PLSPM and GSCA. Behaviormetrika 47:219–241
  • Imani B, Allahyari M S, Bondori A, Emami N & Bilal H (2021). Adoption of organic potato production in Ardabil Plain, Iran: An application of the extended theory of planned behaviour. Potato Research 64,177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09471-z
  • Kahramanoğlu İ, Usanmaz S & Atlas T (2020). Reasons behind the farmers’ behaviour about the implementation of sustainable farming practices. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology 11(1-3): 67-77. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566764.2020/11.1-3.344
  • Kim K, Kabir E & Jahan S A (2017). Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Science of the Total Environment 575:525-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
  • Kwon H R & Silva E A (2019). Mapping the landscape of behavioral theories: systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Literature 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412219881135
  • Likert R (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology 1–55
  • Lou S, Zhang B & Zhang D (2021). Foresight from the hometown of green tea in China: Tea farmers’ adoption of pro-green control technology for tea plant pests. Journal of Cleaner Production 320:128817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128817
  • Niyaz Ö C & Demirbaş N (2018). Analysis of factors influencing the opinions of fresh fruits and vegetables consumers on food safety. Journal of Tekirdağ Agriculture Faculty 33(1):14-23. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.309225
  • Pahang J T, Nasirun N, Nisaa K, Nor M, Anuar H H &Saputra D H (2021). Examining factors that influence harumanis farmers. Global Business Management Review 13(1): 79-96. https://doi.org/10.32890/gbmr2021.13.1.5
  • Pan Y, Ren Y & Luning P A (2021). Factors influencing Chinese farmers’ proper pesticide application in agricultural products: A review. Food Control 122:107788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107788
  • Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASSF) (2020). The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed Annual Report 2020, Retrieved in July, 05, 2022 from https://ec.europa.eu/food/system/files/2021-08/rasff_pub_annual-report_2020.pdf
  • Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASSF) (2022). Retrieved in August, 07, 2022 form https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/rasff-food-and-feed-safety-alerts_en
  • Rezaei R, Mianaji S & Ganjloo A (2018). Factors affecting farmers’ intention to engage in on-farm food safety practices in Iran: Extending the theory of planned behavior. Journal of ural Studies 60:152–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.04.005
  • Rezaei R., Safa L, Damalas C A & Ganjkhanloo M M. (2019a). Drivers of farmers' intention to use integrated pest management: Integrating theory of planned behavior and norm activation model. Journal of Environmental Management 236: 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.097
  • Rezaei R, Seidi M & Karbasioun M (2019b). Pesticide exposure reduction: Extending the theory of planned behavior to understand Iranian farmers’ intention to apply personal protective equipment. Safety Science 120:527–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.044
  • Rezaei R, Safa L & Ganjkhanloo M M (2020). Understanding farmers’ ecological conservation behavior regarding the use of integrated pest management- An application of the technology acceptance model. Global Ecology and Conservation 22:E00941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.044
  • Savari M & Gharechaee H (2020). Application of extended theory of planned behavior to predict Iranian farmers’ intention for safe use of chemical fertilizers. Journal of Cleaner Production. 263:12512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121512
  • Semuroh J & Sumin V (2021). Factors affecting the intention of sustainable agriculture practices among pepper farmers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Food Research, 5(4) : 92 – 100. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(S4).005
  • Sharma A, Kumar V, Shahzad B, Tanveer M, Sidhu G P S, Handa N, Kohli S K, Yadav P, Bali A S, Parihar R D, Dar O I, Singh K, Jasrotia S, Bakshi P, Ramakrishnan M, Kumar S, Bhandwaj R & Thukral A K (2019). Worldwide pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Applied Science 1(146). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1485-1
  • Tama R A Z, Liu Y, Man Y, Hoque M, Adnan M & Sarker S A (2021). Assessing farmers’ intention towards conservation agriculture by using the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Management 280: 111654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654
  • Turkish Republic Agriculture and Forest Ministry (TRAFM) (2022). Official agrochemical statistics, Retreived in June, 26, 2022 from https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Menu/115/Resmi-Tarimsal-Ilac-Istatistikleri Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) (2018). Agricultural statistics, Retreived in January, 01,2022 from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) (2020). Agricultural statistics, Retreived in July, 18, 2022 from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • United Nations (UN) (2022). Feeding the world sustainably, Retreived in August, 22, 2022 from https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/feeding-world sustainably#:~:text=According%20to%20estimates%20compiled%20by,toll%20on%20our%20natural%20resources
  • United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) (2022). What is pesticide?, Retreived in August, 22, 2022 from https://www.epa.gov/minimum-risk-pesticides/what-pesticide
  • Wang C & Liu W (2021). Farmers’ attitudes vs. government supervision: Which one has a more significant impact on farmers’ pesticide use in China?. Internatıonal Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 19(2):213–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2021.1901465
  • Wang J, Chu M, Deng Y Y, Lam H & Tang J (2017). Determinants of pesticide application: An empirical analysis with theory of planned behaviour. China Agricultural Economic Review 10(4): 608-625. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-02-2017-0030
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tarık Günay 0000-0002-0317-7587

Özge Can Niyaz Altınok 0000-0002-4958-9931

Project Number FYL-2019-2997
Publication Date March 26, 2024
Submission Date March 1, 2023
Acceptance Date October 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 30 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Günay, T., & Niyaz Altınok, Ö. C. (2024). Drivers of Capia Pepper Farmers’ Intentions and Behaviors on Pesticide Use in Turkey: A Structural Equation Model. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1258302

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