The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Working Style: Hybrid Work

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 163 - 172, 29.11.2023

Yeliz Polat

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1283133

Abstract

In order to protect the health of employees and ensure the continuation of work during the Covid-19 pandemic, remote working has been adopted in a way of unexpected speed and compulsion in the labour market. Thanks to the vaccines developed against the pandemic, the ability of people to come together, even if it is limited, has expanded hybrid work, which is mixed model where workplace and remote work are applied together. However, studies show that hybrid work, which has become normal, has current and possible problems in terms of employee rights. It is understood that these problems are caused by the lack and inadequacy of legal regulations. Therefore, arrangements should be made at national and international level of hybrid work. In the article, a number suggestions were made by suggestions were made by focusing on the concept of hybrid work and its features, models, positive and negative aspects, thus drawing a general framework. There has been study the subject in the national literature, and it is thought that the study will contribute to the literature in this respect. The study was prepared by scanning the literature and using the results of the existing researches on the subject. It is expected that if arrangements are made in our country, where there is no legal regulation for hybrid work at the moment, the study will have a guiding quality.

Keywords

Hybrid Work, Hybrid Work Model, Remote Work, Covid-19 Epidemic.

Covid-19 Salgınının Çalışma Biçimine Etkisi: Hibrit Çalışma

Abstract

Covid-19 salgını esnasında çalışanların sağlığını korumak ve işlerin devamını sağlamak amacıyla işgücü piyasalarında beklenmedik bir hızla ve zorunlu olarak uzaktan çalışmaya geçilmiştir. Salgına karşı geliştirilen aşılar sayesinde kısıtlı bir biçimde olsa dahi kişilerin bir araya gelebilmesi, işyerinden ve uzaktan çalışmanın birlikte uygulandığı karma bir model olan hibrit çalışmayı yaygınlaştırmıştır. Ne var ki, yapılan çalışmalar, yeni normal haline gelen hibrit çalışmanın çalışan hakları bakımından mevcut ve olası sorunlar taşıdığını göstermektedir. Bu sorunlara, kanuni düzenlemelerin olmamasının ya da yetersizliğinin yol açtığı anlaşılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla hibrit çalışmayla yönelik ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır. Makalede, hibrit çalışma kavramı ile özellikleri, modelleri, olumlu ve olumsuz yanları üzerinde durularak, birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuş, böylece genel bir çerçeve çizilmiştir. Ulusal literatürde konuya yönelik çalışmaya rastlanılmamış olup, çalışmanın bu yönüyle de literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Çalışma, literatür taraması yapılarak ve konuya ilişkin mevcut araştırmaların sonuçlardan yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Hâlihazırda hibrit çalışmaya yönelik kanuni düzenlemenin olmadığı ülkemizde de düzenleme yapılması halinde çalışmanın, yol gösterici bir nitelik taşıyacağı beklenmektedir.

Keywords

Hibrit Çalışma, Hibrit Çalışma Modelleri, Uzaktan Çalışma, Covid-19 Salgını.

References

• Ahrendt, D., Cabrita, J., Clerici, E., Hurley, J., Leončikas, T., Mascherini, M., Riso, S., & Sandor, E. (2020). COVID-19, Living, working and COVID-19. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef20059en.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.10.2021).
• Ahrendt, D., Mascherini, M., Nivakoski, S., & Sándor, E. (2021). Living, working and COVID-19, Mental health and trust decline across EU as pandemic enters another year. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef21064en.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.04.2022).
• Ahrendt, D., Cabrita, J., Clerici, E., Hurley, J., Leončikas, T., Mascherini, M., Riso, S., & Sandor, E. (2022). Fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey: Living in a new era of uncertainty https:// https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef22042en.pdf (erişim tarihi: 10.10.2022).
• Baruch, Y. (2001). The Status of Research on Teleworking and An Agenda for Future Research. International Journal of Management Review, 3(2), 113-129.
• Bean, C. J., & Eisenber, E. M. (2006). Employee sensemaking in the transition to nomadic work. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19(2), 210-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810610648915.
• Bean, C. J., & Hamilton, F. E. (2006). Leader framing and follower sensemaking: Response to downsizing in the brave new workplace. Human Relations, 59(3), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706064177.
• Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J., Ozimek. A., Rock, D., Sharma, G., & TuYe, H. (2020). COVID-19 and Remote Work: An Early Look at US Data. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27344/w27344.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• Corbetta, M. (2020). Exploring policy options on teleworking: Steering local economic and employment development in the time of remote work. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers 2020/10. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional-development/exploring-policy-options-on-teleworking_5738b561-en (erişim tarihi:10.10 2021).
• EFI. (Emloyers’ Federation of India) (2020). Work From Home (A Policy Prescription). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/--act_emp/documents/newsitem/wcms_755686.pdf (erişim tarihi: 20.12.2021).
• Erickson, I. Jarrahi, M. H., Thomson, L., & Sawyer, S. (2014). More Than Nomads: Mobility, Knowledge Work, and Infrastructure. http://www.jarrahi.com/publications/EGOS_Erickson_Subtheme52.pdf (erişim tarihi: 12.12.2021).
• ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation). (2003). Voluntary agreement on Telework. https://resourcecentre.etuc.org/sites/default/files/201909/Telework_ETUC%20interpretation%20guide%20-%20EN.pdf (erişim tarihi:12.12.2021).
• Fana, M., Milasi, S., Napierała, J., Fernandez-Macías, E., & González Vázquez, I. (2020). Telework, work organisation and job quality during the COVID-19 crisis (JRC Working Papers Series on Labour, Education and Technology). https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/publications/telework-work-organisation-and-job-quality-during-covid-19-crisis-qualitative-study_en (erişim tarihi:04.10.2021).
• Forbes. (2020). Google CEO Sundar Pichai Calls for 'Hybrid' Work-From-Home Model. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2020/09/28/google-ceo-sundar-pichai-calls-for-a-hybrid-work-from-home-model/?sh=2252e661e9cf (erişim tarihi:02.10.2021).
• Grzegorczyk, M., Mariniello, M., Nursk, L., & Schraepen T. (2021). Blending the physical and virtual: a hybrid model for the future of work. Policy Contribution, 14 (21), 1-22.
• Hibob, (t.y.). The advantages of the Hybird Work Model. https://www.hibob.com/guides/hybrid-working-model-advantages/ (erişim tarihi:20.04.2022).
• ILO (International Labor Organization) & EU (Europe Union). (2020). Telework (Online training series International and EU Labour Standards Background paper). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---sro-budapest/documents/genericdocument/wcms_753334.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• ILO (International Labor Organization). (2020a). Working from Home: Estimating the worldwide potential. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/briefingnote/wcms_743447.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• ILO (International Labor Organization). (2020b). Teleworking During The COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond, A Practical Guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_751232.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• ILO (International Labor Organization). (2021). Teleworking arrangements during the COVID-19 crisis and beyond. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---ddg_p/documents/publication/wcms_791858.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.11.2021).
• Katsabian, T. (t.y.). The Telework Virus: How The Covid-19 Pandemic has Affected Telework and Exposed Its Implications for Privacy and Equality. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3684702. (erişim tarihi:04.10.2021).
• Llave Vargas, O., Mandl, I., Weber, T., & Wilkens, M. (2020a). Telework and ICT-based mobile work: Flexible working in the digital age. New forms of employment series, Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/337167.
• Llave Vargas, O., & Weber, T. (2020b). Telework and the ‘right to disconnect’. https://socialeurope.eu/telework-and-the-right-to-disconnect (erişim tarihi:15.11.2021).
• Lund, S., Madgavkar, A., Manyika, J., & Smit, S. (2020). What’s next for remote work: An analysis of 2,000 tasks, 800 jobs, and nine countries. (Editör: Stephanie Strom). McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/whats-next-for-remote-work-an-analysis-of-2000-tasks-800-jobs-and-nine-countries (erişim tarihi:05.102021).
• Messenger, J., Llave Vargas O., Gschwind, L., Boehmer, S., Vermeylen, G., & Wilkens, M. (2017). Working anytime, anywhere: The effects on the world of work. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/425484.
• Microsoft. (2021). The Next Great Disruption is Hybrid Work are We Ready. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/worklab/work-trend-index/hybrid-work (erişim tarihi:20.12.2021).
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2020). Productivity gains from teleworking in the post COVID-19 era: How can public policies make it happen? OECD Tackling the Coronavirus (Covid-19), Contributing to the Global Effort. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=135_135250-u15liwp4jd&title=Productivity-gains-from-teleworking-in-the-post-COVID-19-era. (erişim tarihi:04.10.2021).
• Samek Lodovici, M. vd. (2021). The impact of teleworking and digital work on workers and society (Special focus on surveillance and monitoring, as well as on mental health of workers). Publication for the committee on Employment and Social Affairs, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, European Parliament. https://doi.org/10.2861/691994.
• Predotova, K., & Vargas L., O. (2021). Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2021/workers-want-to-telework-but-long-working-hours-isolation-and-inadequate-equipment-must-be-tackled (erişim tarihi:19.12.2021).
• Ro, C. (2020). Why the future of work might be ‘hybrid’. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid (erişim tarihi:10.12.2021).
• Sangarandeniya, Y.M. S.W.V., & Ranasinghe, V. (2020). Flexible Working and Work Life Balance. Contemporary Developments in Human Resource Managemnet. (97-111). Sri Lanka: Department of Human Resource Management, University of Kelaniya. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340983177_Flexible_Working_and_Work-Life_Balance (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• Sostero, M., Milasi, S., Hurley, J., Fernandez-Macias, E., & Bisello, M. (2020). Teleworkability and the COVID-19 crisis: a new digital divide?. European Commisson. https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/publications/teleworkability-and-covid-19-crisis-new-digital-divide_en (erişim tarihi:10.10.2021).
• Statista (The Statictics Portal for Market Data). (2021). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111394/attitudes-on-remote-work-for-employees/ (erişim tarihi:20.04.2022).
• Syndicat European Trade Union, BusinessEurope, SMEunited ve SGI Europe. (2021). Implementation of the ETUC/BusinessEurope/SMEunited/SGI Europe Framework agreement on Digitalisation. https://resourcecentre.etuc.org/sites/default/files/202201/Implementation%20of%20the%20Digitalisation%20agreement_1st%20Joint%20report.pdf (erişim tarihi:10.01.2022).
• Taylor, H., Florisson R., & Hooper, D. (2021). Making Hybrid Inclusive-A Guide For Employers. https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/media/lancaster-university/content-assets/documents/lums/work-foundation/EmployersGuide.pdf (erişim tarihi:20.01.2022).
• TDK (Türk Dil Kurumu). (2023). Genel Türkçe Sözlük, https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (erişim tarihi:04.01.2023).
• Yang, E., Bisson, C., & Eaton Sanbor, B. (2019.) Coworking space as a third-fourth place: changing models of a hybrid space in corporate real estate, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 21(4), 324-345.
• Weber, T., Hurley, J., & Adăscăliței, D. (2021). Employment and labour markets COVID-19: Implications for employment and working life. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2806/160624.