Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Crimes Against Humanity and Global Inaction: Tigray Conflict

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 173 - 184, 29.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1354248

Abstract

The events that began in November 2020 between the Ethiopian federal government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front have extended to other regions over time and evolved into a conflict involving several local, regional and international. All parties to the conflict have been found to have committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and acts amounting to ethnic cleansing, but the international community has not reacted in a timely and decisive manner and has remained a bystander. Although it is accepted that the international community has a responsibility to protect when states fail to protect their own citizens from ethnic cleansing, genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, and there are examples where this approach has been applied, the responsibility to protect has not come to the fore in Ethiopia and the international community has once again preferred inaction. The study argues that the failure to implement the responsibility to protect in Ethiopia and the inaction of the international community have been instrumental in the escalation of violence.

References

  • Aalen, L. (2002). Ethnic federalism in a dominant party state: The Ethiopian experience 1991-2000. CMI Report (2), 1-153. https://www.cmi.no/publications/769-ethnic-federalism-in-a-dominant-party-state. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Addis Standard. (2021, Haziran 17). News: Ethiopia calls on AU commission on rights abuse in Tigray to stop inquiry; says commission set up outside scope of agreement, lacks legal basis. https://addisstandard.com/news-ethiopia-calls-on-au-to-stop-commission-of-inquiry-on-rights-abuse-in-tigray-says-outside-scoop-of-agreement-lacks-legal-basis/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • African Union [AU]. (2021, Kasım 14). Statement on the Prospects for Peace in Ethiopia by H.E. Olusegun Obasanjo High representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for the Horn of Africa. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20211114/statement-prospects-peace-ethiopia-he-olusegun-obasanjo-high-representative. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • African Union [AU]. (2022, Ekim 25). AU launches peace talks to end the conflict in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20221025/au-launches-peace-talks-end-conflict-tigray-region-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Ahmed, K. (2022, Ocak 6). Ethiopia lifts five-month suspension of Norwegian Refugee Council’s aid work. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/06/ethiopia-lifts-five-month-suspension-of-norwegian-refugee-councils-aid-work. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Amnesty International. (2021, Ağustos 10). Ethiopia: Troops and militia rape, abduct women and girls in Tigray conflict – new report. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/ethiopia-troops-and-militia-rape-abduct-women-and-girls-in-tigray-conflict-new-report/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Anna, C. (2021, Haziran 18). EU envoy: Ethiopian leadership vowed to ‘wipe out’ Tigrayans. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/europe-ethiopia-africa-ffd3dc3faf15d0501fd87cafe274e65a. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2020a, Kasım 4). Ethiopian PM Abiy accuses TPLF of camp ‘attack’, vows response. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/4/pm-ahmed-vows-response-after-deadly-attack-in-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2020b, Kasım 4). Ethiopia declares state of emergency in opposition-ruled Tigray. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/4/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-in-opposition-tigray-region. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2022, Kasım 2). Ethiopia: Government, Tigrayan forces agree to end two-year war. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/2/ethiopias-warring-sides-agree-cessation-of-hostilities-au. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2021, Kasım 25). UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov’t. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/uae-air-bridge-provides-military-support-to-ethiopia-govt. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Aydın-Koyuncu, Ç. (2022). Feminizm Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik Gündemi Kararlarının Analizi. JEESS, 4(2). 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.46959/jeess.1186195
  • Bader, L. (2021, Eylül 17). US Authorizes Sanctions in Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict. Human Rights Watch. Erişim adresi: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/17/us-authorizes-sanctions-ethiopias-tigray-conflict
  • Badwaza, Y., Temin, J. (2018, Eylül). Reform in Ethiopia: Turning Promise into Progress. Freedom House. Erişim adresi: https://freedomhouse.org/report/policy-brief/2018/reform-ethiopia-turning-promise-progress
  • BBC. (2021, Haziran 29). Ethiopia’s Tigray war: The short, medium and long story. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54964378
  • Borrell, J. (2021, Ocak 15). We need humanitarian access to Tigray as urgent first step towards peace in Ethiopia. EU External Action. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/we-need-humanitarian-access-tigray-urgent-first-step-towards-peace-ethiopia_en. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Burke, J. (2020, Kasım 4). Fighting reported in Ethiopia after PM responds to ‘attack’ by regional ruling party. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/04/ethiopia-on-brink-as-pm-orders-military-response-to-attack. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Burns, D. C. (2021, Temmuz 14). Tigray: Time for the UN to Report on Attacks on Humanitarian Facilities and Personnel. World Peace Foundation. https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2021/07/14/tigray-time-for-the-un-to-report-on-attacks-on-humanitarian-facilities-and-personnel/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]. (2023). Ethiopia. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/summaries. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Council on Foreign Relations [CFR]. (2023, Haziran 8). Conflict in Ethiopia. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • D’Costa, B. (2022). Tigray’s Complex Emergency, Expulsions and the Aspirations of the Responsibility to Protect. Global Responsibility to Protect, 14. 5-11. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/14/1/article-p5_3.xml?language=en
  • De Waal, A. (2020, Kasım 29). Viewpoint: How Ethiopia is undermining the African Union. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55099908. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • De Waal, A. (2021, Temmuz 19). July 2021 Employee of the Month: Abiy Ahmed. World Peace Foundation. https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2021/07/19/july-2021-employee-of-the-month-abiy-ahmed/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Dujarric, S. (2020, Kasım 13). Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. https://press.un.org/en/2020/db201113.doc.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Emirates Policy Center [EPC]. (2021, Eylül 4). Can Turkey Tilt the Balance of Ethiopian Conflicts?. https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/can-turkey-tilt-the-balance-of-ethiopian-conflicts. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • European Parliament. (2021, Ekim 7). European Parliament resolution of 7 October 2021 on the humanitarian situation in Tigray. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0421_EN.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • FDRE Government Communication Service [@FdreService]. (2022, Mart 24). Declaration of a Humanitarian Truce by the Government of Ethiopia. Twitter. https://twitter.com/FdreService/status/1507001573586595848?s=20&t=JIR7eKP3yViW72q8ZjdJ6w. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fessha, Y. T. (2010). Ethnic Diversity and Federalism: Consitution Making in South Africa and Ethiopia. Surrey: Ashgate Publications.
  • Fiseha, A. (2012). Ethiopia’s Experiment in Accommodating Diversity: 20 Years’ Balance Sheet. Regional & Federal Studies, 22(4). 435-473.
  • Fiseha, A. (2018). Federalism and development: the Ethiopian dilemma. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 25(3). 333-368.
  • Fiseha, A. (2019). Federalism, development and the changing political dynamics in Ethiopia. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(1). 151-176.
  • Fiseha, A. (2023). Ethiopia’s Contested Federalism: How to Deal with Cleavages? https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/pp.-281-332.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fox, B. (2021a, Aralık 14). Failure on Ethiopia sanctions ‘my biggest frustration’ this year, says EU’s top diplomat. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/failure-on-ethiopia-sanctions-my-biggest-frustration-says-eus-top-diplomat/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fox, B. (2021b, Mart 1). EU-Ethiopia diplomatic feud intensifies over Tigray criticism. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/eu-ethiopia-diplomatic-feud-intensifies-over-tigray-criticism/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • France24. (2021, Eylül 30). Ethiopia to expel senior UN staff following criticism of Tigray aid blockade. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210930-ethiopia-to-expel-senior-un-staff-following-criticism-of-tigray-aid-blockade. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Gallagher, A. (2015). The promise of pillar II: analysing international assistance under the Responsibility to Protect. International Affairs, 91(6). 1259-1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12459
  • Gebeye, B. A. (2023). The Four Faces of Ethiopian Federalism. Faculty of Laws University College London Law Research Paper, 4. 157-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4392205
  • Gedamu, Y. (2022). The Politics of Contemporary Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Authoritarian Survival. London and New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Gerth-Niculescu, M. (2021, Ekim 11). Expulsions, blockade thwart Tigray relief as fresh offensive launched. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/10/11/humanitarian-expulsions-blockade-relief-thwarted-Tigray-offensive-launched. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. (2023, Mayıs 31). Ethiopia. https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/ethiopia/#:%7E:text=The%20Ethiopian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,Kadra%20on%209%20November%202020. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Guterres, A. (2020, Kasım 4). Secretary-General Expresses Alarm over Reported Clashes in Ethiopia’s Tigray Region, Calls for Immediate De-escalation of Tensions (SG/SM/20396). https://press.un.org/en/2020/sgsm20396.doc.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2021, Temmuz 2). UN Security Council: End Inaction on Ethiopia. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/02/un-security-council-end-inaction-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2022a, Nisan 6). “We will erase you from this island”: Crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing in Ethiopia’s Western Tigray Zone. https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/06/we-will-erase-you-land/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-ethiopias. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2022b, Nisan 6). Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia’s Western Tigray Zone. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/06/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-ethiopias-western-tigray-zone. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty -ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Development Research Centre. Ottawa.
  • International Development Commitee. (2021, Nisan 27). The Humanitarian situation in Tigray: Tenth Report of Session 2019-21. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/5722/documents/56559/default/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Keller, E. (1998). Regime Change and Ethno-regionalism in Ethiopia: The Case of the Oromo. Asafa Jalata (Ed.). Oromo Nationalism and the Ethiopian Discourse içinde (109-124). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
  • Kleinfeld, P. (2021, Ağustos 9). Tigray aid response hit by suspensions, blockade. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/8/9/tigray-aid-response-hit-by-suspensions-blockade. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Koç, E. N. (2021). Kenya and Guinea: Preventive Strategies in R2P. Pınar Gözen Ercan (Ed.). The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation içinde (s. 55-80). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Le Monde. (2022b, Ağustos 27). UN condemns air strike that hit kindergarten in Tigray. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/08/27/un-condemns-ethiopia-air-strike-that-hit-kindergarten-in-tigray_5994950_4.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Le Monde. (2022a, Eylül 20). Ethiopia rejects UN report warning of crimes against humanity in Tigray. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/20/ethiopia-rejects-un-report-warning-of-crimes-against-humanity-in-tigray_5997687_4.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Lederer, E. M. (2021, Mart 6). Diplomats: UN fails to approve call to end Tigray violence. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/russia-violence-india-humanitarian-assistance-ethiopia-f93a9a6bc7c0845a37cf7e3e3757e1e7. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mabera, F. (2023, Şubat 15). Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict Peace Deal Showcased the African Union’s Peace Diplomacy, but Several Sticking Points Remain. Wilson Center Africa Up Close. https://africaupclose.wilsoncenter.org/ethiopias-tigray-conflict-peace-deal-african-union/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mengistu, M. M. (2015). Ethnic federalism: A means for managing or a triggering factor for ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, Social Sciences, 4(4). 94-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
  • Metekia, T. S. (2022, Haziran 21). Prosecuting crimes against humanity in Ethiopia: where is the law?. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/prosecuting-crimes-against-humanity-in-ethiopia-where-is-the-law. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mukwege Foundation (2022). Understanding Conflict Related Sexual Violence in Ethiopia Research Report 2022. https://www.mukwegefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ETH_CRSV-in-ETH-Report_221012_FINAL.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mutambo, A. (2021, Aralık 2). China says Ethiopia capable of handling Tigray conflict. The East African. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/china-says-ethiopia-capable-of-handling-tigray-conflict-3639072. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mwai, P. (2021, Eylül 27). Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Why are hundreds of aid trucks stranded?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/58681797. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the Prime Minister – Ethiopia [@PMEthiopia]. (2020, Kasım 4). TPLF attacks Ethiopian National Defense Forces Base in Tigray. The Ethiopian National Defense Forces, under the direction of a Command Post, have been ordered to carry out their mission [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PMEthiopia/status/1323832961209229317?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1323832961209229317%7Ctwgr%5E44cd434cd3188a9ee637511e25376f4830e16327%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F4%2Fpm-ahmed-vows-response-after-deadly-attack-in-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2022, Eylül 19). UN experts warn of potential for further atrocities amid resumption of conflict in Ethiopia. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/09/un-experts-warn-potential-further-atrocities-amid-resumption-conflict#:~:text=The%20commission%20found%20reasonable%20grounds,in%20August%20and%20September%202021. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2021b, Mart 4). Ethiopia: Persistent, credible reports of grave violations in Tigray underscore urgent need for human rights access – Bachelet. https://www.ohchr.org/en/2021/03/ethiopia-persistent-credible-reports-grave-violations-tigray-underscore-urgent-need-human. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2021a, Aralık 3). Tigray conflict: UN experts call for urgent action to stop violence against women. https://www.ohchr.org/en/2021/12/tigray-conflict-un-experts-call-urgent-action-stop-violence-against-women. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the US Trade Representative [USTR]. (2022, Ocak 1). U.S. Terminates AGOA Trade Preference Program for Ethiopia, Mali and Guinea. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2022/january/us-terminates-agoa-trade-preference-program-ethiopia-mali-and-guinea. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Paravicini, G. ve Houreld, K. (2021, Haziran 15). EXCLUSIVE UN official accuses Eritrean forces of deliberately starving Tigray. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/exclusive-un-official-accuses-eritrean-forces-deliberately-starving-tigray-2021-06-11/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Pelz, D. (2021, Şubat 22). German-Ethiopian ties suffer over Tigray. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/german-ethiopian-relations-suffer-over-tigray/a-56655824. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Pilling, D. ve Schipani, A. (2023, Ocak 15). War in Tigray may have killed 600,000 people, peace mediator says. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/2f385e95-0899-403a-9e3b-ed8c24adf4e7. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Plaut, M. (2021). The Tigray War and Regional Implications Vol I. https://eritreahub.org/the-tigray-war-and-regional-implications-full-report. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Quach, G. (2021, Ekim 1). Ethiopia expels ‘meddling’ UN staff as famine deepens in Tigray without aid. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/01/ethiopia-expels-meddling-un-staff-as-famine-deepens-in-tigray-without-aid. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reliefweb. (2021a, Eylül 2). Ethiopia - Tigray Region Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 2 Sep 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-tigray-region-humanitarian-update-situation-report-2-sep-2021. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reliefweb. (2021b, Eylül 2). Statement by Acting Humanitarian Coordinator for Ethiopia, Grant Leaity, on the operational constraints and de facto humanitarian blockade of Tigray, 2 September 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/statement-acting-humanitarian-coordinator-ethiopia-grant-leaity-operational. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2020, Kasım 21). Ethiopia rejects African mediation, pushes toward rebel-held Tigray capital. https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-conflict-idINKBN28108V. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2021, Mart 13). Ethiopia rejects U.S. allegations of ethnic cleansing in Tigray. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ethiopia-conflict/ethiopia-rejects-u-s-allegations-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-tigray-idUSKBN2B50ES. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2022, Eylül 12). Tigrayan forces say ready to accept an AU-led peace process in Ethiopia. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tigrayan-forces-say-ready-accept-an-au-led-peace-process-ethiopia-2022-09-11/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2023, Ocak 29). Eritrea troops still on Ethiopian soil, U.S. says. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/eritrea-troops-still-ethiopian-soil-us-2023-01-28/
  • Savaş-Cazala, M. (2021). Côte D’Ivoire: A Timely and Decisive R2P Action? Pınar Gözen Ercan (Ed.). The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation içinde (s. 107-131). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Security Council Report. (2020, Aralık 13). Ethiopia (Tigray): Discussion of the humanitarian situation under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/12/ethiopia-tigray-discussion-of-the-humanitarian-situation-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021a, Mart 3). Ethiopia (Tigray) Meeting under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/03/ethiopia-tigray-meeting-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021b, Aralık 19). Ethiopia: Meeting under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/12/ethiopia-meeting-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021c, Temmuz 2). Ethiopia (Tigray): Open Briefing. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/07/ethiopia-tigray-open-briefing.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights [ACHPR]. (2021). Resolution on the Fact-Finding Mission to the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- ACHPR/Res. 482 (EXT.OS/XXXII) 2021. https://inquiry.achpr.org/resolution/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The Guardian. (2021, Ağustos 29). Tigray rebels accuse AU of bias as mediation efforts grow. https://guardian.ng/news/tigray-rebels-accuse-au-of-bias-as-mediation-efforts-grow/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The National Tribune. (2022, Mart 8). Human Rights Council Discusses Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan and in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. https://www.nationaltribune.com.au/human-rights-council-discusses-situation-of-human-rights-in-afghanistan-and-in-tigray-region-of-ethiopia/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The New Humanitarian. (2021, Temmuz 12). Aid access to Tigray remains stalled, despite ceasefire. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/7/12/aid-access-to-tigray-remains-stalled-despite-ceasefire. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The Organization of World Peace [OWP]. (2023). Tigray Conflict. https://theowp.org/crisis_index/tigray-conflict/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Tigray External Affairs Office [@TigrayEAO]. (2022, Mart 24). Statement by the Government of Tigray on Cessation of Hostilities. Twitter. https://twitter.com/TigrayEAO/status/1507108987107430407?s=20&t=JIR7eKP3yViW72q8ZjdJ6w. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Population Fund [UNFPA]. (2022, Kasım 2). Ethiopia: From conflict to climate shocks. https://www.unfpa.org/ethiopia-conflict-climate-shocks-women-and-girls-are-disproportionately-affected. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN General Assembly. (2005). Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 (A/RES/60/1). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2009). Implementing the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary General (A/63/677). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2012). Responsibility to protect: timely and decisive response. Report of the Secretary General (A/RES/66/874-S/RES/2012/578). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2014a). Fulfilling our collective responsibility: international assistance and the responsibility to protect. Report of the Secretary General (A/68/947-S/2014/449). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2015). A vital and enduring commitment: implementing the responsibility to protect Report of the Secretary-General (A/69/981–S/2015/500). BM. New York.
  • UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [OCHA]. (2020, Kasım 2021). Ethiopia: Tigray Region Humanitarian Update – Situation Report No. 4. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-tigray-region-humanitarian-update-situation-report-no-4-20-november-2020. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Secretary General. (2012). Secretary-General’s remarks to General Assembly Informal Interactive Dialogue on “The Responsibility to Protect: Timely and Decisive Response”. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2012-09-05/secretary-generals-remarks-general-assembly-informal-interactive. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Security Council. (2009). Resolution 1888. S/RES/1888. https://www.un.org/shestandsforpeace/sites/www.un.org.shestandsforpeace/files/unscr_1888_2009.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Security Council. (2010). Resolution 1960. S/RES/1960. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SCResolutionWomen_SRES1960%282010%29%28en%29_0.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Wight, P. (2021, Haziran 27). Ethiopia’s sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect in Tigray. Ethiopia Insight. https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2021/06/27/ethiopias-sovereignty-and-the-responsibility-to-protect-in-tigray/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Wight, P., Cowper-Smith, Y. (2022). Mass Atrocities in Ethiopia and Myanmar: The Case for ‘Harm Mitigation’ in R2P Implementation. Global Responsibility to Protect. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/14/3/article-p339_008.xml
  • World Food Programme [WFP]. (2022, Ocak 28). Severe hunger tightens grip on northern Ethiopia. https://www.wfp.org/news/severe-hunger-tightens-grip-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).

İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması

Year 2023, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 173 - 184, 29.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1354248

Abstract

Etiyopya federal hükümeti ve Tigray Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi arasında Kasım 2020’de başlayan olaylar zamanla diğer bölgelere de sıçrayarak ülke içinden ve dışından birçok farklı aktörün de dahil olduğu bir çatışmaya dönüşmüştür. Çatışan tüm tarafların savaş suçu, insanlığa karşı suç ve etnik temizliğe varan eylemler yürüttüğü tespit edilmiş ancak uluslararası toplum zamanında ve kararlı tepki vermemiş ve yaşananlara seyirci kalmıştır. Devletlerin kendi vatandaşlarını etnik temizlik, soykırım, savaş suçu ve insanlığa karşı suçlardan koruyamadığı durumlarda uluslararası toplumun koruma sorumluluğu olduğu kabul edilmesine ve bu yaklaşımın uygulandığı örnekler bulunmasına rağmen Etiyopya’da koruma sorumluluğu gündeme gelmemiş ve uluslararası toplum bir kez daha eylemsizliği tercih etmiştir. Çalışmada koruma sorumluluğunun Etiyopya’da uygulanmamasının ve uluslararası toplumun eylemsizliğinin şiddetin artmasında etkili olduğu savunulmaktadır.

References

  • Aalen, L. (2002). Ethnic federalism in a dominant party state: The Ethiopian experience 1991-2000. CMI Report (2), 1-153. https://www.cmi.no/publications/769-ethnic-federalism-in-a-dominant-party-state. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Addis Standard. (2021, Haziran 17). News: Ethiopia calls on AU commission on rights abuse in Tigray to stop inquiry; says commission set up outside scope of agreement, lacks legal basis. https://addisstandard.com/news-ethiopia-calls-on-au-to-stop-commission-of-inquiry-on-rights-abuse-in-tigray-says-outside-scoop-of-agreement-lacks-legal-basis/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • African Union [AU]. (2021, Kasım 14). Statement on the Prospects for Peace in Ethiopia by H.E. Olusegun Obasanjo High representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for the Horn of Africa. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20211114/statement-prospects-peace-ethiopia-he-olusegun-obasanjo-high-representative. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • African Union [AU]. (2022, Ekim 25). AU launches peace talks to end the conflict in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20221025/au-launches-peace-talks-end-conflict-tigray-region-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Ahmed, K. (2022, Ocak 6). Ethiopia lifts five-month suspension of Norwegian Refugee Council’s aid work. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/06/ethiopia-lifts-five-month-suspension-of-norwegian-refugee-councils-aid-work. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Amnesty International. (2021, Ağustos 10). Ethiopia: Troops and militia rape, abduct women and girls in Tigray conflict – new report. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/08/ethiopia-troops-and-militia-rape-abduct-women-and-girls-in-tigray-conflict-new-report/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Anna, C. (2021, Haziran 18). EU envoy: Ethiopian leadership vowed to ‘wipe out’ Tigrayans. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/europe-ethiopia-africa-ffd3dc3faf15d0501fd87cafe274e65a. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2020a, Kasım 4). Ethiopian PM Abiy accuses TPLF of camp ‘attack’, vows response. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/4/pm-ahmed-vows-response-after-deadly-attack-in-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2020b, Kasım 4). Ethiopia declares state of emergency in opposition-ruled Tigray. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/4/ethiopia-declares-state-of-emergency-in-opposition-tigray-region. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2022, Kasım 2). Ethiopia: Government, Tigrayan forces agree to end two-year war. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/2/ethiopias-warring-sides-agree-cessation-of-hostilities-au. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Al Jazeera. (2021, Kasım 25). UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov’t. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/uae-air-bridge-provides-military-support-to-ethiopia-govt. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Aydın-Koyuncu, Ç. (2022). Feminizm Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nin Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik Gündemi Kararlarının Analizi. JEESS, 4(2). 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.46959/jeess.1186195
  • Bader, L. (2021, Eylül 17). US Authorizes Sanctions in Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict. Human Rights Watch. Erişim adresi: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/17/us-authorizes-sanctions-ethiopias-tigray-conflict
  • Badwaza, Y., Temin, J. (2018, Eylül). Reform in Ethiopia: Turning Promise into Progress. Freedom House. Erişim adresi: https://freedomhouse.org/report/policy-brief/2018/reform-ethiopia-turning-promise-progress
  • BBC. (2021, Haziran 29). Ethiopia’s Tigray war: The short, medium and long story. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54964378
  • Borrell, J. (2021, Ocak 15). We need humanitarian access to Tigray as urgent first step towards peace in Ethiopia. EU External Action. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/we-need-humanitarian-access-tigray-urgent-first-step-towards-peace-ethiopia_en. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Burke, J. (2020, Kasım 4). Fighting reported in Ethiopia after PM responds to ‘attack’ by regional ruling party. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/04/ethiopia-on-brink-as-pm-orders-military-response-to-attack. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Burns, D. C. (2021, Temmuz 14). Tigray: Time for the UN to Report on Attacks on Humanitarian Facilities and Personnel. World Peace Foundation. https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2021/07/14/tigray-time-for-the-un-to-report-on-attacks-on-humanitarian-facilities-and-personnel/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]. (2023). Ethiopia. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/summaries. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Council on Foreign Relations [CFR]. (2023, Haziran 8). Conflict in Ethiopia. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • D’Costa, B. (2022). Tigray’s Complex Emergency, Expulsions and the Aspirations of the Responsibility to Protect. Global Responsibility to Protect, 14. 5-11. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/14/1/article-p5_3.xml?language=en
  • De Waal, A. (2020, Kasım 29). Viewpoint: How Ethiopia is undermining the African Union. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55099908. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • De Waal, A. (2021, Temmuz 19). July 2021 Employee of the Month: Abiy Ahmed. World Peace Foundation. https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2021/07/19/july-2021-employee-of-the-month-abiy-ahmed/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Dujarric, S. (2020, Kasım 13). Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General. https://press.un.org/en/2020/db201113.doc.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Emirates Policy Center [EPC]. (2021, Eylül 4). Can Turkey Tilt the Balance of Ethiopian Conflicts?. https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/can-turkey-tilt-the-balance-of-ethiopian-conflicts. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • European Parliament. (2021, Ekim 7). European Parliament resolution of 7 October 2021 on the humanitarian situation in Tigray. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0421_EN.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • FDRE Government Communication Service [@FdreService]. (2022, Mart 24). Declaration of a Humanitarian Truce by the Government of Ethiopia. Twitter. https://twitter.com/FdreService/status/1507001573586595848?s=20&t=JIR7eKP3yViW72q8ZjdJ6w. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fessha, Y. T. (2010). Ethnic Diversity and Federalism: Consitution Making in South Africa and Ethiopia. Surrey: Ashgate Publications.
  • Fiseha, A. (2012). Ethiopia’s Experiment in Accommodating Diversity: 20 Years’ Balance Sheet. Regional & Federal Studies, 22(4). 435-473.
  • Fiseha, A. (2018). Federalism and development: the Ethiopian dilemma. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 25(3). 333-368.
  • Fiseha, A. (2019). Federalism, development and the changing political dynamics in Ethiopia. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(1). 151-176.
  • Fiseha, A. (2023). Ethiopia’s Contested Federalism: How to Deal with Cleavages? https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/pp.-281-332.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fox, B. (2021a, Aralık 14). Failure on Ethiopia sanctions ‘my biggest frustration’ this year, says EU’s top diplomat. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/failure-on-ethiopia-sanctions-my-biggest-frustration-says-eus-top-diplomat/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Fox, B. (2021b, Mart 1). EU-Ethiopia diplomatic feud intensifies over Tigray criticism. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/africa/news/eu-ethiopia-diplomatic-feud-intensifies-over-tigray-criticism/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • France24. (2021, Eylül 30). Ethiopia to expel senior UN staff following criticism of Tigray aid blockade. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210930-ethiopia-to-expel-senior-un-staff-following-criticism-of-tigray-aid-blockade. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Gallagher, A. (2015). The promise of pillar II: analysing international assistance under the Responsibility to Protect. International Affairs, 91(6). 1259-1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12459
  • Gebeye, B. A. (2023). The Four Faces of Ethiopian Federalism. Faculty of Laws University College London Law Research Paper, 4. 157-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4392205
  • Gedamu, Y. (2022). The Politics of Contemporary Ethiopia: Ethnic Federalism and Authoritarian Survival. London and New York: Routledge, 2022.
  • Gerth-Niculescu, M. (2021, Ekim 11). Expulsions, blockade thwart Tigray relief as fresh offensive launched. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/10/11/humanitarian-expulsions-blockade-relief-thwarted-Tigray-offensive-launched. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. (2023, Mayıs 31). Ethiopia. https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/ethiopia/#:%7E:text=The%20Ethiopian%20Human%20Rights%20Commission,Kadra%20on%209%20November%202020. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Guterres, A. (2020, Kasım 4). Secretary-General Expresses Alarm over Reported Clashes in Ethiopia’s Tigray Region, Calls for Immediate De-escalation of Tensions (SG/SM/20396). https://press.un.org/en/2020/sgsm20396.doc.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2021, Temmuz 2). UN Security Council: End Inaction on Ethiopia. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/02/un-security-council-end-inaction-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2022a, Nisan 6). “We will erase you from this island”: Crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing in Ethiopia’s Western Tigray Zone. https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/06/we-will-erase-you-land/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-ethiopias. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Human Rights Watch [HRW]. (2022b, Nisan 6). Crimes against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia’s Western Tigray Zone. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/06/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-ethiopias-western-tigray-zone. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty -ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Development Research Centre. Ottawa.
  • International Development Commitee. (2021, Nisan 27). The Humanitarian situation in Tigray: Tenth Report of Session 2019-21. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/5722/documents/56559/default/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Keller, E. (1998). Regime Change and Ethno-regionalism in Ethiopia: The Case of the Oromo. Asafa Jalata (Ed.). Oromo Nationalism and the Ethiopian Discourse içinde (109-124). Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press.
  • Kleinfeld, P. (2021, Ağustos 9). Tigray aid response hit by suspensions, blockade. The New Humanitarian. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/8/9/tigray-aid-response-hit-by-suspensions-blockade. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Koç, E. N. (2021). Kenya and Guinea: Preventive Strategies in R2P. Pınar Gözen Ercan (Ed.). The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation içinde (s. 55-80). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Le Monde. (2022b, Ağustos 27). UN condemns air strike that hit kindergarten in Tigray. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/08/27/un-condemns-ethiopia-air-strike-that-hit-kindergarten-in-tigray_5994950_4.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Le Monde. (2022a, Eylül 20). Ethiopia rejects UN report warning of crimes against humanity in Tigray. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/09/20/ethiopia-rejects-un-report-warning-of-crimes-against-humanity-in-tigray_5997687_4.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Lederer, E. M. (2021, Mart 6). Diplomats: UN fails to approve call to end Tigray violence. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/russia-violence-india-humanitarian-assistance-ethiopia-f93a9a6bc7c0845a37cf7e3e3757e1e7. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mabera, F. (2023, Şubat 15). Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict Peace Deal Showcased the African Union’s Peace Diplomacy, but Several Sticking Points Remain. Wilson Center Africa Up Close. https://africaupclose.wilsoncenter.org/ethiopias-tigray-conflict-peace-deal-african-union/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mengistu, M. M. (2015). Ethnic federalism: A means for managing or a triggering factor for ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, Social Sciences, 4(4). 94-105. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20150404.15
  • Metekia, T. S. (2022, Haziran 21). Prosecuting crimes against humanity in Ethiopia: where is the law?. Institute for Security Studies. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/prosecuting-crimes-against-humanity-in-ethiopia-where-is-the-law. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mukwege Foundation (2022). Understanding Conflict Related Sexual Violence in Ethiopia Research Report 2022. https://www.mukwegefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ETH_CRSV-in-ETH-Report_221012_FINAL.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mutambo, A. (2021, Aralık 2). China says Ethiopia capable of handling Tigray conflict. The East African. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/china-says-ethiopia-capable-of-handling-tigray-conflict-3639072. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Mwai, P. (2021, Eylül 27). Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Why are hundreds of aid trucks stranded?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/58681797. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the Prime Minister – Ethiopia [@PMEthiopia]. (2020, Kasım 4). TPLF attacks Ethiopian National Defense Forces Base in Tigray. The Ethiopian National Defense Forces, under the direction of a Command Post, have been ordered to carry out their mission [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PMEthiopia/status/1323832961209229317?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1323832961209229317%7Ctwgr%5E44cd434cd3188a9ee637511e25376f4830e16327%7Ctwcon%5Es1_c10&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F4%2Fpm-ahmed-vows-response-after-deadly-attack-in-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2022, Eylül 19). UN experts warn of potential for further atrocities amid resumption of conflict in Ethiopia. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/09/un-experts-warn-potential-further-atrocities-amid-resumption-conflict#:~:text=The%20commission%20found%20reasonable%20grounds,in%20August%20and%20September%202021. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2021b, Mart 4). Ethiopia: Persistent, credible reports of grave violations in Tigray underscore urgent need for human rights access – Bachelet. https://www.ohchr.org/en/2021/03/ethiopia-persistent-credible-reports-grave-violations-tigray-underscore-urgent-need-human. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [OHCHR]. (2021a, Aralık 3). Tigray conflict: UN experts call for urgent action to stop violence against women. https://www.ohchr.org/en/2021/12/tigray-conflict-un-experts-call-urgent-action-stop-violence-against-women. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Office of the US Trade Representative [USTR]. (2022, Ocak 1). U.S. Terminates AGOA Trade Preference Program for Ethiopia, Mali and Guinea. https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2022/january/us-terminates-agoa-trade-preference-program-ethiopia-mali-and-guinea. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Paravicini, G. ve Houreld, K. (2021, Haziran 15). EXCLUSIVE UN official accuses Eritrean forces of deliberately starving Tigray. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/exclusive-un-official-accuses-eritrean-forces-deliberately-starving-tigray-2021-06-11/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Pelz, D. (2021, Şubat 22). German-Ethiopian ties suffer over Tigray. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/german-ethiopian-relations-suffer-over-tigray/a-56655824. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Pilling, D. ve Schipani, A. (2023, Ocak 15). War in Tigray may have killed 600,000 people, peace mediator says. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/2f385e95-0899-403a-9e3b-ed8c24adf4e7. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Plaut, M. (2021). The Tigray War and Regional Implications Vol I. https://eritreahub.org/the-tigray-war-and-regional-implications-full-report. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Quach, G. (2021, Ekim 1). Ethiopia expels ‘meddling’ UN staff as famine deepens in Tigray without aid. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/01/ethiopia-expels-meddling-un-staff-as-famine-deepens-in-tigray-without-aid. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reliefweb. (2021a, Eylül 2). Ethiopia - Tigray Region Humanitarian Update Situation Report, 2 Sep 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-tigray-region-humanitarian-update-situation-report-2-sep-2021. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reliefweb. (2021b, Eylül 2). Statement by Acting Humanitarian Coordinator for Ethiopia, Grant Leaity, on the operational constraints and de facto humanitarian blockade of Tigray, 2 September 2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/statement-acting-humanitarian-coordinator-ethiopia-grant-leaity-operational. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2020, Kasım 21). Ethiopia rejects African mediation, pushes toward rebel-held Tigray capital. https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-conflict-idINKBN28108V. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2021, Mart 13). Ethiopia rejects U.S. allegations of ethnic cleansing in Tigray. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-ethiopia-conflict/ethiopia-rejects-u-s-allegations-of-ethnic-cleansing-in-tigray-idUSKBN2B50ES. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2022, Eylül 12). Tigrayan forces say ready to accept an AU-led peace process in Ethiopia. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tigrayan-forces-say-ready-accept-an-au-led-peace-process-ethiopia-2022-09-11/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Reuters. (2023, Ocak 29). Eritrea troops still on Ethiopian soil, U.S. says. Erişim adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/eritrea-troops-still-ethiopian-soil-us-2023-01-28/
  • Savaş-Cazala, M. (2021). Côte D’Ivoire: A Timely and Decisive R2P Action? Pınar Gözen Ercan (Ed.). The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation içinde (s. 107-131). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Security Council Report. (2020, Aralık 13). Ethiopia (Tigray): Discussion of the humanitarian situation under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/12/ethiopia-tigray-discussion-of-the-humanitarian-situation-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021a, Mart 3). Ethiopia (Tigray) Meeting under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/03/ethiopia-tigray-meeting-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021b, Aralık 19). Ethiopia: Meeting under “Any Other Business”. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/12/ethiopia-meeting-under-any-other-business.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Security Council Report. (2021c, Temmuz 2). Ethiopia (Tigray): Open Briefing. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2021/07/ethiopia-tigray-open-briefing.php. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights [ACHPR]. (2021). Resolution on the Fact-Finding Mission to the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia- ACHPR/Res. 482 (EXT.OS/XXXII) 2021. https://inquiry.achpr.org/resolution/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The Guardian. (2021, Ağustos 29). Tigray rebels accuse AU of bias as mediation efforts grow. https://guardian.ng/news/tigray-rebels-accuse-au-of-bias-as-mediation-efforts-grow/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The National Tribune. (2022, Mart 8). Human Rights Council Discusses Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan and in Tigray Region of Ethiopia. https://www.nationaltribune.com.au/human-rights-council-discusses-situation-of-human-rights-in-afghanistan-and-in-tigray-region-of-ethiopia/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The New Humanitarian. (2021, Temmuz 12). Aid access to Tigray remains stalled, despite ceasefire. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2021/7/12/aid-access-to-tigray-remains-stalled-despite-ceasefire. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • The Organization of World Peace [OWP]. (2023). Tigray Conflict. https://theowp.org/crisis_index/tigray-conflict/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Tigray External Affairs Office [@TigrayEAO]. (2022, Mart 24). Statement by the Government of Tigray on Cessation of Hostilities. Twitter. https://twitter.com/TigrayEAO/status/1507108987107430407?s=20&t=JIR7eKP3yViW72q8ZjdJ6w. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Population Fund [UNFPA]. (2022, Kasım 2). Ethiopia: From conflict to climate shocks. https://www.unfpa.org/ethiopia-conflict-climate-shocks-women-and-girls-are-disproportionately-affected. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN General Assembly. (2005). Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 (A/RES/60/1). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2009). Implementing the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary General (A/63/677). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2012). Responsibility to protect: timely and decisive response. Report of the Secretary General (A/RES/66/874-S/RES/2012/578). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2014a). Fulfilling our collective responsibility: international assistance and the responsibility to protect. Report of the Secretary General (A/68/947-S/2014/449). BM. New York.
  • UN General Assembly. (2015). A vital and enduring commitment: implementing the responsibility to protect Report of the Secretary-General (A/69/981–S/2015/500). BM. New York.
  • UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [OCHA]. (2020, Kasım 2021). Ethiopia: Tigray Region Humanitarian Update – Situation Report No. 4. https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-tigray-region-humanitarian-update-situation-report-no-4-20-november-2020. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Secretary General. (2012). Secretary-General’s remarks to General Assembly Informal Interactive Dialogue on “The Responsibility to Protect: Timely and Decisive Response”. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2012-09-05/secretary-generals-remarks-general-assembly-informal-interactive. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Security Council. (2009). Resolution 1888. S/RES/1888. https://www.un.org/shestandsforpeace/sites/www.un.org.shestandsforpeace/files/unscr_1888_2009.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • UN Security Council. (2010). Resolution 1960. S/RES/1960. https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/SCResolutionWomen_SRES1960%282010%29%28en%29_0.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Wight, P. (2021, Haziran 27). Ethiopia’s sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect in Tigray. Ethiopia Insight. https://www.ethiopia-insight.com/2021/06/27/ethiopias-sovereignty-and-the-responsibility-to-protect-in-tigray/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
  • Wight, P., Cowper-Smith, Y. (2022). Mass Atrocities in Ethiopia and Myanmar: The Case for ‘Harm Mitigation’ in R2P Implementation. Global Responsibility to Protect. https://brill.com/view/journals/gr2p/14/3/article-p339_008.xml
  • World Food Programme [WFP]. (2022, Ocak 28). Severe hunger tightens grip on northern Ethiopia. https://www.wfp.org/news/severe-hunger-tightens-grip-northern-ethiopia. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2023).
There are 98 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Security
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Asiye Gün Güneş Gülal 0000-0002-2353-5679

Early Pub Date October 6, 2023
Publication Date November 29, 2023
Submission Date September 2, 2023
Acceptance Date September 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güneş Gülal, A. G. (2023). İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1354248
AMA Güneş Gülal AG. İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. November 2023;23(2):173-184. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1354248
Chicago Güneş Gülal, Asiye Gün. “İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar Ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23, no. 2 (November 2023): 173-84. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1354248.
EndNote Güneş Gülal AG (November 1, 2023) İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23 2 173–184.
IEEE A. G. Güneş Gülal, “İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 173–184, 2023, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1354248.
ISNAD Güneş Gülal, Asiye Gün. “İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar Ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23/2 (November 2023), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1354248.
JAMA Güneş Gülal AG. İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23:173–184.
MLA Güneş Gülal, Asiye Gün. “İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar Ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 2, 2023, pp. 173-84, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1354248.
Vancouver Güneş Gülal AG. İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar ve Küresel Eylemsizlik: Tigray Çatışması. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23(2):173-84.
Dizinler

143751437114372      14373