Hamamtepe (Çanakkale) Kuvars Ocağında Tespit Edilen Paleo-Mikroorganizmalara Ait İlksel Bulgular: Ortam Yorumlarına Katkı

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 285 - 294, 30.11.2023

Hatice Ünal Ercan Gönenç Göçmengil Kübra Yayan

https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1129244

Abstract

Türkiye’nin kuzeybatısında yer alan Biga Yarımadası, epitermal çözeltilerle ilişkili gelişen metalik cevherlerin yanı sıra asit-sülfat tipte akışkanlardan türetilmiş kaolin yatakları ve alkali-klorür tipte akışkanlardan türetilmiş silika çökelleri bakımından oldukça zengindir. Biga civarındaki Hamamtepe Kuvars Ocağı ve çevresindeki sinter höyükleri Etili jeotermal sistemiyle ilişkili olarak gelişmiştir. Hamamtepe Ocağı’na ait kuvarsların paleo-mikrofaunasını belirlemek ve litofasiyeslerin oluşum ortamlarını tespit etmek amacıyla mineralojik ve petrografik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarla kuvars mineralleri yüzeyinde bakteriyel aktivite ile ilişkili olarak gelişmiş ağsal yapılar, hifler, biyofilm kalıntıları ve küresel diatom/polen? tespit edilmiştir. Hamamtepe ve çevresinde tespit edilen paleo-mikrofaunaya ait kalıntılar bölgede meydana gelmiş olan silika çökeliminde abiyotik şartlar yanında biyotik faaliyetlerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, biyotik faaliyetlere bağlı silika çökelim ortamının proksimal aprona ait su çıkış kanallarının hemen yakınlarındaki yamaçlarda veya kanallarda termofilik canlılar tarafından alkali-klorür tipte nötr sularda, yaklaşık olarak 60-95 °C aralığında gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Silika sinter, Paleo-fauna, Litofasiyes, Biga Yarımadası

Preliminary Findings of Paleo-Microorganisms Detected in the Hamamtepe (Çanakkale) Quartz Deposit: Contribution to Environmental Interpretations

Abstract

The Biga Peninsula, in northwest Türkiye, is enriched with metallic ore deposits related with epithermal systems and with kaolin and silica deposits derived from acid-sulphate and alkali-chloride fluids respectively. Hamamtepe Quartz Quarry and large sinter mounds in Biga have developed within the Etili geothermal systems Mineralogical and petrographic studies were carried out to determine the structure of the Hamamtepe quartz and to identify the lithofacies. The network structures that developed on the surfaces of the Hamamtepe quartz sample and intertwined with these networks, hyphae, biofilm structures and spherical diatom/pollen? are identified to be resulted from the bacterial activity. These findings revealed the existence of a poorly known paleo-fauna in the region. The remains of paleo-microfauna obtained from Hamamtepe and its surroundings revealed that the silica precipitation in the region was effective in biotic activities as well as abiotic conditions. Documented fossil micro-structures and remains deposited. The documented fossil microstructures and remains revealed that the silica precipitation environment due to biotic activities occurs in the water pools located on the slopes of the proximal apron right next to the water outlet channels or by the thermophilic creatures living in the channels in alkaline-chloride type neutral waters at a range of approximately 60-95 °C.

Keywords

Silica Sinter, Paleo-microfauna, Lithofacies, Biga Peninsula

References

• Yiğit, Ö. (2012). A prospective sector in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt: Geology and geochronology of mineral deposits in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 46, 118-148.
• Ercan, H.Ü., Ece, O.I., Schroeder, P.A. & Karacik, Z. (2016). Differentiating styles of alteration within kaolin-alunite hydrothermal deposits of Çanakkale, NW Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 64(3), 245-274.
• Ağdemir, N., Kırıkoğlu, M.S., Lehmann, B. & Tietze, J. (1994). Petrology and alteration geochemistry of the epithermal Balya Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, NW Turkey. Mineralium Deposita. 29, 366–371.
• Ercan, H. Ü., Ece, Ö. I., Schroeder, P. A. & Gülmez, F. (2022). Characteristics and evolution of the Etili silica sinter epithermal deposits, Çanakkale–Turkey: Relation to alkali chloride vs acid-sulfate fluids. Ore Geology Reviews, 142, 104726.
• Aldanmaz, E., Pearce, J. A., Thirlwall, M. F. & Mitchell, J. G. (2000). Petrogenetic evolution of late Cenozoic, post-collision volcanism in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 102(1-2), 67-95.
• Sillitoe, R. H. (1993). Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits: geological model and exploration implication. Mineral deposit modeling, 465-478.
• Guido, D.M. & Campbell, K.A. (2011). Jurassic hot spring deposits of the Deseado Massif (Patagonia, Argentina): characteristics and controls on regional distribution. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 203(1-2), 35-47.
• Cady, S. L. & Farmer, J. D. (1996). Fossilization processes in siliceous thermal springs: trends in preservation along thermal gradients. In, Ciba Foundation Symposium (pp. 150-173). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Jones, B. & Renaut, R.W. (2003). Petrography and genesis of spicular and columnar geyserite from the Whakarewarewa and Orakeikorako geothermal areas, North Island, New Zealand. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(11), 1585-1610.
• Kyle, J., Schroeder, P.A. & Wiegel, J. (2007). Microbial silicification in sinters from two terrestrial hot springs in the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia. Geomicrobiology Journal. 24, 627- 641.
• Kyle, J. & Schroeder, P.A. (2007). Role of smectite in siliceous sinter formation and microbial texture preservation: Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55(2), 189-199.
• Campbell, K.A., Guido, D.M., Gautret, P., Foucher, F., Ramboz, C. & Westall, F. (2015). Geyserite in hot-spring siliceous sinter:Window on Earth's hottest terrestrial paleoenvironment and its extreme life. Earth Sci. Rev. 148, 44–64.
• Des Marais, D.J. & Walter, M.R. (2019). Terrestrial hot spring systems: introduction. Astrobiology, 19(12), 1419-1432.
• Herdianita, N.R., Browne, P.R.L., Rodgers, K.A. & Campbell, K.A. (2000). Mineralogical and textural changes accompanying ageing of silica sinter. Mineralium deposita, 35(1), 48-62.
• Campbell, K.A., Sannazzaro, K., Rodgers, K.A., Herdianita, N.R. & Browne, P.R.L. (2001). Sedimentary facies and mineralogy of the Late Pleistocene Umukuri silica sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71(5), 727-746.
• Drake, B.D., Campbell, K.A., Rowland, J.V., Guido, D.M., Browne, P.R.L. & Rae, A. (2014). Evolution of a dynamic paleo–hydrothermal system at Mangatete, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 282,19–35.
• Lynne, B.Y., Boudreau, A., Smith, I.J. & Smith, G.J. (2019). Silica accumulation rates for siliceous sinter at Orakei Korako geothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geothermics. 78, 50–61.
• Churchill, D. M., Manga, M., Hurwitz, S., Peek, S., Licciardi, J. M. & Paces, J. B. (2020). Dating silica sinter (geyserite): A cautionary tale. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 402, 106991.
• Reysenbach, A. L., Wickham, G. S. & Pace, N. R. (1994). Phylogenetic analysis of the hyperthermophilic pink filament community in Octopus Spring, Yellowstone National Park. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(6), 2113-2119.
• Hamilton, A.R., Campbell, K.A. & Guido, D.M. (2019a). Atlas of siliceous hot spring deposits (sinter) and other silicified surface manifestations in epithermal environments. Lower Hutt, N.Z.: GNS Science. GNS Science report 2019/06. 56 p.; doi: 10.21420/BQDR-XQ16.
• Beccaletto, L., Bartolini, A. C., Martini, R., Hochuli, P. A. & Kozur, H. (2005). Biostratigraphic data from the Çetmi Melange, northwest Turkey: palaeogeographic and tectonic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 221(3-4), 215-244.
• Elmas, A. (2012). Basement types of the Thrace Basin and a new approach to the pre-Eocene tectonic evolution of the northeastern Aegean and northwestern Anatolia: a review of data and concepts. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 101(7), 1895-1911.
• Aygül, M., Topuz, G., Okay, A., Satir, M. & Meyer, H. P. (2012). The kemer metamorphic complex (NW Turkey): a subducted continental margin of the Sakarya zone. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21(1), 19-35.
• Şengün, F. & Koralay, O. E. (2017). Early Variscan magmatism along the southern margin of Laurasia: geochemical and geochronological evidence from the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 106(3), 811-826.
• Licht, A., Métais, G., Coster, P., Ibilioğlu, D., Ocakoğlu, F., Westerweel, J. & Beard, K. C. (2022). Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure. Earth-Science Reviews, 103929.
• Dönmez, M., Akçay, A. E., Genç, Ş. & Acar, Ş. (2005). Biga yarımadasında Orta-Üst Eosen volkanizması ve denizel ignimbiritler. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 131, 49-61.
• Ersoy, E. Y., Akal, C., Genç, Ş. C., Candan, O., Palmer, M. R., Prelević, D. & Mertz-Kraus, R. (2017). U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Paleogene–Neogene volcanism in the NW Anatolia: Its implications for the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean. Tectonophysics, 717, 284-301.
• Genç, Ş. C. (1998). Evolution of the Bayramiç magmatic complex, northwestern Anatolia. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 85(1-4), 233-249.
• Karacık, Z. & Yılmaz, Y. (1998). Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano–plutonic complex of the Ezine area, northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85(1-4), 251-264.
• Aysal, N. (2015). Mineral chemistry, crystallization conditions and geodynamic implications of the Oligo–Miocene granitoids in the Biga Peninsula, Northwest Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 105, 68-84.
• Pe-piper, G. & Piper, D. J. (1989). Spatial and temporal variation in Late Cenozoic back-arc volcanic rocks, Aegean Sea region. Tectonophysics, 169(1-3), 113-134.
• Kaymakci, N., Aldanmaz, E., Langereis, C., Spell, T. L., Gurer, O. F. & Zanetti, K. A. (2007). Late Miocene transcurrent tectonics in NW Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetism and 40Ar–39Ar dating of alkaline volcanic rocks. Geological Magazine, 144(2), 379-392.
• Türkdönmez, O. & Bozcu, M. (2008). Etili (Çanakkale) güneyindeki plütonik ve volkanik kayaların petrografisi ve jeokimyası. Geosound, 53, 189-201.
• Aydın, A. (2014). Çan-Çanakkale Bölgesi Kaolinit Yataklarının ve Çevresinin Petrografik minerolojik ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi. MS Thesis. Istanbul Technical University, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 107 p.
• Lynne, B. Y. (2012). Mapping vent to distal-apron hot spring paleo-flow pathways using siliceous sinter architecture. Geothermics, 43, 3-24.
• Giggenbach, W. F., Sheppard, D. S., Robinson, B. W., Stewart, M. K., & Lyon, G. L. (1994). Geochemical structure and position of the Waiotapu geothermal field, New Zealand. Geothermics, 23(5-6), 599-644.
• Handley, K. M., Campbell, K. A., Mountain, B. W. & Browne, P. R. L. (2005). Abiotic–biotic controls on the origin and development of spicular sinter: in situ growth experiments, Champagne Pool, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Geobiology, 3(2), 93-114.
• Schinteie, R., Campbell, K. A. & Browne, P. R. (2007). Microfacies of stromatolitic sinter from acid-sulphate-chloride springs at Parariki Stream, Rotokawa geothermal field, New Zealand. Palaeontologia Electronica, 10(1), 1-33.
• Tobler, D. J., Stefansson, A. & Benning, L. G. (2008). In‐situ grown silica sinters in Icelandic geothermal areas. Geobiology, 6(5), 481-502.
• Jones, B., Renaut, R. W. & Rosen, M. R., (2000). Stromatolites forming in acidic hot-spring waters, North Island, New Zealand. Palaios, 15(5), 450-475.
• Mountain, B. W., Benning, L. G. & Boerema, J. A. (2003). Experimental studies on New Zealand hot spring sinters: rates of growth and textural development. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(11), 1643-1667.
• Braunstein, D. & Lowe, D. R. (2001). Relationship between spring and geyser activity and the deposition and morphology of high temperature (> 73 C) siliceous sinter, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71(5), 747-763.