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The Use of Artificial Diets in Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Rearing

Year 2023, Issue: 51, 173 - 180, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1274467

Abstract

The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori L., is one of the most economically important insects that has been a major contributor to silk production for thousands of years. One of the main characteristics of B. mori is its monophagous feeding preference. Fresh mulberry leaves are the only natural food of silkworm larvae. As mulberry leaves are not available all year round which severely limits the silkworm rearing and cocoon production, so feeding silkworm larvae with an artificial diet has come into being. Feeding with artificial diets during the all larval period of silkworms had first been achieved in 1960. But reared on these diets, larval growth and development were retarded, small cocoons appeared. After many improvements in the following years, feeding with the artificial diet between 1st and 3rd instars young silkworm larvae has become widespread especially in Japan. Nowadays, it was generally considered that artificial diets could not be used for silkworm rearing throughout the whole instars, due to the cost of the diet. In this review, highlights details about the essential components, formulations and preparation of artificial diet in silkworm rearing. Moreover, current scientific studies on this subject are also summarized.

References

  • Anonim, (1970). Method of rasing silkworms on artificial feed. United States Patent Office, Patent No: 3488196.
  • Avramova, K. (2020). Study of the technologıcal characters of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) on artificial diet. Scientific Papers Series D. Animal Science, 63(2), 13-18.
  • Avramova, K., Tzenov, P. and Grekov, D. (2020). Silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) rearing using artificial diet during the summer. Scientific Papers Series D. Animal Science, 63(1), 19-24.
  • Bhattacharyya, P., Jha, S., Mandal, P. and Ghosh, A. (2016). Artificial diet based silkworm rearing system-A Review. Int J Pure App Biosci., 4 (6), 114-122.
  • Bhattacharyya, P., Jha, S., Ghosh, A. and Mandal, P. (2017). Effect of artificial diet components with antioxidant activity on mulberry leaf dependent silkworm rearing system. Harvest, 2, 31-48.
  • Cappellozza, L., Cappellozza, S., Saviane, A. and Sbrenna, G. (2005). Artificial diet rearing system for the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): effect of vitamin C deprivation on larval growth and cocoon Production. Appl Entomol Zool., 40 (3),405–412.
  • Dai, M., Feng, P., Mao, T., Gu, H., Bian, D., Sun, H., Li, F., Wei, J. and Li, B. (2022). Study of compensatory growth based on different nutrition conditions of Bombyx mori. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 25, 101948.
  • Dong, H.L., Zhang, S.X., Tao, H., Chen, Z.H.,Li, X. and Qiu, J.F. (2017). Metabolomics differences between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus) leaves or artificial diets. Scientific Reports, 7, 10972.
  • Dong ,H.L.,Sheng-Xiang Zhang,S.X., Chen, Z.H., Tao, H.,Li, X., Qiu, J.F., Cui, Sima, Y.H., Cui, W.Z. and Xu, S.Q. (2018). Differences in gut microbiota between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus alba var. multicaulis) leaves or an artificial diet. RSC Advances, 8, 26188.
  • Fukuda, T., Suto, M. and Higuchi, Y. (1960). Silkworm raising on the artificial food. J Seric Sci., 29, 1-3. Guncheva, R., Tsenov, P. and Vasileva, Y. (2021). Productivity of newly created F1 tetrahybrids of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. reared with artificial diet low in mulberry powder. Bulg J Agric Sci., 27 (6), 1221–1226.
  • Hamamura, Y., Hayashiya, K. and Naito.K. (1961). β-sitosterol as one of the biting factors. Nature, 190 (4779), 880–881.
  • Hamamura, Y. and Naito.K. (1961). Citral, linalyl acetate, linalool, and terpinyl acetate as attractants of larvae. Nature, 190 (4779), 879–880.
  • Hamano, K., Miyazawa, K. and Mukaiyama, F. (1986). Racial difference in the feeding habit of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Biochem Seric., 55, 68–72.
  • Hassan, F., Arshad, M.A., Li, M., Rehman, M.S., Loor, J.J. and Huang, J. (2020). Potential of mulberry leaf biomass and its flavonoids to improve production and health in ruminants: Mechanistic insights and prospects. Animals, 10, 2076.
  • He, Z., Fang, Y., Li, D.C., Chen, D.S. and Wu, F. (2021). Effect of lactic acid supplementation on the growth and reproduction of Bombyx mori (Lepidopteria: Bombycidae). Journal of Insect Science, 21(2), 7; 1–6.
  • Horie, Y. (1972) Artificial diet of silkworms. 38th symposium of Sericulture Association of Japan, 11-24.
  • Horie, Y. (1995). Recent advances of nutritional physiology and artificial diet of the silkworm Bombyx mori, in Japan. Korean J Seric Sci., 37(2), 235-243.
  • Ito, T. and Tanaka, M. (1960). Rearing of the silkworm on an artificial diet and the segregation of pentamolters. J Seric Sci., 29, 191-196.
  • Ito, T. (1980). Application of artificial diets in sericulture. JARQ.14 (3), 163-168.
  • Kanda, T., Tamura, T. and Inoue, H. (1988). Feeding response of the silkworm larva to the LP-1 artificial diet designed by a linear programming method and its inheritance. Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology, 57, 489–494.
  • Krishnaswami, S., Narasimahanna, M.N., Suryanarayn, S.K. and Kumararaj, S., (1973).Sericulture Manual, J Silkworm Rearing, FAO, Rome. 13.1.
  • Moise, A.R., Pop, L.L., Vezeteu, T.V., Agoston, B.D., Pasca, C. and Dezmirean, D.S. (2020). Artificial diet of silkworms (Bombyx mori) improved with bee pollen - biotechnological approach in global centre of excellence for advanced research in sericulture and promotion of silk production. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 77(1), 51-57.
  • Mondal, M., Tandon, B. and Radhakrishna, P.B. (2018). SeriNutrid- a balanced nutrient diet for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chawki rearing. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, IJARIIT, 4(2), 42-47.
  • Nair, J.S., Kumar, S.N. and Nair, K.S. (2011). Development of bivoltine pure strains of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to rear exclusively on artificial diet during young instar. Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 423-427.
  • Nihmura, M. (1972). Rearing of the silkworm Bombyx mori on the artificial feed by adapting the changes in feeding palatability according to larval growth. J Seric Sci , 41, 375-382.
  • Nikolova, T. (2020). Growing mulberry silkworm with аrtificial diet with added extract Tribulus terrestris L. Bulg J Agric Sci., 26 (5), 1041–1046.
  • Paudel, A., Panthee, S., Hamamoto, H.and Sekimizu, K. (2020). A simple artificial diet available for research of silkworm disease models. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 14(4), 177-180.
  • Qin, D.Y., Wang, G.H., Dong, Z.M., Zia, Q.Y. and Zhao, P. (2020). Comparative fecal metabolomes of silkworms being fed mulberry leaf and artificial diet. Insects, 11, 851.
  • Rajaram, S., Qadri, S.M.H., Bindroo, B.B.,.Radhakrishnan, S., Reddy,P.M.M. and Prakash, M.R.S. (2012). Efificacy of artificial diet on growth and cocoon characters of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) PMxCSR2 cross breed. Journal of Bioindustrial Science, 1(1), 15-18.
  • Sahu, B.K. and Samal, I. (2020). Role of artificial diets in sericulture. AgriCos-e Newsletter, 1(4), 57-58.
  • Sathesh, K. and Evangelin, W.K. (2022). Effect of artificial diet with vitamin C on the rearing fibroin and sericin content of silkworm Bombyx mori. L. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), 4 (1), 707-710.
  • Saviane, A., Toso, L., Righi, C., Pavanello, C., Crivellaro, V. and Cappellozza, S. (2014). Rearing of monovoltine strains of Bombyx mori by alternating artificial diet and mulberry leaf accelerates selection for higher food conversion efficiency and silk productivity. Bulletin of Insectology, 67 (2),167-174.
  • Shahzadi, N., Tahir, H.M., Ali, S., Bhatti, M.F., Azizullah, Khan, S.Y. and Khaliq, A. (2022). An overview of sericulture and enhanced silk production in Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) through artificial diet supplementation. Punjab Univ J Zool., 37(1), 07-17.
  • Shamsuddin, M. (2018). Silkworm physiology. New Delhi, Daya Publishing House.
  • Shinbo, H. and Yanagaw, H. (1994). Low-cost artificial diets for polyphagous silkworms. JARQ 28, 262-267.
  • Şahan, Ü. (2011). İpekböcekçiliği. Dora Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. Bursa.
  • Tao, S., Wang, J., Liu, M.,Sun, F.,Li, B. and Ye, C. (2022). Haemolymph metabolomic differences in silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) under mulberry leafand two artificial diet rearing methods. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.,109:e21851.
  • Thaipitakwong, T., Numhom, S. and Aramwit, P. (2018). Mulberry leaves and their potential effects against cardiometabolic risks: a review of chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy. Pharmaceutical Biology, 56 (1), 109–118.
  • Thamidela, M.D., Bagde, A.S. Hole, U.B. and Jadhav, P.S. (2021). Effect of natural and artificial diets on growth parameters of kolar gold, silkworm. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 10 (03), 1725-1732.
  • Tzenov, P. (2012). Artificial food for bubbling. Silk Textile Cluster. https://centerofsilk. wordpress.com/tag
  • Wang, H., Li, F., Qu, J., Mao, T., Chen, J., Li, M., Lu, Z., Fang, Y., Shi, G. and Li, B. (2019). The mechanism of damage by trace amounts of acetamiprid to the midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Environ Toxicol, 34 (9), 1043–1051.
  • Yamamoto, M., Machida, J., Shinohara, M. Igarashi A. and Kawahara, Y. (2022). Influence of tobiko-mixed artificial diet on textile properties of Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(13), 5851-5861.
  • Yehia,W.H., Abd El-Aziz, M.M. and El-Karaksy, I. A. (2009). Effect of supplementing artificial diet with certain antiseptics on the growth and productivity of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 30 (1), 71-75.
  • Zhang, Z.J., Zhang, S.S., Niu, B.L., Ji, D.F., Liu, X.J., Li, M.W., et al. (2019). A determining factor for insect feeding preference in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Biol, 17(2), e3000162.

İpekböceği (Bombyx mori L.) Yetiştiriciliğinde Yapay Yem Karışımlarının Kullanımı

Year 2023, Issue: 51, 173 - 180, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1274467

Abstract

Evcilleştirilmiş ipekböceği, Bombyx mori L., binlerce yıldır ipek üretimine büyük katkı sağlayan ekonomik açıdan en önemli böceklerden birisidir. İpekböceği’nin temel özelliklerinden biri tek tip bir besin kaynağıyla beslenmeyi tercih etmesidir. Taze dut yaprakları ipekböceği larvalarının tek doğal besin kaynağıdır. Dut yapraklarının tüm yıl boyunca bulunmaması ipekböceği yetiştiriciliğini ve koza üretimini ciddi şekilde sınırladığından, ipekböceği larvalarının yapay bir yemle beslenmesi hep gündemde olmuştur. İpekböceklerinin tüm larva döneminde yapay yemlerle beslenmesi ilk kez 1960 yılında başarılmıştır. Ancak ipekböceği larvaları bu yapay yemlerle beslendiğinde larvaların büyüme ve gelişmesi gerilemiş, küçük kozalar üretmişlerdir. Daha sonraki yıllarda pek çok gelişmenin ardından özellikle Japonya'da genç ipekböceği larvalarının 1. ve 3. yaş dönemleri arasında yapay yemle beslenmesi yaygınlaşmıştır. Günümüz ipekböceği yetiştiriciliğinde yapay yemlerin maliyetleri nedeniyle tüm larva dönemleri boyunca kullanılamayacağı genel olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, ipekböceği yetiştiriciliğinde yapay yem karışımlarının temel bileşenleri, formülasyonları ve hazırlanması ile ilgili ayrıntılara yer verilmiş, ayrıca bu konudaki güncel bilimsel çalışmalar da özetlenmiştir.

References

  • Anonim, (1970). Method of rasing silkworms on artificial feed. United States Patent Office, Patent No: 3488196.
  • Avramova, K. (2020). Study of the technologıcal characters of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) on artificial diet. Scientific Papers Series D. Animal Science, 63(2), 13-18.
  • Avramova, K., Tzenov, P. and Grekov, D. (2020). Silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) rearing using artificial diet during the summer. Scientific Papers Series D. Animal Science, 63(1), 19-24.
  • Bhattacharyya, P., Jha, S., Mandal, P. and Ghosh, A. (2016). Artificial diet based silkworm rearing system-A Review. Int J Pure App Biosci., 4 (6), 114-122.
  • Bhattacharyya, P., Jha, S., Ghosh, A. and Mandal, P. (2017). Effect of artificial diet components with antioxidant activity on mulberry leaf dependent silkworm rearing system. Harvest, 2, 31-48.
  • Cappellozza, L., Cappellozza, S., Saviane, A. and Sbrenna, G. (2005). Artificial diet rearing system for the silkworm Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae): effect of vitamin C deprivation on larval growth and cocoon Production. Appl Entomol Zool., 40 (3),405–412.
  • Dai, M., Feng, P., Mao, T., Gu, H., Bian, D., Sun, H., Li, F., Wei, J. and Li, B. (2022). Study of compensatory growth based on different nutrition conditions of Bombyx mori. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 25, 101948.
  • Dong, H.L., Zhang, S.X., Tao, H., Chen, Z.H.,Li, X. and Qiu, J.F. (2017). Metabolomics differences between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus) leaves or artificial diets. Scientific Reports, 7, 10972.
  • Dong ,H.L.,Sheng-Xiang Zhang,S.X., Chen, Z.H., Tao, H.,Li, X., Qiu, J.F., Cui, Sima, Y.H., Cui, W.Z. and Xu, S.Q. (2018). Differences in gut microbiota between silkworms (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry (Morus alba var. multicaulis) leaves or an artificial diet. RSC Advances, 8, 26188.
  • Fukuda, T., Suto, M. and Higuchi, Y. (1960). Silkworm raising on the artificial food. J Seric Sci., 29, 1-3. Guncheva, R., Tsenov, P. and Vasileva, Y. (2021). Productivity of newly created F1 tetrahybrids of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. reared with artificial diet low in mulberry powder. Bulg J Agric Sci., 27 (6), 1221–1226.
  • Hamamura, Y., Hayashiya, K. and Naito.K. (1961). β-sitosterol as one of the biting factors. Nature, 190 (4779), 880–881.
  • Hamamura, Y. and Naito.K. (1961). Citral, linalyl acetate, linalool, and terpinyl acetate as attractants of larvae. Nature, 190 (4779), 879–880.
  • Hamano, K., Miyazawa, K. and Mukaiyama, F. (1986). Racial difference in the feeding habit of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Biochem Seric., 55, 68–72.
  • Hassan, F., Arshad, M.A., Li, M., Rehman, M.S., Loor, J.J. and Huang, J. (2020). Potential of mulberry leaf biomass and its flavonoids to improve production and health in ruminants: Mechanistic insights and prospects. Animals, 10, 2076.
  • He, Z., Fang, Y., Li, D.C., Chen, D.S. and Wu, F. (2021). Effect of lactic acid supplementation on the growth and reproduction of Bombyx mori (Lepidopteria: Bombycidae). Journal of Insect Science, 21(2), 7; 1–6.
  • Horie, Y. (1972) Artificial diet of silkworms. 38th symposium of Sericulture Association of Japan, 11-24.
  • Horie, Y. (1995). Recent advances of nutritional physiology and artificial diet of the silkworm Bombyx mori, in Japan. Korean J Seric Sci., 37(2), 235-243.
  • Ito, T. and Tanaka, M. (1960). Rearing of the silkworm on an artificial diet and the segregation of pentamolters. J Seric Sci., 29, 191-196.
  • Ito, T. (1980). Application of artificial diets in sericulture. JARQ.14 (3), 163-168.
  • Kanda, T., Tamura, T. and Inoue, H. (1988). Feeding response of the silkworm larva to the LP-1 artificial diet designed by a linear programming method and its inheritance. Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology, 57, 489–494.
  • Krishnaswami, S., Narasimahanna, M.N., Suryanarayn, S.K. and Kumararaj, S., (1973).Sericulture Manual, J Silkworm Rearing, FAO, Rome. 13.1.
  • Moise, A.R., Pop, L.L., Vezeteu, T.V., Agoston, B.D., Pasca, C. and Dezmirean, D.S. (2020). Artificial diet of silkworms (Bombyx mori) improved with bee pollen - biotechnological approach in global centre of excellence for advanced research in sericulture and promotion of silk production. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 77(1), 51-57.
  • Mondal, M., Tandon, B. and Radhakrishna, P.B. (2018). SeriNutrid- a balanced nutrient diet for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chawki rearing. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, IJARIIT, 4(2), 42-47.
  • Nair, J.S., Kumar, S.N. and Nair, K.S. (2011). Development of bivoltine pure strains of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to rear exclusively on artificial diet during young instar. Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 423-427.
  • Nihmura, M. (1972). Rearing of the silkworm Bombyx mori on the artificial feed by adapting the changes in feeding palatability according to larval growth. J Seric Sci , 41, 375-382.
  • Nikolova, T. (2020). Growing mulberry silkworm with аrtificial diet with added extract Tribulus terrestris L. Bulg J Agric Sci., 26 (5), 1041–1046.
  • Paudel, A., Panthee, S., Hamamoto, H.and Sekimizu, K. (2020). A simple artificial diet available for research of silkworm disease models. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 14(4), 177-180.
  • Qin, D.Y., Wang, G.H., Dong, Z.M., Zia, Q.Y. and Zhao, P. (2020). Comparative fecal metabolomes of silkworms being fed mulberry leaf and artificial diet. Insects, 11, 851.
  • Rajaram, S., Qadri, S.M.H., Bindroo, B.B.,.Radhakrishnan, S., Reddy,P.M.M. and Prakash, M.R.S. (2012). Efificacy of artificial diet on growth and cocoon characters of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) PMxCSR2 cross breed. Journal of Bioindustrial Science, 1(1), 15-18.
  • Sahu, B.K. and Samal, I. (2020). Role of artificial diets in sericulture. AgriCos-e Newsletter, 1(4), 57-58.
  • Sathesh, K. and Evangelin, W.K. (2022). Effect of artificial diet with vitamin C on the rearing fibroin and sericin content of silkworm Bombyx mori. L. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), 4 (1), 707-710.
  • Saviane, A., Toso, L., Righi, C., Pavanello, C., Crivellaro, V. and Cappellozza, S. (2014). Rearing of monovoltine strains of Bombyx mori by alternating artificial diet and mulberry leaf accelerates selection for higher food conversion efficiency and silk productivity. Bulletin of Insectology, 67 (2),167-174.
  • Shahzadi, N., Tahir, H.M., Ali, S., Bhatti, M.F., Azizullah, Khan, S.Y. and Khaliq, A. (2022). An overview of sericulture and enhanced silk production in Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) through artificial diet supplementation. Punjab Univ J Zool., 37(1), 07-17.
  • Shamsuddin, M. (2018). Silkworm physiology. New Delhi, Daya Publishing House.
  • Shinbo, H. and Yanagaw, H. (1994). Low-cost artificial diets for polyphagous silkworms. JARQ 28, 262-267.
  • Şahan, Ü. (2011). İpekböcekçiliği. Dora Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti. Bursa.
  • Tao, S., Wang, J., Liu, M.,Sun, F.,Li, B. and Ye, C. (2022). Haemolymph metabolomic differences in silkworms (Bombyx mori L.) under mulberry leafand two artificial diet rearing methods. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol.,109:e21851.
  • Thaipitakwong, T., Numhom, S. and Aramwit, P. (2018). Mulberry leaves and their potential effects against cardiometabolic risks: a review of chemical compositions, biological properties and clinical efficacy. Pharmaceutical Biology, 56 (1), 109–118.
  • Thamidela, M.D., Bagde, A.S. Hole, U.B. and Jadhav, P.S. (2021). Effect of natural and artificial diets on growth parameters of kolar gold, silkworm. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 10 (03), 1725-1732.
  • Tzenov, P. (2012). Artificial food for bubbling. Silk Textile Cluster. https://centerofsilk. wordpress.com/tag
  • Wang, H., Li, F., Qu, J., Mao, T., Chen, J., Li, M., Lu, Z., Fang, Y., Shi, G. and Li, B. (2019). The mechanism of damage by trace amounts of acetamiprid to the midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Environ Toxicol, 34 (9), 1043–1051.
  • Yamamoto, M., Machida, J., Shinohara, M. Igarashi A. and Kawahara, Y. (2022). Influence of tobiko-mixed artificial diet on textile properties of Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(13), 5851-5861.
  • Yehia,W.H., Abd El-Aziz, M.M. and El-Karaksy, I. A. (2009). Effect of supplementing artificial diet with certain antiseptics on the growth and productivity of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.Alexandria Science Exchange Journal, 30 (1), 71-75.
  • Zhang, Z.J., Zhang, S.S., Niu, B.L., Ji, D.F., Liu, X.J., Li, M.W., et al. (2019). A determining factor for insect feeding preference in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. PLoS Biol, 17(2), e3000162.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fehmi Gürel 0000-0003-1492-8910

Early Pub Date September 10, 2023
Publication Date August 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 51

Cite

APA Gürel, F. (2023). İpekböceği (Bombyx mori L.) Yetiştiriciliğinde Yapay Yem Karışımlarının Kullanımı. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(51), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1274467