Effects of Soil Tillage Methods on Soil Quality Indicators and Soil Quality

Year 2015, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 79 - 106, 01.12.2015

Fatih Gökmen , Hikmet Günal

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of coventional and conservational soil tillage methods on soil quality indicators and soil quality in wheat-silage corn rotation in a three-year field study. Five different tillage methods of which 3 conventional, one reduced and zero tillage were used in the experiment. Field trials were laid out according to split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Herbice was used to control weeds in the half of the main plots, while weed control was not done in the other half. Disturbed and undistrubed soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths of herbice applied and herbice not applied plots at the begning and at the end of the experient. Soil samples were analyzed for various physical and chemical properties which were particle size distribution, bulk density, aggregate stability, organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus and extractable potassium content. Soil Management Assessment Framework was used to normalize the values of soil indicators and to calculate soil quality index. After 3 years of wheatsilage corn rotation, the functioning potential of soils before the experiment was ranged between 68-73% , while decreased to between 63-70% in non herbice applied plots and to 64-70% in herbicide applied plots. The ability of the soil to function was reduced in all treatments, including control, compared to the initial state of the experiment. The findings revealed that conservative soil tillage practices alone are not sufficient to maintain and improve the quality of soils. The improvement and sustainability of soil functions may be achived by including the cover plants and legume fodder plants into the crop rotation and the use of additives such as animal manure.

Keywords

Soil tillage, moldboard plough, conventional, conservational, SMAF, soil health

Toprak İşlem Yöntemlerinin Toprak Kalitesi İndikatöri ve Toprak Kalitesine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üç yıllık bir arazi çalışmasında buğday-silajlık mısır rotasyonunda geleneksel ve korumalı toprak işleme yöntemlerinin toprakkalitesi indikatörleri ve toprak kalitesine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Denemde, 3 geleneksel, bir azaltılmış ve sıfır toprak işleme olmak üzere 5 farklı toprak işleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tarla denemeleri tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemenin ana parsellerinin yarısına yabancı ot ilacı kullanılarak yabancı ot mücadeleri yapılmış, diğer yarısında ise yabancı ot mücadelesi yapılmamıştır. Deneme başlangıcı ve sonunda, otlu ve otsuz parsellerin 0-10, 10-20 ve 20-30 cm derinliklerinden bozulmuş ve bozulmamış toprak örnekleri alınmış ve çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikler için analiz edilmişlerdir. Toprak örneklerinde parçacık büyüklük dağılımı, hacim ağırlığı, agregat stabilitesi, organik karbon, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, yarayışlı fosfor ve ekstrakte edilebilir potasyum içeriği belirlenmiştir. Toprak indikatörlerinin değerlerinin normalize edilmelerinde ve toprak kalitesi indeksinin hesaplanmasında Toprak Amenajmanı Değerlendirme Çerçevesi kullanılmıştır. Deneme öncesi yaklaşık %68-73 arasında olan fonksiyon gösterme potansiyelinin, 3 yıl devam eden buğdaysilaj mısır rotasyonu sonunda otlu parsellerde %63-%70 arasına ve otsuz parsellerde ise %6470 arasına indiği görülmüştür. Toprağın fonksiyon gösterme kapasitesi, kontrol dahil tüm uygulamalarda deneme başlangıcına kıyasla azalmıştır. Bulgular, korumalı toprak işleme uygulamalarının tek başına toprak kalitesinin korunması ve iyileştirilmesi için yeterli olmadığını göstermiştir. Toprak fonksiyonlarının iyileştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilirliği için örtücü bitkiler ile baklagil yem bitkilerinin rotasyona sokulması ve hayvan gübresi gibi katkı maddelerinin kullanımına gereksinim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır

Keywords

Toprak işleme, kulaklı pulluk, geleneksel, korumalı, SMAF, toprak sağlığı

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