Research Article
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Türkiye’de Yaşayan Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumlar: Anket Geliştirme

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 10 - 36, 15.12.2018

Abstract


Türkiye’deki Suriyeli göçmenlere yönelik yerel (ev sahibi) toplumun
tutumlarını ölçmek için bir anket geliştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 18 yaş üstü 314
kişi katılmıştır.
İlk olarak, sosyal mesafe ölçeği gibi ölçekler ya da gruplar arası
önyargı kuramları gibi teorilere vurgu yaparak soru havuzu hazırlanmıştır. Ev
sahibi topluluğun Suriyeli göçmenlere karşı birlikte yaşamak, göç politikaları,
yerli halk ile göçmenler arasındaki sorunlar gibi pek çok alandaki tutumlarına
yönelik gözlemlerimize bağlı olarak da madde havuzu genişletilmiştir İçerik
analizinin sonunda ölçekte toplam 48 madde kalmıştır. Gruplararası Temas
Koşulları Ölçeği ve Gruplararası Önyargı Ölçeği mevcut ölçeğin ölçüt
geçerliliğini test etmek için kullanılmıştır. Faktör analizi yapıldıktan sonra
3 faktörden oluşan 25 madde kalmıştır. Bu 3 faktör toplam varyansın %53’ünü
açıklamaktadır
. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa güvenirlilik katsayısı. 73 olarak
bulunmuştur.
%27’lik alt-üst
grup güvenirliliği de uygulanmıştır ve maddelerin bir ayrıma sahip olduğu
görülmüştür.




References

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Ankaralı, H., Pasin, Ö., Karacan, B., Tokar, M., Künüroğlu, M., Çaça, M., Özislam, M. E. & Şahingöz, N. B. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sığınmacılara bakış açısı. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7, 122-132.
  • Argyle, M. (1992). The Social Psychology of Everyday Life. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Bizman, A. & Yinon, Y. (2001). Intergroup and Interpersonal Threats as Determinants of Prejudice: The Moderating Role of In-group Identification. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(3), 191-196.
  • Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Social Distance and its Origin. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9, 216- 226.
  • Branscombe, N. R. & Wann, D. L. (1994). Collective Self-esteem Consequences of Out-group Derogation When a Valued Social Identity is on Trial. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 641-657.
  • Brehm, S. & Kassin, S. M. (1993). Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı (7ed.).Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik.
  • Clark, L. E. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7 (3), 309-319.
  • Comrey, A. L. (1973). A First Course in Factor Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrica, 16, 297-334.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pagem Akademi.
  • Demir, O. (2017). Suriyeli Gündem Araştırması (p.8). İstanbul, Turkey: Ekonomistler Platformu. Retrieved from http://www.ekonomistler.org.tr/wp content/uploads /2017/10/ suriye _gundem_algi.pdf
  • Demir, O. Ö. (2015). Göç Politikaları, Toplumsal Kaygılar ve Suriyeli Mülteciler (p.1). Ankara, Turkey: Global Politika ve Strateji.
  • DGMM. (2018). Retrieved October 05, 2018, from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/goc-istatistikleri_363_378
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). Suriyeliler Barometresi. İstanbul, Turkey: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2014). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Katılım ve Uyum (p.3). Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University Migration and Politics Research Centre. Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M. & Armstrong, T.L. (1998). Intergroup Competition and Attitudes towards Immigrants and Immigration. An instrumental Model of Group Conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 699-724.
  • Esses, V. M., Haddock, G. & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, Stereotypes and Emotions as Determinants of Intergroup Attitudes. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.),Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping: Interactive Process in Group Perception, (pp.137-166). Orlando, FL: Academic.
  • Field, A.P. (2005). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (2nd Edition). London: Sage.
  • Floyd, F. J. & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor Analysis in the Development and Refinement of Clinical Assessment Instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
  • Ghiselli, B. E., Campbell, J. P. & Zedeck, S. (1981). Measurement Theory for the Behavioral Sciences. San Francisco: Freeman.
  • Güler, M. (2013). Gruplararasi Temas, Kaygi ve Yanliliğin Sosyal Mesafeye Etkisi: Türk ve Kürt Kökenli Gruplar Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Unpublished doctorate’s thesis, Ankara University, Department of Psychology.
  • Hamberger, J. & Hewstone, M. (1997). Inter-ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four west European nations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 173–190.
  • Hewstone, M., Rubin, M. & Willis, H. (2002) Intergroup bias, Annual Review Psychology, 53, 575- 604.
  • Hogg, M.A. & Abrams, D. (2001). Intergroup relations: Key Readings in Social Psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
  • Hog, M. A. & Williams, K. D. (2000). From I to We: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4(1), 81–97.
  • Islam, M. R. & Jahjah, M. (2001). Predictors of Young Australians’ Attitudes toward Aboriginals, Asian, and Arabs. Social Behavior and Personality, 29 (6), 569-580.
  • Jackson, J.W. (1993). Realistic Group Conflict Theory: A Review and Evaluation of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature. The Psychological Report, 43, 395-414.
  • Keleş, S. Ç., Aral, T., Yıldırım, M., Kurtoğlu, E. & Sunata, U. (2016). Attitudes of Turkish youth toward Syrian refugees in respect to youths’ gender, income, education, and city: A Scale Development Study. Turkish Migration 2016 Selected Papers, 155.
  • Kılcan, B., Çepni, O. & Kılınç A. Ç. (2017). Mülteci Öğrencilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14 (2), 1045-1057.
  • Levine, R. A. & Cambell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrisms: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes AND Group Behavior. NY: Wiley.
  • Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635-694.
  • Meertens, R. W. & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 54-71.
  • Nunnaly, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Orhan, O. & Gündoğar, S. (2015). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye Etkileri (p.8). Ankara, Turkey: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ORSAM).
  • Özgüven, İ. E. (2011). Psikolojik testler. Ankara: PDREM.
  • Pedhazur, E. J. & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. Essays in Social Psychology, Psychology Press.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R. & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated Threat Theory and Intercultural Attitudes: Mexico and United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 240-249.
  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M. & Clason, D. L. (2000). Women’s Attitudes Toward Men: An Integrated Threat Theory Approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 63-73.
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice towards Immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29 (11), 2221-2237.
  • Stephan, W. G. & Stephan, C. (1996). Predicting Prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 1-12.
  • Stephan, W. G. & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157–175.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (1996). Likert Tipi Ölçek Geliştirme Kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Tinsley, D. J. (1987). Uses of Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 414-424. Turner, J. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blakcwell.
  • Turner, S. (1979). The Concept of Face Validity. Quality and Quantity, 13: 85-90.
  • Turner, J. (1975). Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some prospects for Intergroup Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5-34.
  • UNICEF (2007). Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well‐being in rich countries – A comprehensive assessment of the lives and well‐being and adolescents in the economically advanced nations (7). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card.
  • Wagner, U., Van Dick, R., Pettigrew, T., F., & Christ, O. (2003). Ethnic prejudice in East and West Germany: The explanatory power of intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 22-36.
  • Wagner, U., Hewstone, M. & Machleit, U. (1989).Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study, Human Relations, 42, (7), 561-574.
  • Yeniacun, S. H. (2014). Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Raporu İstanbul Örneği (p. 2). İstanbul, Turkey: İstanbul Fikir Enstitüsü. Retrieved from http://ife.org.tr/wp content/uploads /2014/ 11 / Suriyeli-Sığınmacılar-Raporu_2.pdf.

The Attitudes towards Syrians Living in Turkey: A Scale Development

Year 2018, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 10 - 36, 15.12.2018

Abstract


An
inventory to assess attitudes of the host
(local) society towards Syrian migrants in Turkey was developed. 314
participants over the age of 18 were recruited in this study. First of all, an
item pool was created by giving emphasis on related scales or theories like
Social Distance Scale, intergroup bias theories or by depending on our observations
about attitudes of host community towards Syrian in many domains, such as living
together, opinions about migration policies, 
problems between locals and migrants and so on...  At the end of the content analysis, there
were 48 items in total in the scale. Intergroup Bias Scale and Intergroup
Contact Conditions Scale were used to measure the criterion validity of our scale.
After factor analysis, 25 items remained with three factors.
These three factors
explained 53% of the total variance.
Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found as .73. Upper/Lower 27% of
Group Reliability was also applied and it was found that items had a good
discrimination.




References

  • Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice, Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Ankaralı, H., Pasin, Ö., Karacan, B., Tokar, M., Künüroğlu, M., Çaça, M., Özislam, M. E. & Şahingöz, N. B. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin Türkiye’deki Suriyeli sığınmacılara bakış açısı. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7, 122-132.
  • Argyle, M. (1992). The Social Psychology of Everyday Life. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Bizman, A. & Yinon, Y. (2001). Intergroup and Interpersonal Threats as Determinants of Prejudice: The Moderating Role of In-group Identification. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(3), 191-196.
  • Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Social Distance and its Origin. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9, 216- 226.
  • Branscombe, N. R. & Wann, D. L. (1994). Collective Self-esteem Consequences of Out-group Derogation When a Valued Social Identity is on Trial. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 641-657.
  • Brehm, S. & Kassin, S. M. (1993). Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı (7ed.).Ankara: Pegem A Yayincilik.
  • Clark, L. E. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing Validity: Basic Issues in Objective Scale Development. Psychological Assessment, 7 (3), 309-319.
  • Comrey, A. L. (1973). A First Course in Factor Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrica, 16, 297-334.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler için Çok Değişkenli İstatistik. SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pagem Akademi.
  • Demir, O. (2017). Suriyeli Gündem Araştırması (p.8). İstanbul, Turkey: Ekonomistler Platformu. Retrieved from http://www.ekonomistler.org.tr/wp content/uploads /2017/10/ suriye _gundem_algi.pdf
  • Demir, O. Ö. (2015). Göç Politikaları, Toplumsal Kaygılar ve Suriyeli Mülteciler (p.1). Ankara, Turkey: Global Politika ve Strateji.
  • DGMM. (2018). Retrieved October 05, 2018, from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik/goc-istatistikleri_363_378
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). Suriyeliler Barometresi. İstanbul, Turkey: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2014). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Katılım ve Uyum (p.3). Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University Migration and Politics Research Centre. Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M. & Armstrong, T.L. (1998). Intergroup Competition and Attitudes towards Immigrants and Immigration. An instrumental Model of Group Conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 699-724.
  • Esses, V. M., Haddock, G. & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, Stereotypes and Emotions as Determinants of Intergroup Attitudes. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.),Affect, Cognition and Stereotyping: Interactive Process in Group Perception, (pp.137-166). Orlando, FL: Academic.
  • Field, A.P. (2005). Discovering Statistics using SPSS (2nd Edition). London: Sage.
  • Floyd, F. J. & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor Analysis in the Development and Refinement of Clinical Assessment Instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
  • Ghiselli, B. E., Campbell, J. P. & Zedeck, S. (1981). Measurement Theory for the Behavioral Sciences. San Francisco: Freeman.
  • Güler, M. (2013). Gruplararasi Temas, Kaygi ve Yanliliğin Sosyal Mesafeye Etkisi: Türk ve Kürt Kökenli Gruplar Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Unpublished doctorate’s thesis, Ankara University, Department of Psychology.
  • Hamberger, J. & Hewstone, M. (1997). Inter-ethnic contact as a predictor of blatant and subtle prejudice: Tests of a model in four west European nations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 173–190.
  • Hewstone, M., Rubin, M. & Willis, H. (2002) Intergroup bias, Annual Review Psychology, 53, 575- 604.
  • Hogg, M.A. & Abrams, D. (2001). Intergroup relations: Key Readings in Social Psychology. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
  • Hog, M. A. & Williams, K. D. (2000). From I to We: Social identity and the collective self. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 4(1), 81–97.
  • Islam, M. R. & Jahjah, M. (2001). Predictors of Young Australians’ Attitudes toward Aboriginals, Asian, and Arabs. Social Behavior and Personality, 29 (6), 569-580.
  • Jackson, J.W. (1993). Realistic Group Conflict Theory: A Review and Evaluation of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature. The Psychological Report, 43, 395-414.
  • Keleş, S. Ç., Aral, T., Yıldırım, M., Kurtoğlu, E. & Sunata, U. (2016). Attitudes of Turkish youth toward Syrian refugees in respect to youths’ gender, income, education, and city: A Scale Development Study. Turkish Migration 2016 Selected Papers, 155.
  • Kılcan, B., Çepni, O. & Kılınç A. Ç. (2017). Mülteci Öğrencilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 14 (2), 1045-1057.
  • Levine, R. A. & Cambell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrisms: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes AND Group Behavior. NY: Wiley.
  • Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635-694.
  • Meertens, R. W. & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 54-71.
  • Nunnaly, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Orhan, O. & Gündoğar, S. (2015). Suriyeli Sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye Etkileri (p.8). Ankara, Turkey: Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi (ORSAM).
  • Özgüven, İ. E. (2011). Psikolojik testler. Ankara: PDREM.
  • Pedhazur, E. J. & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. R. (2011). When groups meet: The dynamics of intergroup contact. Essays in Social Psychology, Psychology Press.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R. & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated Threat Theory and Intercultural Attitudes: Mexico and United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 240-249.
  • Stephan, C. W., Stephan, W. G., Demitrakis, K. M., Yamada, A. M. & Clason, D. L. (2000). Women’s Attitudes Toward Men: An Integrated Threat Theory Approach. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 63-73.
  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O. & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice towards Immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29 (11), 2221-2237.
  • Stephan, W. G. & Stephan, C. (1996). Predicting Prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 1-12.
  • Stephan, W. G. & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157–175.
  • Tezbaşaran, A. (1996). Likert Tipi Ölçek Geliştirme Kılavuzu. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
  • Tinsley, H. E. & Tinsley, D. J. (1987). Uses of Factor Analysis in Counseling Psychology Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 414-424. Turner, J. (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blakcwell.
  • Turner, S. (1979). The Concept of Face Validity. Quality and Quantity, 13: 85-90.
  • Turner, J. (1975). Social Comparison and Social Identity: Some prospects for Intergroup Behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 5-34.
  • UNICEF (2007). Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well‐being in rich countries – A comprehensive assessment of the lives and well‐being and adolescents in the economically advanced nations (7). Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card.
  • Wagner, U., Van Dick, R., Pettigrew, T., F., & Christ, O. (2003). Ethnic prejudice in East and West Germany: The explanatory power of intergroup contact. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 22-36.
  • Wagner, U., Hewstone, M. & Machleit, U. (1989).Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study, Human Relations, 42, (7), 561-574.
  • Yeniacun, S. H. (2014). Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Raporu İstanbul Örneği (p. 2). İstanbul, Turkey: İstanbul Fikir Enstitüsü. Retrieved from http://ife.org.tr/wp content/uploads /2014/ 11 / Suriyeli-Sığınmacılar-Raporu_2.pdf.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Arzu Çalışkan Sarı This is me

Özden Yalçınkaya Alkar

Publication Date December 15, 2018
Submission Date July 15, 2018
Acceptance Date November 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çalışkan Sarı, A., & Yalçınkaya Alkar, Ö. (2018). The Attitudes towards Syrians Living in Turkey: A Scale Development. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 10-36.