Adaptation of the Professional Moral Courage Scale to Turkish Culture: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 221 - 254, 29.03.2024

Sami Yollu Hanifi Yumuşak Mehmet Korkmaz

https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1341919

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to adapt the "Professional Moral Courage" scale developed by Sekerka et al. (2009) to Turkish culture to assess teachers' Professional Moral Courage levels. For this purpose, the data obtained from 446 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in the central districts of Antalya province in the 2020-2021 academic year were analyzed. The Professional Moral Courage scale is a seven-point Likert-type measurement tool comprising five dimensions and 15 items. First-Level Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Second-Level Confirmatory Factor Analysis were conducted to determine whether the original structure of the scale was also provided in Turkish culture. Additionally, Cronbach's Alpha (α) coefficient, McDonald's Omega (ω) reliability coefficient, and AVE values were calculated to determine the reliability level of the scale. The fit indices obtained supported the five-dimensional structure identified in the original study, which included moral judgment, multiple values, confronting threats, going beyond conformity, and moral goal. In addition, Cronbach's Alpha (α) coefficient for the whole scale was calculated as .94, and McDonald's Omega (ω) reliability coefficient was calculated as .91. Consequently, the analysis determined that the scale adapted for Turkish culture is a valid and reliable measurement tool for measuring teachers' moral courage.

Keywords

Moral Courage, Scale Adaptation, Validity, Reliability

Mesleki Ahlaki Cesaret Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Bir Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Abstract

Bu araştırmada öğretmenlerin Mesleki Ahlaki Cesaret düzeylerini ortaya koymak için, Sekerka ve diğerleri (2009) tarafından geliştirilen "Mesleki Ahlaki Cesaret" ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, 2020-2021 eğitim-öğretim yılında Antalya ili merkez ilçelerinde yer alan ilk ve ortaokullarda görev yapan 446 öğretmenden elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Mesleki Ahlaki Cesaret ölçeği beş boyut ve 15 maddeden oluşan yedili likert tipinde bir ölçme aracıdır. Ölçeğin orijinalinde sahip olduğu yapının Türk kültüründe de sağlanıp sağlanmadığını belirlemek için Birinci Düzey Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi ve İkinci Düzey Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin güvenirlik düzeyinin belirlenmesi için Cronbach's Alpha (α) katsayısı, McDonald's Omega (ω) güvenilirlik katsayıs ve AVE değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen uyum indeksleri, orijinal çalışmadaki beş boyutlu yapıyı destekler niteliktedir. Bu boyutlar ahlaki muhakeme, çoklu değerler, tehditlere göğüs germe, uyumluluğun ötesine geçme ve ahlaki hedef olarak adlandırılmıştır. Ayrıca ölçeğin tamamına ilişkin Cronbach's Alpha (α) katsayısı .94, McDonald's Omega (ω) güvenilirlik katsayıs ise .91 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda Türk kültürüne uyarlanan ölçeğin, öğretmenlerin ahlaki cesaretlerini ölçmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Ahlaki Cesaret, Ölçek Uyarlama, Geçerlik, Güvenirlik

References

• Abadi, N. E., Rahimzadeh, M., Omidi, A., Farahani, F., Malekyan, L., & Jalayer, F. (2020). The relationship between moral courage and quality of work life among nursing staff in Bam hospitals. J Adv Pharm Educ Res Jan-Mar, 10(1), 127-32.
• Abdeen, M. A., & Atia, N. M. (2020). Ethical work climate, moral courage, moral distress and organizational citizenship behaviour among nurses. Amarjeet Kaur Sandhu, 12(2), 86-91.
• Abney, A. C. (2016). Authentic leadership: A model for professional moral courage [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Regent University.
• Arslan, S. (2018). Yönetim sürecinde otorite kullanımı ve ortaya çıkan sorunların değerlendirilmesi. Eleştirel bir yaklaşım [The Usage of Authority in Management Process and Evaluation of Emerged Problems: A Critical Approach]. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.301052
• Baqutayan, S.M.S., Tabrizi, M.R.F., & Minavand, H. (2014). Is workplace conflict costly? An international case study of conflict and stress among project managers. International Journal of Development and Conflict, 4(1), 49-59.
• Baratz, L., & Reingold, R. (2010). The ideological dilemma in teaching literature process-moral conflicts in a democratic and nationally diverse society: An Israeli teacher case study. Current Issues in Education, 13(3), 79-93.
• Bass, B.M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behaviour. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181-217.
• Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00038-0
• Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. John Wiley- SonsPub
• Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K.A., & Long, J.S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Manual of data analysis for social sciences]. Pegem Akademi.
• Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K.M., & Wadsworth, L.L. (2002). The impact of moral intensity dimensions on ethical decision making: Assessing the relevance of orientation. Journal of Managerial Issues, 14(1), 15-31.
• Connor, J. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Professional Moral Courage (PMC) Scale in a nurse executive population [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Molloy College.
• Cole Edmonson, M. S. (2010). Moral courage and the nurse leader. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3), 1A. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No03Man03
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları [Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and Lisrel applications]. Pegem Akademi.
• Davis, M. A., & Frederick, W. C. (1984). Business and society: Management, public policy, ethics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill
• Goud, N.H. (2005). Courage: Its nature and development. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 44(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2005.tb00060.x
• Hannah, S. T., & Avolio, B. J. (2010). Moral potency: Building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal, 62, 291–310. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022283
• Hannah, S., Avolio, B., & Walumbwa, F. (2011). Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviours. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121436
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Hunter, J. D. (2003). The death of character. Basic Books.
• Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: User’s guide. Scientific Software.
• Kidder, R. M. (2005). Moral courage. William Morrow.
• Klaassen, C. (2007). The moral role of tutors investigated. What did we learn? Paper presented at the 2007 annual convention of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
• Klaassen, C., & Maslovaty, N. (2010). Moral courage and the normative professionalism of tutors. BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789460912344
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford.
• Lachman, V. (2010). Strategies necessary for moral courage. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No03Man03
• Lewis, C. W., & Gilman, S. C. (2005). The ethics challenge in public service: A problem-solving guide. John Wiley & Sons.
• Mohammadi, S., Borhani, F., & Roshanzadeh, M. (2014). Relationship between moral distress and moral courage in nurses. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7(3), 26-35.
• Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw Hill.
• Pears, D. (2004). The anatomy of courage. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2004.0041
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University.
• Petrick, J.A., & Quinn, J.F. (2001). The challenge of leadership accountability for integrity capacity as a strategic asset. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3), 331-343.
• Pianalto, M. (2012). Moral courage and facing others. International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 20(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672559.2012.668308
• Pury, C. L. S., Kowalski, R. M., & Spearman, J. (2007). Distinctions between general and personal courage. Journal of Positive Psychology 2, 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701237962
• Saleem, S., Khalid, A., & Ashraf, R. (2021). Emotional intelligence and life-satisfaction: Mediating role of moral courage in government employees of Pakistan. Journal of Research and Review in Social Sciences Pakistan, 4(1), 1157-1168.
• Sandal, A. (2019). Kamu görevlileri etik davranış ilke ve kuralları [Principles and rules of ethical behavior of public officials]. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler
• Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Treviño, L.K., Dimotakis, N., & Peng, A. C. (2012), Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1053-1078. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0064
• Sharma, E. (2018). Professional moral courage to combat ethical challenges in the workplace. International Journal of Development and Conflict, 8, 31-45.
• Sekerka, L. E., & Zolin, R. (2005). Proactive versus reactive approaches to ethical dilemmas: Battling moral mediocrity with professional courage. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 24(4), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej200524418
• Sekerka, L., E., & Bagozzi, R. (2007). Moral courage in the workplace: moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2), 132-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x
• Sekerka, L., E., Bagozzi, R., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing ethical challenges in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 565-579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0017-5
• Sekerka, L., E., & Yacobian, M. (2017). Understanding and addressing Islamophobia in organizational settings. Leading with moral courage. International Journal of Public Leadership, 13(3), 134-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-10-2016-0040
• Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar [Structural equation models: Basic concepts and sample applications]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. (2013) Using multivariate statistics [6th ed]. New York: Pearson.
• Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioural ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951-990. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206306294258
• Ünsal Özberk, E. & Doğan, N. (2014). Çoklu özellik-çoklu yöntem analizlerinde kullanılan farklı modellere ilişkin sonuçların incelenmesi [Examining the results of different models used in multi-feature-multi-method analysis]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 5(2), 43-61. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.01666
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması [Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis]. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
• Verschoor, C. C. (2003). Eight ethical traits of a healthy organization. Strategic Finance, 85, 20–30.
• Watson, G., Freeman, R.E., & Parmar, B. (2008). Connected moral agency in organizational ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9497-y