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İzmit Körfezi manyetik verilerine kenar tespit yöntemlerinin uygulanması

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 300 - 312, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1380078

Abstract

Marmara Denizi’nin kuzeydoğusunda yer alan İzmit Körfezi Kuzey Anadolu Fayı’nın kuzey kolu üzerinde olması nedeniyle sismik tehlike tahminleri açısından oldukça önemli etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada İzmit Körfezi’nin yapısal çizgisellikleri yüksek çözünürlüklü manyetik veriler kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Başlangıçta verilere günlük düzeltme işlemi yapılmış ve gürültü etkilerini ortadan kaldırılmak amacıyla filtreler uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, İzmit Körfezi’nin çizgiselliklerini ve yapısal unsurların sınırlarını çıkarmak için verilere birinci düşey türev, analitik sinyal, Tilt açısı, yatay gradyanın tilt açısı (TAHG), softsign fonksiyonu (SF) yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Manyetik anomalilere neden olan yapısal unsurların belirlenmesinde TAHG ve SF filtreleri keskin ve net kenarlar oluşturmuştur. Tespit edilen çizgiselliklerin ana eğilimi körfezde D-B ve KD-GB yönündedir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular sismik yansıma kesitleriyle de değerlendirilerek kesitlerdeki faylar ile çizgiselliklerin oldukça uyumlu oldukları görülmüştür. Böylece İzmit Körfezi’nin tektonik ve yapısal çerçevesinin daha iyi anlaşılması açısından manyetik sonuçlar güvenilir bir yapısal harita sunmaktadır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bölgenin çizgisellik haritası gelecekte yapılacak yeni araştırmalara katkı sağlayacağı açıktır.

Ethical Statement

Bu makalenin yazarları, bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve / veya yasal-özel izin gerektirmediğini beyan etmektedir.

Supporting Institution

İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

48218

Thanks

Bu çalışma, İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 48218 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir. Değerli yorumları için Prof. Dr. Z. Mümtaz HİSARLI’ ya teşekkür ederiz. Makalenin inceleme ve değerlendirme aşamasında yapmış oldukları katkılardan dolayı editör ve hakemlere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Aktaş, G., Hisarli, Z. M., & Demirel, A. S. (2021). High-resolution total field magnetic anomaly maps of Lake İznik (NW Turkey): assessment of faults which play important roles in tectonics of the lake. Marine Geophysical Research, 42(3), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-021-09442-0
  • Aktaş, G., Hisarlı, Z. M., & Demirel, A. S. (2023). Interpretation of the tectonic structure of Gemlik Bay using magnetic data. Tectonophysics, 863, 230021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230021
  • Algan, O., Altıok, H., & Yüce, H. (1999). Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter in two-layered Izmit Bay, Turkey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49(2), 235-250.
  • Alpar B, & Yaltırak C. (2002) Characteristic features of the North Anatolian Fault in the eastern Marmara region and its tectonic evolution. Marine Geology, 190(1–2):329–350.
  • Bargu S, & Yüksel A. (1993) Stratigraphic and structural features of the Quaternary sea bottom sediments of the Gulf of İzmit and distribution of their thickness (in Turkish). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 8, 169–187.
  • Barka A.A, & Kadinsky-Cade K. (1988) Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics, 7, 663–684.
  • Barka A, & Kuşçu I (1996) Extends of the North Anatolian Fault in the İzmit, Gemlik and Bandırma bays. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 2, 93–106.
  • Blakely, R.J. (1996), Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Cordell, L., & Grauch, V. J. S. (1985). Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In The utility of regional gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 181-197.
  • Cormier, M. H., Seeber, L., McHugh, C. M., Polonia, A., Çagatay, N., Emre, Ö., ... & Newman, K. R. (2006). North Anatolian Fault in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey): Rapid vertical motion in response to minor bends of a nonvertical continental transform. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003633.
  • Demirel, S., Alpar, B., Yaltırak, C., Vardar, D., & Kurt, H. (2020). Northern segment of the North Anatolian Fault in the Gulf of Izmit inferred from marine magnetic anomalies. Marine Geophysical Research, 41, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-020-09399-6.
  • Ediger, V., Cankurtaranlar, A., & Akyol, O. (2021). Sea bottom features of eastern Izmit Bay and entrance zone of the North Anatolian Fault in the northeastern Marmara Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(1).
  • Elkins, T.A. (1951). The second derivative method of gravity interpretation. Geophysics, 16(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1437648
  • Ferreira, F. J., de Souza, J., de B. e S. Bongiolo, A., & de Castro, L. G. (2013). Enhancement of the total horizontal gradient of magnetic anomalies using the tilt angle. Geophysics, 78(3), J33-J41.
  • Gasperini L, Polonia A, Bortoluzzi G, Henry P, Le Pichon X, Tryon M, Çağatay N, & Géli L. (2011) How far did the surface rupture of the 1999 Izmit earthquake reach in Sea of Marmara? Tectonics 30, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002726.
  • Gökaşan E, Alpar B, Gazioğlu C, Yücel Z.Y., Tok B., Doğan E., & Güneysu C. (2001) Active tectonics of the Izmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high resolution seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Marine Geology, 175, 273–296. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00133-5.
  • Görür, N., Cagatay, M. N., Sakinc, M., Sümengen, M., Sentürk, K., Yaltirak, C., & Tchapalyga, A. (1997). Origin of the Sea of Marmara as deduced from Neogene to Quaternary paleogeographic evolution of its frame. International Geology Review, 39(4), 342-352.
  • Gurbuz, C., Aktar, M., Eyidogan, H., Cisternas, A., Haessler, H., Barka, A., ... & Yoruk, A. (2000). The seismotectonics of the Marmara region (Turkey): results from a microseismic experiment. Tectonophysics, 316(1-2), 1-17.
  • Kavukçu, S. (1990). Active fault investigation in Izmit Bay, Bandırma Bay and Erdek Bay of Marmara sea. Proceedings Historical Seismicity and Seismotectonics of the Mediterranean Region, Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, 238-266.
  • Ketin İ (1968) Relations between general tectonic features and the main earthquake regions in Turkey (in Turkish). Ankara, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin, 71, 129–134
  • Kurt, H., & Yücesoy, E. (2009). Submarine structures in the Gulf of İzmit, based on multichannel seismic reflection and multibeam bathymetry. Marine Geophysical Researches, 30, 73-84.
  • Kuşçu, İ., Okamura, M., Matsuoka, H., & Awata, Y. (2002). Active faults in the Gulf of Izmit on the North Anatolian Fault, NW Turkey: a high-resolution shallow seismic study. Marine Geology, 190(1-2), 421-443.
  • Lei, Y., Jiao, L., Tu, J., Zhao, J., & Huang, Q. (2022). Magnetic structure and its tectonic implication around Longmenshan fault zone revealed by EMAG2v3. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, 848824.
  • Miller H.G., Singh V. (1994) Potential field tilt-a new concept for location of potential field source. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90022-1.
  • Nabighian M.N. (1972) The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use for automated anomaly interpretation. Geophysics, 37, 507-517. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440276.
  • Nabighian M.N. (1974) Additional comments on the analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section. Geophysics, 39, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440416.
  • Okyar M., Pinar A., Tezcan D., Kamacı Z. (2008) Late quaternary seismic stratigraphy and active faults of the Gulf of _ Izmit (NE Marmara Sea). Marine Geophysical Research, 29, 89–107. doi:10.1007/s11001-008- 9049-6.
  • Oruç, B., & Keskinsezer, A. (2008). Structural setting of the northeastern Biga Peninsula (Turkey) from tilt derivatives of gravity gradient tensors and magnitude of horizontal gravity components. Pure and applied geophysics, 165(9), 1913-1927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0407-8.
  • Oruç, B., & Selim, H. H. (2011). Interpretation of magnetic data in the Sinop area of Mid Black Sea, Turkey, using tilt derivative, Euler deconvolution, and discrete wavelet transform. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 74(4), 194-204.
  • Ozhan, G., Kavukçu, S., Çete, M., & Kurtulus, C. (1985). Marmara Denizi Izmit Körfezi Yüksek Ayırımlı Sıg Sismik Etüdü Raporu.
  • Pham, L.T., Oksum, E., Le, D.V., Ferreira, F.J.F., Le, S.T., (2022). Edge detection of potential field sources using the softsign function. Geocarto International,. 14. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10106049.2021.1882007.
  • Roest W.R., Verhoef J., Pilkington M. (1992) Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal. Geophysics, 57, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443174.
  • Salem, A., Williams, S., Fairhead, J.D., Smith, R., Ravat, D.J. (2008). Interpretation of magnetic data using tilt-angle derivatives; Geophysics, 73, L1–L10.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. (1979), The North Anatolian transform fault: Its age, offset and tectonic significance, Journal of the Geological Society, 136, 269 – 282.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., & Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Demirbag, E., Tuysuz, O., Kurt, H., Gorur, N., & Kuscu, I. (1999). A preliminary note on the structure of the Gulf of Izmit: implications for the westerly prolongation of the North Anatolian Fault.
  • Şengör A.M.C, Tüysüz O, Imren C, Sakınç M, Eyidoğan H, Görür N, Le Pichon X, Rangin C. (2005) The North Anatolian Fault: a new look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 37–112.
  • Tugrul, S., Morkoç, E., Okay, O., & Balkaú, T. (1989). The determination of oceanographic characteristics and assimilation capacity of the Izmit Bay. Wastewater treatment and disposal studies: NATO-TU WATERS. Final Report, TUBITAK Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gebze, Istanbul, 193-259.
  • Uzun, S. M. (2013). İzmit Körfezi Kıyılarının Jeomorfolojisi ve Kıyı Alanı Kullanımı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi,].
  • Vardar, D., Alp, H., Demirel, S., Aykurt Vardar, H., & Alpar, B. (2021). Offshore/onshore correlation of the North-Anatolian fault deformations in the Western Sea of Marmara. Natural Hazards, 107, 1905-1923.
  • Yaltırak C. (2002) Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology, 190, 1-2, 493-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00360-2.

Application of edge detection methods to İzmit Gulf magnetic data

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 300 - 312, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1380078

Abstract

The Gulf of İzmit, which is in the northeast of the Marmara Sea, has significant implications for seismic hazard predictions due to its location on the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault. The structural lineaments of the Gulf of Izmit were defined using high-resolution magnetic data. Initially, the data were corrected diurnal correction and filters were applied to remove noise effects. In addition, first vertical derivative, analytical signal, tilt angle, tilt angle of horizontal gradient (TAHG), softsign function (SF) filter methods were applied to the data to extract the lineaments of İzmit Gulf, and the boundaries of structural elements. TAHG and SF filters produced sharp and clear edges in the identification of structural elements causing magnetic anomalies. The main trend of the obtained lineaments is in the E-W and NE-SW directions in the gulf. The findings obtained from this study were also evaluated with seismic reflection sections and it was observed that the faults and lineaments in the sections were quite compatible. Thus, magnetic results provide a reliable structural map for a better understanding of the tectonic and structural framework of the İzmit Gulf. Thus, it is clear that the linearity map of the region obtained from the study will contribute to new research to be carried out in the future.

Project Number

48218

References

  • Aktaş, G., Hisarli, Z. M., & Demirel, A. S. (2021). High-resolution total field magnetic anomaly maps of Lake İznik (NW Turkey): assessment of faults which play important roles in tectonics of the lake. Marine Geophysical Research, 42(3), 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-021-09442-0
  • Aktaş, G., Hisarlı, Z. M., & Demirel, A. S. (2023). Interpretation of the tectonic structure of Gemlik Bay using magnetic data. Tectonophysics, 863, 230021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230021
  • Algan, O., Altıok, H., & Yüce, H. (1999). Seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter in two-layered Izmit Bay, Turkey. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49(2), 235-250.
  • Alpar B, & Yaltırak C. (2002) Characteristic features of the North Anatolian Fault in the eastern Marmara region and its tectonic evolution. Marine Geology, 190(1–2):329–350.
  • Bargu S, & Yüksel A. (1993) Stratigraphic and structural features of the Quaternary sea bottom sediments of the Gulf of İzmit and distribution of their thickness (in Turkish). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 8, 169–187.
  • Barka A.A, & Kadinsky-Cade K. (1988) Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics, 7, 663–684.
  • Barka A, & Kuşçu I (1996) Extends of the North Anatolian Fault in the İzmit, Gemlik and Bandırma bays. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 2, 93–106.
  • Blakely, R.J. (1996), Potential theory in gravity and magnetic applications, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
  • Cordell, L., & Grauch, V. J. S. (1985). Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. In The utility of regional gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 181-197.
  • Cormier, M. H., Seeber, L., McHugh, C. M., Polonia, A., Çagatay, N., Emre, Ö., ... & Newman, K. R. (2006). North Anatolian Fault in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey): Rapid vertical motion in response to minor bends of a nonvertical continental transform. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003633.
  • Demirel, S., Alpar, B., Yaltırak, C., Vardar, D., & Kurt, H. (2020). Northern segment of the North Anatolian Fault in the Gulf of Izmit inferred from marine magnetic anomalies. Marine Geophysical Research, 41, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-020-09399-6.
  • Ediger, V., Cankurtaranlar, A., & Akyol, O. (2021). Sea bottom features of eastern Izmit Bay and entrance zone of the North Anatolian Fault in the northeastern Marmara Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 27(1).
  • Elkins, T.A. (1951). The second derivative method of gravity interpretation. Geophysics, 16(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1437648
  • Ferreira, F. J., de Souza, J., de B. e S. Bongiolo, A., & de Castro, L. G. (2013). Enhancement of the total horizontal gradient of magnetic anomalies using the tilt angle. Geophysics, 78(3), J33-J41.
  • Gasperini L, Polonia A, Bortoluzzi G, Henry P, Le Pichon X, Tryon M, Çağatay N, & Géli L. (2011) How far did the surface rupture of the 1999 Izmit earthquake reach in Sea of Marmara? Tectonics 30, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002726.
  • Gökaşan E, Alpar B, Gazioğlu C, Yücel Z.Y., Tok B., Doğan E., & Güneysu C. (2001) Active tectonics of the Izmit Gulf (NE Marmara Sea): from high resolution seismic and multi-beam bathymetry data. Marine Geology, 175, 273–296. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00133-5.
  • Görür, N., Cagatay, M. N., Sakinc, M., Sümengen, M., Sentürk, K., Yaltirak, C., & Tchapalyga, A. (1997). Origin of the Sea of Marmara as deduced from Neogene to Quaternary paleogeographic evolution of its frame. International Geology Review, 39(4), 342-352.
  • Gurbuz, C., Aktar, M., Eyidogan, H., Cisternas, A., Haessler, H., Barka, A., ... & Yoruk, A. (2000). The seismotectonics of the Marmara region (Turkey): results from a microseismic experiment. Tectonophysics, 316(1-2), 1-17.
  • Kavukçu, S. (1990). Active fault investigation in Izmit Bay, Bandırma Bay and Erdek Bay of Marmara sea. Proceedings Historical Seismicity and Seismotectonics of the Mediterranean Region, Turkish Atomic Energy Authority, 238-266.
  • Ketin İ (1968) Relations between general tectonic features and the main earthquake regions in Turkey (in Turkish). Ankara, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin, 71, 129–134
  • Kurt, H., & Yücesoy, E. (2009). Submarine structures in the Gulf of İzmit, based on multichannel seismic reflection and multibeam bathymetry. Marine Geophysical Researches, 30, 73-84.
  • Kuşçu, İ., Okamura, M., Matsuoka, H., & Awata, Y. (2002). Active faults in the Gulf of Izmit on the North Anatolian Fault, NW Turkey: a high-resolution shallow seismic study. Marine Geology, 190(1-2), 421-443.
  • Lei, Y., Jiao, L., Tu, J., Zhao, J., & Huang, Q. (2022). Magnetic structure and its tectonic implication around Longmenshan fault zone revealed by EMAG2v3. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, 848824.
  • Miller H.G., Singh V. (1994) Potential field tilt-a new concept for location of potential field source. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90022-1.
  • Nabighian M.N. (1972) The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use for automated anomaly interpretation. Geophysics, 37, 507-517. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440276.
  • Nabighian M.N. (1974) Additional comments on the analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section. Geophysics, 39, 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440416.
  • Okyar M., Pinar A., Tezcan D., Kamacı Z. (2008) Late quaternary seismic stratigraphy and active faults of the Gulf of _ Izmit (NE Marmara Sea). Marine Geophysical Research, 29, 89–107. doi:10.1007/s11001-008- 9049-6.
  • Oruç, B., & Keskinsezer, A. (2008). Structural setting of the northeastern Biga Peninsula (Turkey) from tilt derivatives of gravity gradient tensors and magnitude of horizontal gravity components. Pure and applied geophysics, 165(9), 1913-1927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-008-0407-8.
  • Oruç, B., & Selim, H. H. (2011). Interpretation of magnetic data in the Sinop area of Mid Black Sea, Turkey, using tilt derivative, Euler deconvolution, and discrete wavelet transform. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 74(4), 194-204.
  • Ozhan, G., Kavukçu, S., Çete, M., & Kurtulus, C. (1985). Marmara Denizi Izmit Körfezi Yüksek Ayırımlı Sıg Sismik Etüdü Raporu.
  • Pham, L.T., Oksum, E., Le, D.V., Ferreira, F.J.F., Le, S.T., (2022). Edge detection of potential field sources using the softsign function. Geocarto International,. 14. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10106049.2021.1882007.
  • Roest W.R., Verhoef J., Pilkington M. (1992) Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal. Geophysics, 57, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443174.
  • Salem, A., Williams, S., Fairhead, J.D., Smith, R., Ravat, D.J. (2008). Interpretation of magnetic data using tilt-angle derivatives; Geophysics, 73, L1–L10.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. (1979), The North Anatolian transform fault: Its age, offset and tectonic significance, Journal of the Geological Society, 136, 269 – 282.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., & Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Demirbag, E., Tuysuz, O., Kurt, H., Gorur, N., & Kuscu, I. (1999). A preliminary note on the structure of the Gulf of Izmit: implications for the westerly prolongation of the North Anatolian Fault.
  • Şengör A.M.C, Tüysüz O, Imren C, Sakınç M, Eyidoğan H, Görür N, Le Pichon X, Rangin C. (2005) The North Anatolian Fault: a new look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 33, 37–112.
  • Tugrul, S., Morkoç, E., Okay, O., & Balkaú, T. (1989). The determination of oceanographic characteristics and assimilation capacity of the Izmit Bay. Wastewater treatment and disposal studies: NATO-TU WATERS. Final Report, TUBITAK Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gebze, Istanbul, 193-259.
  • Uzun, S. M. (2013). İzmit Körfezi Kıyılarının Jeomorfolojisi ve Kıyı Alanı Kullanımı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi,].
  • Vardar, D., Alp, H., Demirel, S., Aykurt Vardar, H., & Alpar, B. (2021). Offshore/onshore correlation of the North-Anatolian fault deformations in the Western Sea of Marmara. Natural Hazards, 107, 1905-1923.
  • Yaltırak C. (2002) Tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea and its surroundings. Marine Geology, 190, 1-2, 493-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00360-2.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geophysics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülten Aktaş 0000-0003-1595-108X

Ahmet Sinan Demirel 0000-0001-5291-0493

Project Number 48218
Publication Date March 15, 2024
Submission Date October 23, 2023
Acceptance Date December 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aktaş, G., & Demirel, A. S. (2024). İzmit Körfezi manyetik verilerine kenar tespit yöntemlerinin uygulanması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 300-312. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1380078