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Moneta: Keats’in 'The Fall of Hyperion' Şiirinde Zelil Anne

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 424 - 438, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1190158

Abstract

Keats, 1819’un temmuz ayında, Olymposlu tanrılar tarafından yenilgiye uğratılan Titanları anlattığı ve Hyperion’un düşüşüne odaklandığı alegorik bir şiir olan Hyperion’un Düşüşü’nü yazmaya başlar. Fakat, 1819’un eylül ayında, şiirin ilerleyişi Keats’i düş kırıklığına uğratır ve eseri yarım bırakır. Bu parçada, şair-anlatıcı, bellek tanrıçası olan ve ona hakiki şairlerle sözde şairler arasında bir sınır çekmesini öğütleyen Moneta ile karşılaşır. Şair-anlatıcının Moneta ile karşılaşması, bu bitmemiş şiirin merkezinde yer almaktadır. Bu yüzden, bu makale, şair-anlatıcının Moneta ile ilişkisini, Kristeva’nın zelil kavramını kullanarak irdelemektedir. Moneta, zelil tartışmasının etrafında döndüğü ana karakterdir çünkü Moneta aynı zamanda hem zelilin kendisini hem de onu savuşturmaya çalışan faili temsil etmektedir. Moneta zelili kovma çabasını temsil etmektedir çünkü şair-anlatıcının kılavuzu olarak, şairler ve hayalperestler arasındaki sınırları idame ettirmesini ona salık verir. Buna karşın, Moneta aynı zamanda şair için yutan anne figürü olarak da ortaya çıkar. Şair-anlatıcı, simgesel dil öncesinden gelen anne figürünün sarmalayan bir küre gibi betimlenen zihnine, zihninde bir rahim gibi barındırdığı söylenen hikayeyi anlatabilmek için yolculuk yapar (Fall I.245, 276-7). Bu yolculuk, zelil olan anne bedeninin diyarına gitme cüretidir. Bu yolculuk sırasında, anne figürü de olan esin perisinin yüzü ölüme doğru giden ölümcül bir çehre gibi görünür. Böylece, şair-anlatıcı zelil ile karşılaşır ve sınırların iğrenme uyandıran kayboluşundan ötürü zelilin ortaya çıktığı, simgesel öncesi alana iner. Bu çalışma, simgeseli yutan zelil anne figürü ile karşılaşmadan ötürü, şairin dilsizleştiğini ve şiirin de yarım kaldığını öne sürmektedir.

References

  • Barnard, J. (1987). John Keats. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bate, W. J. (2014). The stylistic development of Keats. New York: Routledge.
  • Bennett, A. (1994). Keats, narrative and audience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Day, A. (1996). Romanticism. London: New York: Routledge.
  • Faflak, J. (2008). Romantic psychoanalysis. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Garrett, J. (1987). Selected poems of John Keats. London: Macmillan.
  • Homans, M. (1990). Keats reading women: Women reading Keats. Studies in romanticism, 29(3), 341-70.
  • Keats, J. (1986). John Keats: The complete poems. Ed. J. Barnard. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Keats, J. (2002). Selected letters of John Keats. G. F. Scott (Ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1984). Revolution in poetic language. M. Waller (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1987). Tales of love. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1989). Black sun: Depression and melancholia. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Margaroni, M. (2004). The trial of the third: Kristeva’s Oedipus and the crisis of identification. In Julia Kristeva: Live Theory (pp. 34-62). London and New York: Continuum.
  • Mellor, A. K. (2001). Keats and the complexities of gender. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 214-29). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Dome. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dome
  • Newey, V. (2001). Hyperion, The Fall of Hyperion and Keats’s epic ambitions. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 69-85). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O’Neill, M. (1995). ‘When this warm scribe my hand’: Writing and history in Hyperion and the fall of Hyperion. In N. Roe (Ed.), Keats and history (pp. 143-64). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parker, P. A. (1990). Keats. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 103-28). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • Perry, S. (1998). Romanticism: The brief history of a concept. In D. Wu (Ed.), A companion to romanticism (pp. 1-11). Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
  • Ryan, R. M. (1990). The politics of Greek religion. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 261-79). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • Roe, N. (2007). John Keats and the culture of dissent. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Sheats, P. D. (1983). Stylistic discipline in The Fall of Hyperion. In J. S. Hill (Ed.), Keats: The narrative poems (pp. 233-48). Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • Sperry, S. M. (1994). Keats the poet. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Stewart, G. (2001). Keats and language. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 135-51). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thomas, S. (2008). Romanticism and visuality. New York: Routledge.
  • Ward, A. (1990). ‘That last infirmity of noble mind’: Keats and the idea of fame. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 11-28). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • White, R. S. (2010). John Keats: A literary life. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Williams, M. H. (2010). The aesthetic development. London: Karnac.

Moneta: The Abject Mother in Keats’ 'The Fall of Hyperion'

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 424 - 438, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1190158

Abstract

In July 1819, Keats began to compose The Fall of Hyperion, an allegorical poem about the Titans vanquished by the Olympian deities, concentrating upon the fall of Hyperion. Yet, Keats grew frustrated with the poem’s progress and left it incomplete in September 1819. In this fragment, the poet-narrator encounters Moneta, the goddess of memory, who guides him to draw a boundary between genuine poets and pseudo-poets. The poet-narator’s confrontation with Moneta lies at the centre of this unfinished poem. Therefore, this article explores the poet-narrator’s relationship with Moneta by employing the Kristevan theory of abjection. Moneta is a pivotal character around whom the discussion of the abject coheres since she simultaneously incorporates the abject and that which expels the abject. Moneta represents the attempt to expel the abject because she as a mentor guides the poet-narrator to maintain boundaries between poets and dreamers. Nevertheless, she also emerges as a smothering maternal figure for the poet-narrator. The poet-narrator journeys into Moneta’s “globed” mind that “enwombs” the tragedy of the Titans to recount their story (Fall I.245, 276-7). This journey is regarded as a venture into the realm of the abject maternal body. During this journey, the death-bearing visage of the maternal muse appears. Thus, the poet-narrator confronts the abject as he descends into the pre-linguistic realm where the abject emerges through the sickening collapse of borders. This paper argues that the poetic voice is choked and the poem remains incomplete owing to this confrontation with the abject mother that swamps the symbolic.

References

  • Barnard, J. (1987). John Keats. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bate, W. J. (2014). The stylistic development of Keats. New York: Routledge.
  • Bennett, A. (1994). Keats, narrative and audience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Day, A. (1996). Romanticism. London: New York: Routledge.
  • Faflak, J. (2008). Romantic psychoanalysis. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Garrett, J. (1987). Selected poems of John Keats. London: Macmillan.
  • Homans, M. (1990). Keats reading women: Women reading Keats. Studies in romanticism, 29(3), 341-70.
  • Keats, J. (1986). John Keats: The complete poems. Ed. J. Barnard. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Keats, J. (2002). Selected letters of John Keats. G. F. Scott (Ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1984). Revolution in poetic language. M. Waller (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1987). Tales of love. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kristeva, J. (1989). Black sun: Depression and melancholia. L. S. Roudiez (Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Margaroni, M. (2004). The trial of the third: Kristeva’s Oedipus and the crisis of identification. In Julia Kristeva: Live Theory (pp. 34-62). London and New York: Continuum.
  • Mellor, A. K. (2001). Keats and the complexities of gender. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 214-29). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Dome. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dome
  • Newey, V. (2001). Hyperion, The Fall of Hyperion and Keats’s epic ambitions. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 69-85). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • O’Neill, M. (1995). ‘When this warm scribe my hand’: Writing and history in Hyperion and the fall of Hyperion. In N. Roe (Ed.), Keats and history (pp. 143-64). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parker, P. A. (1990). Keats. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 103-28). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • Perry, S. (1998). Romanticism: The brief history of a concept. In D. Wu (Ed.), A companion to romanticism (pp. 1-11). Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
  • Ryan, R. M. (1990). The politics of Greek religion. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 261-79). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • Roe, N. (2007). John Keats and the culture of dissent. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Sheats, P. D. (1983). Stylistic discipline in The Fall of Hyperion. In J. S. Hill (Ed.), Keats: The narrative poems (pp. 233-48). Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • Sperry, S. M. (1994). Keats the poet. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Stewart, G. (2001). Keats and language. In S. J. Wolfson (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to John Keats (pp. 135-51). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Thomas, S. (2008). Romanticism and visuality. New York: Routledge.
  • Ward, A. (1990). ‘That last infirmity of noble mind’: Keats and the idea of fame. In H. de Almeida (Ed.), Critical essays on John Keats (pp. 11-28). Boston: G. K. Hall.
  • White, R. S. (2010). John Keats: A literary life. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Williams, M. H. (2010). The aesthetic development. London: Karnac.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Albayrak 0000-0003-2703-4326

Early Pub Date December 27, 2023
Publication Date December 27, 2023
Submission Date October 16, 2022
Acceptance Date January 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 40 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Albayrak, G. (2023). Moneta: The Abject Mother in Keats’ ’The Fall of Hyperion’. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1190158


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