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Sömürgeciliğin İlahi Emri: Wilkie Collins’in 'Kara Cübbe' Eserinde Oryantalizm

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 531 - 539, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1232254

Abstract

Sömürgecilik dönemi sonrası çalışmalarda, misyonerlik kaçınılmaz olarak sömürgecilikle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu, misyonerlerin asıl görevinin “medeniyetin nimetlerini” vaaz ederek ve "beyaz adamın yükünü" uygulayarak Hristiyanlığı yaymak olduğu gerçeğiyle açıklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Wilkie Collins'in (1824-1889) Kara Cübbe (1881) adlı eserinde tasvir edilen yerli halkların temsili yapısını eleştirmek için Edward W. Said'in Oryantalist söylemini benimsemektedir. Said'in fikirleri, Batı'nın Kızılderilileri uygarlaştırılması gereken vahşiler olarak görmelerinin eleştirel analizinde özellikle etkilidir. Kara Cübbe, genç bir adamı kazara öldürdüğü için pişmanlığı hayatının geri kalanında peşini bırakmayan Lewis Romayne'in bir dizi talihsiz olayının etrafında dönen kısmen mektuplardan oluşan bir romandır. Bu araştırma, yazarın romandaki dini görüşleri konusundaki tutarsızlıkları ortaya koymaktadır. Collins'in Katolik karşıtı alaycılığı, dini tarikatların yozlaşmasını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlasa da bu duruşun kolonyal söylem için geçerli olmadığı; daha ziyade romanda Katoliklik amaçlı bir şekilde bölücü bir emperyalist araç olarak kullanılmaktadır ve dolayısıyla misyonerler, İngiliz emperyal politikalarının ayrımcı eylemlerini “kutsayan” kolonyal ajanlar olarak hizmet etmektedirler. Kara Cübbe romanında yerli halklar “kana susamış vahşiler” olarak tanımlanmakta ve Hristiyanlığın etkisiyle ruhlarının kurtarılabileceğine inanılmaktadır. Bu yaptırım aynı zamanda Amerika yerlilerinin sosyal ve kültürel asimilasyona maruz bırakıldığı sömürgeci hegemonyayı da temsil etmektedir. Beyaz ırk üstünlüğü ideolojisi, yerli halkların toprakları ve kültürü üzerinde meşru ve dini haklara sahip olduklarını iddia eden sömürgeci misyonların kendini haklı göstermesinde ifade edilmektedir. Romanda, kara cüppe imgesi, İngiliz emperyal gücünün din aracılığıyla etkisini pekiştiren sömürge mirasını temsil etmektedir.

References

  • Al-Neyadi, A. M. (2015). Depicting the orient in Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(6), 181-189.
  • Emrys, A. B. (2014). Wilkie Collins, Vera Caspary and the evolution of the Casebook Novel. McFarland.
  • Eyre, A. (2022). Women’s writing and Mmission in the nineteenth century: Jane Eyre’s Missionary Sisters. Taylor & Francis.
  • Griffin, S. M. (2004). The Yellow Mask, The Black Robe, and The Woman in White: Wilkie Collins, Anti-Catholic Discourse, and the Sensation Novel. Narrative, 12(1), 55-73.
  • Johnston, A. (2003). Missionary writing and empire, 1800-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • King, C. Richard. (2003). De/Scribing squ*w: Indigenous women and imperial idioms in the United States. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 27(2), 1-6.
  • Lawrence, K. (1989). The religion of Wilkie Collins: Three unpublished documents. The Huntington Library Quarterly, 389-402.
  • Linsley, B. (2013). Feeble to effeminacy: Race and gender in the British imperial consciousness 1837-1901. Grand Valley Journal of History, 2(2), 1.
  • Moran, M. (2007). Catholic sensationalism and Victorian literature (Vol. 49). Liverpool University Press.
  • Nayder, L. (2006). Collins and empire. In J. B. Taylor (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins (pp. 139-152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oulton, C. (2002). Literature and religion in mid-Victorian England: from Dickens to Eliot. Springer.
  • Taylor, J. B. (2006). Introduction. In J. B. Taylor (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins (pp. 1-6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collins, W. (1881). The black robe. [The Project Gutenberg eBook]. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1587/1587-h/1587-h.htm
  • Putnam, W. (2012). “Please don’t feed the natives”: Human Zoos, Colonial Desire, and Bodies on Display. In The Environment in French and Francophone Literature and Film (pp. 55-68). Brill.
  • Pykett, L. (2005). Authors in context: Wilkie Collins. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Williamson, C. (2011). Scientific racism on display: Representations of indigenous cultures and societies at the turn of the 20th century. Constellations, 2(2), 90-107.
  • Rowbotham, J. (2000). ‘Soldiers of Christ’? Images of female missionaries in late nineteenth‐century Britain: Issues of Heroism and Martyrdom. Gender & history, 12(1), 82-106.
  • Samson, C., & Gigoux, C. (2016). Indigenous peoples and colonialism: Global perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Zhao, Y. (2017). An analysis of knowledge-power structure and orientalism. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016) (pp. 377-379). Atlantis Press.

The Divine Mandate of Colonialism: Orientalism in Wilkie Collins’s 'The Black Robe'

Year 2023, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 531 - 539, 27.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1232254

Abstract

In postcolonial studies, the missionary is inevitably associated with colonialism. This is explained by the fact that the missionaries’ main task was to spread Christianity by preaching the “blessings of civilisation” and implementing “the white man's burden”. This study adopts Edward W. Said's Orientalist discourse to critique the construct of the representation of indigenous peoples in Wilkie Collins's (1824-1889) The Black Robe (1881). Said's ideas are particularly instrumental in critically analysing the Western (mis)representation of Native Americans as savages who need to be civilised. The Black Robe is a partly epistolary novel revolving around a series of unfortunate events by Lewis Romayne, whose remorse for the accidental murder of a young man haunts him for the rest of his life. This research reveals inconsistencies regarding the author's religious views in the novel. It is argued that while Collins's anti-Catholic sarcasm aims to expose the corruption of religious orders, this attitude does not apply to colonial discourse. Rather, Catholicism is purposefully used as a divisive imperialist tool in the novel, and therefore the missionaries serve as colonial agents who “bless” discriminatory acts of British imperial policy, hence the image of the black robe that represents the colonial legacy consolidating the influence of British imperial power through religion. In The Black Robe, indigenous peoples are described as “bloodthirsty savages” and it is believed that their souls can be saved under the influence of Christianity. This enforcement also represents colonial hegemony, through which American Indians are subjected to social and cultural assimilation. The ideology of white racial supremacy manifests itself in the justification of the colonial missions, which claim that they have legitimate and religious rights over the land and culture of the natives.

References

  • Al-Neyadi, A. M. (2015). Depicting the orient in Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(6), 181-189.
  • Emrys, A. B. (2014). Wilkie Collins, Vera Caspary and the evolution of the Casebook Novel. McFarland.
  • Eyre, A. (2022). Women’s writing and Mmission in the nineteenth century: Jane Eyre’s Missionary Sisters. Taylor & Francis.
  • Griffin, S. M. (2004). The Yellow Mask, The Black Robe, and The Woman in White: Wilkie Collins, Anti-Catholic Discourse, and the Sensation Novel. Narrative, 12(1), 55-73.
  • Johnston, A. (2003). Missionary writing and empire, 1800-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • King, C. Richard. (2003). De/Scribing squ*w: Indigenous women and imperial idioms in the United States. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 27(2), 1-6.
  • Lawrence, K. (1989). The religion of Wilkie Collins: Three unpublished documents. The Huntington Library Quarterly, 389-402.
  • Linsley, B. (2013). Feeble to effeminacy: Race and gender in the British imperial consciousness 1837-1901. Grand Valley Journal of History, 2(2), 1.
  • Moran, M. (2007). Catholic sensationalism and Victorian literature (Vol. 49). Liverpool University Press.
  • Nayder, L. (2006). Collins and empire. In J. B. Taylor (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins (pp. 139-152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oulton, C. (2002). Literature and religion in mid-Victorian England: from Dickens to Eliot. Springer.
  • Taylor, J. B. (2006). Introduction. In J. B. Taylor (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Wilkie Collins (pp. 1-6). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collins, W. (1881). The black robe. [The Project Gutenberg eBook]. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1587/1587-h/1587-h.htm
  • Putnam, W. (2012). “Please don’t feed the natives”: Human Zoos, Colonial Desire, and Bodies on Display. In The Environment in French and Francophone Literature and Film (pp. 55-68). Brill.
  • Pykett, L. (2005). Authors in context: Wilkie Collins. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
  • Williamson, C. (2011). Scientific racism on display: Representations of indigenous cultures and societies at the turn of the 20th century. Constellations, 2(2), 90-107.
  • Rowbotham, J. (2000). ‘Soldiers of Christ’? Images of female missionaries in late nineteenth‐century Britain: Issues of Heroism and Martyrdom. Gender & history, 12(1), 82-106.
  • Samson, C., & Gigoux, C. (2016). Indigenous peoples and colonialism: Global perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Zhao, Y. (2017). An analysis of knowledge-power structure and orientalism. In 2016 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016) (pp. 377-379). Atlantis Press.
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yakut Akbay 0000-0003-1557-232X

Early Pub Date December 27, 2023
Publication Date December 27, 2023
Submission Date January 10, 2023
Acceptance Date April 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 40 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akbay, Y. (2023). The Divine Mandate of Colonialism: Orientalism in Wilkie Collins’s ’The Black Robe’. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 531-539. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1232254


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