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A Biotechnological Approach to the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Consolidation of Carbonate Stones

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2 - DECEMBER 2023 ISSUE, 299 - 312, 25.12.2023

Abstract

Natural stones have been mostly used in historical buildings and artifacts since ancient times. Over time, these stones gradually degrade and lose their strength as a result of physical, chemical and mechanical effects. To date, organic and inorganic consolidants used to increase the durability of carbonate stones have produced short-term solutions to the degradation problems in the stones, but in the long term, they could not prevent the continuation of the degradation process under the influence of atmospheric conditions. This has led to the development of ecological, economical, new technological methods compatible with the stone material in order to stop the progression of deterioration observed in the stones used in historical buildings and monuments. Microbial consolidation method, in other words Bio-consolidation, is realized by the penetration of microorganisms capable of producing calcium carbonate into the cavities of stone. In this study, the mechanisms of microbial calcium carbonate formation and the processes which affect these mechanisms are explained. New researches and applications in the field of biotechnology, which have the potential to provide an alternative to traditional chemical consolidants in the conservation of our cultural heritage, are described.

References

  • Al-Thawadi, S. M. J. (2011). Adv. Sci. Eng. Res, 1(1), 98-114.
  • Barbabietola, N., Tasso, F., Grimaldi, M.,Alisi C., Chiavarini, S., Marconi, P., Perito, B., Sprocati, R.A. (2012). Microbe-Based Technology for a Novel Approach to Conservation and Restoration,EAI Speciale II-2012, Italya.
  • Boso Hanyalı, Ö. (2023). İstanbul’daki Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Farklı Kireçtaşlarının Mikrobiyal Yöntemle Sağlamlaştırılabilirliğinin Araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Cañveras, J. C., Sanchez-Moral, S., Sloer, V., Saiz-Jimenez, C. (2001). Microorganisms and Microbially Induced Fabrics in Cave Walls, Geomicrobiology Journal Volume 18, Issue 3, pages 223-240.
  • Danehey, C., Wheeler, G., Su, S. H. (1992). The influence of quartz and calcite on the polymerization of methyltrimethoxysilane, Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lisbon, 1043-1052.
  • De Muynck, W., Leuridan, S., Loo, D. V., Verbeken, K., Veerle, Cnudde, V., Belie, N. D. (2011). Verstraete, W., Influence of Pore Structure on the Effectiveness of a Biogenic Carbonate Surface Treatment for Limestone Conservation, Applıed And Envıronmental Mıcrobıology, Vol. 77, No. 19, 6808–6820, doi:10.1128/AEM.00219-11159-167.
  • De Muynck W., De Belie N., Verstraete, W. (2010). Microbial Carbonate Precipitation in Construction Materials: a review. Ecol Eng 36:118–36.
  • Ersen, A. (2011). Taş Korumada Son 20 Yıldaki Çalışmalar ve Yenilikler, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Dergisi.
  • Goins, E. S., Wheeler, G. S., Griffiths, D., Price, C. A. (1996). The Effect of the Sandstone, Limestone, Marble and Sodium Chloride on the Polymerization of MTMOS Solutions, Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Berlin, 1243-1254.
  • Hall-Stoodley, L., Costerton, J.W, Stoodley, P. (2004). Bacterial Biofilms: From the Natural Environment to İnfectious Diseases, Nat Rev Microbiol., 2(2):95-108.
  • Hall, C., Hamilton, A., Hoff, W.D., Viles, H.A., Eklund, J.A. (2010) Moisture Dynamics in Walls Response to Micro-Environment and Climate Change, Proc R Soc, A8, Vol. 467 No. 2125, 194-211.
  • Hammes, F., Verstraete, W. (2002). Reviews in environmental science and biotechnology, 1(1), 3-7.
  • Henry, A. (2006). Stone Conservation, (ed. A. Henry), Donhead, London.
  • Ivanov, V., & Chu, J. (2008). Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 7(2), 139-153.
  • İpekoğlu, B. (1998). Theoretical And Technical Principles of Stone Conservatıon in Historic Monuments Pamukkale University, Engineering College Journal of Engineering, Cilt:4, Sayı:3, Sayfa:787-795.
  • Jimenez-Lopez, C., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Pin˜ar, G., Carrillo-Rosu´a, F.J., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Gonza´lez-Mun˜oz, M.T. (2007). Consolidation of degraded ornamental porous limestone stone by calcium carbonate precipitation induced by the microbiota inhabiting the stone. Chemosphere 68 (10), 1929–1936.
  • Jimenez-Lopez, C., Jroundi, F., Chiara Pascolini, C., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Pinar-Larrubia, G., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Gonzalez-Munoz, M. T. (2008). Consolidation of Quarry Calcarenite by Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Induced by Bacteria Activated Among the Microbiota Inhabiting the Stone, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 62, 352–363.
  • Jroundi F., Bedmar E.J,, Rodriguez-Navarro., Gonzalez-Muñoz M.T. (2010). Consolidatıon of Ornamental Stone By Microbial Carbonatogenesis, Global Stone Congress, 1-5.
  • Knorre, H., Krumbein W. (2000). Bacterial calcification. In: Riding RE, Awramik SM (eds) Microbial Sediments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 25–31. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04036-2-4.
  • Ksinopoulou, E., Bakolas, A., Kartsonakis, I., Charitidis, C., Moropoulou, A. (2012). Particle Modifıed Consolidants In The Consolıdatıon of Porous Stones, 12th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Columbia University, New York.
  • Knoll, A. H. (2003). Biomineralization and evolutionary history. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 54, 329-356.
  • Le Metayer-Levrel, G., Castanier, S., Orial, G., Loubiere, JF., Perthuisot, JP., (1999). Applications of bacterial carbonatogenesis to the protection and regeneration of limestones in buildings and historic patrimony. Sediment Geol, 126:25-34.
  • Li, P., & Qu, W. (2011). Bioremediation of Historic Architectural Heritages by Sporosarcina pasteurii, 1084-1087.
  • Lim, M., Han, G. C., Ahn, J. W., You, K. S. (2010). International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(1), 203-228.
  • Marjadi, D. S. (2016). Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage: A biotechnological approach, Pelagia Research Library, Advances in Applied Science Research, 7(4): 159-167.
  • Patro Sanjaya, K., Chandra K.S., Sugandha S., Chand, S., Sahu, S.K., Manimaran, S. (2015). Effect of bacteria on the properties of concrete using Portland Slag Cement, Proceedings of the National Conference on Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Civil Engineering (RAFPCE-15), 89-98.
  • Perito, B., Marvasi, M., Barabesi, C., Mastromei, G., Bracci, S., Vendrell, M., Tiano, P. (2013). A Bacillus subtilis cell fraction (BCF) Inducing calcium carbonate precipitation: Biotechnological perspectives for monumental stone reinforcement”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15 , 345–351.
  • Richardson, A., Coventry, A. K., Jamison, C. (2014). Surface consolidation of natural stone materials using microbial induced calcite precipitation, Structural Survey, Vol. 32 No. 3, 265-278, DOI 10.1108/SS-07-2013-0028.
  • Rivadeneyra, M. A., Párraga, J., Delgado, R., Ramos-Cormenzana, A., & Delgado, G. (2004). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 48 (1), 39-46.
  • Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Chekroun, K. B., & Gonzalez-Munoz, M. T. (2003). Conservation of Ornamental Stone by Myxococcus xanthus Induced Carbonate Biomineralization. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 2182-2193.
  • Roldán Molina, M. (2008). Caracterització de biofilms fototròfics d’ambients hipogeus.
  • Şahin Güçhan, N., Warscheid, T., Topal, T., Son, Ç., Çıplak, E. S., Ersöz, T., Kaya, Y., Öztürk, M. (2019). Tarihi Kireçtaşlarını Koruma Müdahalelerinde Uygulamak Üzere Kalsit Üreten Bakterilerle Biyolojik Harç Geliştirilmesi Program Kodu: 1001 Proje No: 115M188 (p. 110).
  • Tiano, P., Biagiotti, L., & Mastromei, G. (1999). Bacterial Bio-Mediated Calcite Precipitation for Monumental Stones Conservation: Methods of Evaluation. Journal Of Microbiological Methods, 139-145.
  • Torraca, G. (1988). Porous Building Materials, Materials Science for Architectural Conservation, ICCROM Publication, Rome.
  • Ziyaettin, N. (2010). Kimyasal Uygulamalarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Yapı Taşlarının Durabilitesi Üzerine Etkisi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Yapı Bilimleri Programı.
  • Yıldırım, N., Gürtuğ, Y., Sesalı, C. (2016). Mikrobiyal Kalsiyum Karbonat Oluşum Mekanizmaları ve Uygulama Alanları, Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 70-80.

Kültür Varlıklarının Korunmasında Biyoteknolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Karbonatlı Taşların Sağlamlaştırılması

Year 2023, Volume: 5 Issue: 2 - DECEMBER 2023 ISSUE, 299 - 312, 25.12.2023

Abstract

Doğal taşlar, çok eski dönemlerden beri tarihi yapı ve eserlerde sıklıkla kullanılmaktadırlar. Zaman içinde bu taşlar fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekanik etkilerin sonucunda yavaş yavaş bozunmakta ve dayanımlarını kaybetmektedirler. Bugüne kadar tarihi yapı ve eserlerde kullanılan doğal taşların durabilitesinin/dayanımının arttırılmasında kullanılan organik ve inorganik sağlamlaştırıcılar kısa vadede taşlardaki bozunma sorunlarına çözüm üretmiş olsa da uzun vadede atmosferik koşulların etkisiyle bozunma sürecinin devam etmesine engel olamamışlardır. Bu durum, tarihi yapı ve eserlerde kullanılan taşlarda gözlemlenen bozunmaların ilerlemesini durdurmak için taş malzeme ile uyumlu ekolojik, ekonomik, yeni bir teknolojiye sahip yöntemlerin gelişimine yol açmıştır. Mikrobiyal sağlamlaştırma yöntemi bir başka deyişle Biyo-sağlamlaştırma, kalsiyum karbonat üretebilen mikroorganizmların taşların boşluklarına nüfuz etmeleri ile gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışmada mikrobiyal kalsiyum karbonat oluşum mekanizmalarından ve bu mekanizmaları etkileyen süreçlerden bahsedilmiş, kültürel mirasımızın korunmasında geleneksel kimyasal sağlamlaştırıcılara alternatif oluşturma potansiyeli yüksek olan biyoteknoloji alanındaki yeni uygulamalar ve gelişmeler anlatılmıştır.

References

  • Al-Thawadi, S. M. J. (2011). Adv. Sci. Eng. Res, 1(1), 98-114.
  • Barbabietola, N., Tasso, F., Grimaldi, M.,Alisi C., Chiavarini, S., Marconi, P., Perito, B., Sprocati, R.A. (2012). Microbe-Based Technology for a Novel Approach to Conservation and Restoration,EAI Speciale II-2012, Italya.
  • Boso Hanyalı, Ö. (2023). İstanbul’daki Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Farklı Kireçtaşlarının Mikrobiyal Yöntemle Sağlamlaştırılabilirliğinin Araştırılması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Cañveras, J. C., Sanchez-Moral, S., Sloer, V., Saiz-Jimenez, C. (2001). Microorganisms and Microbially Induced Fabrics in Cave Walls, Geomicrobiology Journal Volume 18, Issue 3, pages 223-240.
  • Danehey, C., Wheeler, G., Su, S. H. (1992). The influence of quartz and calcite on the polymerization of methyltrimethoxysilane, Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Lisbon, 1043-1052.
  • De Muynck, W., Leuridan, S., Loo, D. V., Verbeken, K., Veerle, Cnudde, V., Belie, N. D. (2011). Verstraete, W., Influence of Pore Structure on the Effectiveness of a Biogenic Carbonate Surface Treatment for Limestone Conservation, Applıed And Envıronmental Mıcrobıology, Vol. 77, No. 19, 6808–6820, doi:10.1128/AEM.00219-11159-167.
  • De Muynck W., De Belie N., Verstraete, W. (2010). Microbial Carbonate Precipitation in Construction Materials: a review. Ecol Eng 36:118–36.
  • Ersen, A. (2011). Taş Korumada Son 20 Yıldaki Çalışmalar ve Yenilikler, Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Dergisi.
  • Goins, E. S., Wheeler, G. S., Griffiths, D., Price, C. A. (1996). The Effect of the Sandstone, Limestone, Marble and Sodium Chloride on the Polymerization of MTMOS Solutions, Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Berlin, 1243-1254.
  • Hall-Stoodley, L., Costerton, J.W, Stoodley, P. (2004). Bacterial Biofilms: From the Natural Environment to İnfectious Diseases, Nat Rev Microbiol., 2(2):95-108.
  • Hall, C., Hamilton, A., Hoff, W.D., Viles, H.A., Eklund, J.A. (2010) Moisture Dynamics in Walls Response to Micro-Environment and Climate Change, Proc R Soc, A8, Vol. 467 No. 2125, 194-211.
  • Hammes, F., Verstraete, W. (2002). Reviews in environmental science and biotechnology, 1(1), 3-7.
  • Henry, A. (2006). Stone Conservation, (ed. A. Henry), Donhead, London.
  • Ivanov, V., & Chu, J. (2008). Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 7(2), 139-153.
  • İpekoğlu, B. (1998). Theoretical And Technical Principles of Stone Conservatıon in Historic Monuments Pamukkale University, Engineering College Journal of Engineering, Cilt:4, Sayı:3, Sayfa:787-795.
  • Jimenez-Lopez, C., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Pin˜ar, G., Carrillo-Rosu´a, F.J., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Gonza´lez-Mun˜oz, M.T. (2007). Consolidation of degraded ornamental porous limestone stone by calcium carbonate precipitation induced by the microbiota inhabiting the stone. Chemosphere 68 (10), 1929–1936.
  • Jimenez-Lopez, C., Jroundi, F., Chiara Pascolini, C., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Pinar-Larrubia, G., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Gonzalez-Munoz, M. T. (2008). Consolidation of Quarry Calcarenite by Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Induced by Bacteria Activated Among the Microbiota Inhabiting the Stone, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 62, 352–363.
  • Jroundi F., Bedmar E.J,, Rodriguez-Navarro., Gonzalez-Muñoz M.T. (2010). Consolidatıon of Ornamental Stone By Microbial Carbonatogenesis, Global Stone Congress, 1-5.
  • Knorre, H., Krumbein W. (2000). Bacterial calcification. In: Riding RE, Awramik SM (eds) Microbial Sediments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 25–31. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04036-2-4.
  • Ksinopoulou, E., Bakolas, A., Kartsonakis, I., Charitidis, C., Moropoulou, A. (2012). Particle Modifıed Consolidants In The Consolıdatıon of Porous Stones, 12th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone Columbia University, New York.
  • Knoll, A. H. (2003). Biomineralization and evolutionary history. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 54, 329-356.
  • Le Metayer-Levrel, G., Castanier, S., Orial, G., Loubiere, JF., Perthuisot, JP., (1999). Applications of bacterial carbonatogenesis to the protection and regeneration of limestones in buildings and historic patrimony. Sediment Geol, 126:25-34.
  • Li, P., & Qu, W. (2011). Bioremediation of Historic Architectural Heritages by Sporosarcina pasteurii, 1084-1087.
  • Lim, M., Han, G. C., Ahn, J. W., You, K. S. (2010). International journal of environmental research and public health, 7(1), 203-228.
  • Marjadi, D. S. (2016). Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage: A biotechnological approach, Pelagia Research Library, Advances in Applied Science Research, 7(4): 159-167.
  • Patro Sanjaya, K., Chandra K.S., Sugandha S., Chand, S., Sahu, S.K., Manimaran, S. (2015). Effect of bacteria on the properties of concrete using Portland Slag Cement, Proceedings of the National Conference on Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Civil Engineering (RAFPCE-15), 89-98.
  • Perito, B., Marvasi, M., Barabesi, C., Mastromei, G., Bracci, S., Vendrell, M., Tiano, P. (2013). A Bacillus subtilis cell fraction (BCF) Inducing calcium carbonate precipitation: Biotechnological perspectives for monumental stone reinforcement”, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 15 , 345–351.
  • Richardson, A., Coventry, A. K., Jamison, C. (2014). Surface consolidation of natural stone materials using microbial induced calcite precipitation, Structural Survey, Vol. 32 No. 3, 265-278, DOI 10.1108/SS-07-2013-0028.
  • Rivadeneyra, M. A., Párraga, J., Delgado, R., Ramos-Cormenzana, A., & Delgado, G. (2004). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 48 (1), 39-46.
  • Rodriguez-Navarro, C., Rodriguez-Gallego, M., Chekroun, K. B., & Gonzalez-Munoz, M. T. (2003). Conservation of Ornamental Stone by Myxococcus xanthus Induced Carbonate Biomineralization. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 2182-2193.
  • Roldán Molina, M. (2008). Caracterització de biofilms fototròfics d’ambients hipogeus.
  • Şahin Güçhan, N., Warscheid, T., Topal, T., Son, Ç., Çıplak, E. S., Ersöz, T., Kaya, Y., Öztürk, M. (2019). Tarihi Kireçtaşlarını Koruma Müdahalelerinde Uygulamak Üzere Kalsit Üreten Bakterilerle Biyolojik Harç Geliştirilmesi Program Kodu: 1001 Proje No: 115M188 (p. 110).
  • Tiano, P., Biagiotti, L., & Mastromei, G. (1999). Bacterial Bio-Mediated Calcite Precipitation for Monumental Stones Conservation: Methods of Evaluation. Journal Of Microbiological Methods, 139-145.
  • Torraca, G. (1988). Porous Building Materials, Materials Science for Architectural Conservation, ICCROM Publication, Rome.
  • Ziyaettin, N. (2010). Kimyasal Uygulamalarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Yapı Taşlarının Durabilitesi Üzerine Etkisi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı, Yapı Bilimleri Programı.
  • Yıldırım, N., Gürtuğ, Y., Sesalı, C. (2016). Mikrobiyal Kalsiyum Karbonat Oluşum Mekanizmaları ve Uygulama Alanları, Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 2, 70-80.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özge Boso Hanyalı 0000-0003-0440-3213

Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date December 25, 2023
Submission Date November 23, 2023
Acceptance Date December 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 - DECEMBER 2023 ISSUE

Cite

APA Boso Hanyalı, Ö. (2023). Kültür Varlıklarının Korunmasında Biyoteknolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Karbonatlı Taşların Sağlamlaştırılması. Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 5(2), 299-312.