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AFRİKA’DA ASKERİ-POLİTİK FAALİYETLERİN SOSYO-EKONOMİK YAPILAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: GABON CUMHURİYETİ ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 249 - 279, 17.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.978098

Abstract

Dünyanın en büyük coğrafyasına sahip kıtalardan biri olan Afrika, aynı zamanda, çok kültürlü sosyolojik yapılara, çok çeşitli ekonomik gelirlere ve çok yönlü politik gelişmelere de sahiptir. Dahası, tarihsel bir sürece de öncülük etmiştir. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde Afrika, üç aşamayla irdelenebilir. İlki sömürge öncesi evre, ikincisi sömürge dönemi ve üçüncüsü de, bağımsızlıktan bugüne dek yaşanan evrelerdir. Bu üç evre içerisinde ikinci ve üçüncü evreler, Afrika’nın çetrefilli ve karmaşık bir duruma dönüşmesine neden olmuştur. Çünkü bu dönemlerde kıta, şiddetli çatışmalara yol açan sömürgecilik olgusuyla tanışmıştır. Bu çatışmalar toplumda kimlik temelli şiddetlere yol açarken, yönetimlerde ise askeri darbe girişimlerine yol açmıştır. Bu bağlamda makale, Gabon’daki askeri darbe girişiminin temel nedenlerini ele almakla birlikte, ülkedeki politik uygulamaların sosyo-ekonomik yapılar üzerindeki etkilerini de irdelemektedir.

References

  • Aczel, A. D. (2012). Uranyum Savaşları: Nükleer Çağı Başlatan Bilimsel Rekabet, çev. Barış Gönülşen, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung(2020). “BTI 2020 Country Report: Gabon”, Country Report.
  • Belkin, P. (2011). “France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations”, Congressional Research Service, April 14.
  • Betts, R. F. (2018). Dekolonizasyon: Dünyada Sömürgelerin Bağımsızlaşma Süreci 1945-1997, çev. Yusuf Yazar, İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay Yayınları.
  • Boahen, A. A. (1980). Topics in West African History, London: Longman Press.
  • Bucher, H. H. Jr. (1977). “The Settlement of the Mpongwe clans in the Gabon estuary: an historical synthesis”, Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, Vol. 64, No. 235.
  • Burgess, S. (2018). “Military Intervention in Africa: French and US Approaches Compared”, ASPJ Africa & Francophonie, 2nd Quarter.
  • Cannon, W. F. (2014). “Manganese: It Turns Iron Into Steel (and Does So Much More)”, USGS Mineral Resources Program, Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Craven, M. (2015). “Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the Logic of Free Trade”, London Review of International Law, Volume 3, Issue 1.
  • Deletre, M. (2010). The ins and outs of manioc diversity in Gabon, Central Africa: A pluridisciplinary approach to the dynamics of genetic diversity of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Trinity College: Botany Department School of Natural Sciences University of Dublin.
  • Emerson, R. (1965). Sömürgelerin Uluslaşması, çev. Türkkaya Ataöv, Ankara: Türk Siyasi İlimler Derneği Yayınları.
  • Ferro, M. (2011). Sömürgecilik Tarihi: Fetihlerden Bağımsızlık Hareketlerine 13. Yüzyıl-20. Yüzyıl, (2. baskı), çev. Muna Cedden, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Gardınier, D. E. (1982). “ France in Gabon since 1960”, Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 7.
  • Gilbert, E. ve Reynolds, J. T. (2016). Dünya Tarihinde Afrika: Tarihöncesinden Günümüze, çev. Mehmet Demirkaya, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Gueye, M. and Boahen, A. A. (2000). “African initiatives and resistance in West Africa, 1880-1914”, (ed.) A. Adu Boahen, General History of Africa VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880 1935, Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  • Hatcho, Y. (2003). “The Atlantic Charter of 1941: A Political Tool of Non-belligerent America”, The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 14.
  • Hazar, N.(2018). Sovyet Tehdidinin Gölgesinde Türk Dış Politikası: Kuzey Afrika Örneği, Ankara: Dış Politika Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Isbell, T. and Bhoojedhur, S.(2018). “In Gabon, views on elections darken in wake of 2016 contest seen as less than free and fair”, Afrobarometer, 13 September.
  • Jansson, J., Burke, C. and Jiang, W. (2009). “Chinese Companies in the Extractive Industries of Gabon & the DRC: Perceptions of Transparency”, Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch, August.
  • Kavas, A. (2017). Geçmişten Günümüze Afrika, İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Knight, J. (2003). “Relocated to the Roadside: Preliminary Observations on the Forest Peoples of Gabon”, African Study Monographs, Suppl.28, November.
  • Koponen, J. (1993). “The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?”, Nordic Journal of African Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1.
  • Lersch, B. S. and Sart, J. S. (2014). “The Establishment of Foreign Military Bases and the International Distribution of Power”, UFRGS Model United Nations, Vol. 2.
  • Louw-Vaudran, L., Atta-Asamoah, A. and Diatta, M. (2019). “Focus on 32nd AU summit: elections could see big powers return to the PSC”, Peace & Security Council Report, Issue 109, January.
  • Luraghi, R. (2000). Sömürgecilik Tarihi, çev. Halim İnal, İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Marshall, T. (2018). Coğrafya Mahkûmları: Dünyanın Kaderini Değiştiren On Harita, çev. Mert Doğruer, İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
  • Oliver, R. and Fage, J. D. (1978). A Short History of Africa, New York: Penguin Books Press.
  • Pickett, C. D. (2017). “French political economic interests in francophone Africa: Weighing the merits of dependency theory and modernist theory in the political and economic relations between France and her former African colonies”, Senior Honors Projects, Spring.
  • Plantey, A. (2012). “The First Steps: Political Liberation and ‘Lımıted Sovereıgnty’”, (ed.) Jean Ping, And Africa Will Shine Forth: A Statesman’s Memoir, New York: International Peace Institute Press.
  • Reed, M. C. (1987). “Gabon: A Neo-Colonial Enclave of Enduring French Interest”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2.
  • Reeves, M. L (2012). “African Agency in the Rally of French Equatorial Africa, August-November 1940”, Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects, USA: Western Kentucky University.
  • Rich, J. (2002). “King or Knave?: Felix Adende Rapontchombo and Political Survival in the Gabon Estuary”, African Studies Quarterly, Volume 6, Issue 3, Fall.
  • Sibieude, B. (2016). “The Daily Lives of Françafrique: French Expatriate Communities in Port-Gentil, Gabon, 1960-1989”, Global Histories, Volume II, October.
  • Sıradağ, A. (2014). “Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy towards Africa: Pragmatism or Altruism”, Afro Eurasian Studies Journal, Vol 3. Issue 1, Spring.
  • Smıley, X. (1981). “Present-day Alignments”, (ed.) Margaret Cornell, Europe and Africa: Issues in Post-colonial Relations, London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Sun, D. & Zoubir, Y. (2011). “Sentry Box in the Backyard: Analysis of French Military Bases in Africa”, Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), Vol. 5, No. 3.
  • Terheggen, A. (2011). “The tropical timber industry in Gabon: a forward linkages approach to industrialisation”, Centre for Social Science Research, March.
  • Valery, P. (2012). “Backward March: The Walk of the Crayfish”, (ed.) Jean Ping, And Africa Will Shine Forth: A Statesman’s Memoir, New York: International Peace Institute Press.
  • Warson, J. (2017). “Protecting empire from without: francophone African migrant workers, British West Africa and French efforts to maintain power in Africa, 1945-1960”, (ed.) Andrew W.M. Smith and Chris Jeppesen, Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect?, London: UCL Press.
  • Wesley, E. and Peterson, F. (2017). “Is Economic Inequality Really a Problem? A Review of the Arguments”, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 147.

THE EFFECTS OF MILITARY-POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURES IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF THE GABONESE REPUBLIC

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 249 - 279, 17.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.978098

Abstract

Africa, which is one of the continents with the largest geographies in the world, also has multicultural sociological structures, very diverse economic incomes and multidimensional political developments. Besides, it has pioneered a historical process. In the historical process, Africa may be discussed under three stages. These stages are in order the precolonial stage, the colonial stage and stages that have been experienced since independence up to now. Among these, the second and third stages have led Africa to turn into a challenging and complicated situation. This is because, in these periods, the continent was introduced to the phenomenon of colonialism that led to violent conflicts. While these conflicts led to identity-based violence in societies, they led to military coup attempts in governments. In this context, the article discusses the main reasons for the military coup attempt in Gabon and investigates the effects of the political practices in the country on socio-economic structures.
Keywords: African Continent, Independence Movements, Gabon and Military Coups.

References

  • Aczel, A. D. (2012). Uranyum Savaşları: Nükleer Çağı Başlatan Bilimsel Rekabet, çev. Barış Gönülşen, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung(2020). “BTI 2020 Country Report: Gabon”, Country Report.
  • Belkin, P. (2011). “France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations”, Congressional Research Service, April 14.
  • Betts, R. F. (2018). Dekolonizasyon: Dünyada Sömürgelerin Bağımsızlaşma Süreci 1945-1997, çev. Yusuf Yazar, İstanbul: Büyüyen Ay Yayınları.
  • Boahen, A. A. (1980). Topics in West African History, London: Longman Press.
  • Bucher, H. H. Jr. (1977). “The Settlement of the Mpongwe clans in the Gabon estuary: an historical synthesis”, Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, Vol. 64, No. 235.
  • Burgess, S. (2018). “Military Intervention in Africa: French and US Approaches Compared”, ASPJ Africa & Francophonie, 2nd Quarter.
  • Cannon, W. F. (2014). “Manganese: It Turns Iron Into Steel (and Does So Much More)”, USGS Mineral Resources Program, Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey.
  • Craven, M. (2015). “Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 and the Logic of Free Trade”, London Review of International Law, Volume 3, Issue 1.
  • Deletre, M. (2010). The ins and outs of manioc diversity in Gabon, Central Africa: A pluridisciplinary approach to the dynamics of genetic diversity of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Trinity College: Botany Department School of Natural Sciences University of Dublin.
  • Emerson, R. (1965). Sömürgelerin Uluslaşması, çev. Türkkaya Ataöv, Ankara: Türk Siyasi İlimler Derneği Yayınları.
  • Ferro, M. (2011). Sömürgecilik Tarihi: Fetihlerden Bağımsızlık Hareketlerine 13. Yüzyıl-20. Yüzyıl, (2. baskı), çev. Muna Cedden, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Gardınier, D. E. (1982). “ France in Gabon since 1960”, Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, Vol. 6, No. 7.
  • Gilbert, E. ve Reynolds, J. T. (2016). Dünya Tarihinde Afrika: Tarihöncesinden Günümüze, çev. Mehmet Demirkaya, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları.
  • Gueye, M. and Boahen, A. A. (2000). “African initiatives and resistance in West Africa, 1880-1914”, (ed.) A. Adu Boahen, General History of Africa VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880 1935, Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
  • Hatcho, Y. (2003). “The Atlantic Charter of 1941: A Political Tool of Non-belligerent America”, The Japanese Journal of American Studies, No. 14.
  • Hazar, N.(2018). Sovyet Tehdidinin Gölgesinde Türk Dış Politikası: Kuzey Afrika Örneği, Ankara: Dış Politika Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Isbell, T. and Bhoojedhur, S.(2018). “In Gabon, views on elections darken in wake of 2016 contest seen as less than free and fair”, Afrobarometer, 13 September.
  • Jansson, J., Burke, C. and Jiang, W. (2009). “Chinese Companies in the Extractive Industries of Gabon & the DRC: Perceptions of Transparency”, Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch, August.
  • Kavas, A. (2017). Geçmişten Günümüze Afrika, İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Knight, J. (2003). “Relocated to the Roadside: Preliminary Observations on the Forest Peoples of Gabon”, African Study Monographs, Suppl.28, November.
  • Koponen, J. (1993). “The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?”, Nordic Journal of African Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1.
  • Lersch, B. S. and Sart, J. S. (2014). “The Establishment of Foreign Military Bases and the International Distribution of Power”, UFRGS Model United Nations, Vol. 2.
  • Louw-Vaudran, L., Atta-Asamoah, A. and Diatta, M. (2019). “Focus on 32nd AU summit: elections could see big powers return to the PSC”, Peace & Security Council Report, Issue 109, January.
  • Luraghi, R. (2000). Sömürgecilik Tarihi, çev. Halim İnal, İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Marshall, T. (2018). Coğrafya Mahkûmları: Dünyanın Kaderini Değiştiren On Harita, çev. Mert Doğruer, İstanbul: Epsilon Yayınları.
  • Oliver, R. and Fage, J. D. (1978). A Short History of Africa, New York: Penguin Books Press.
  • Pickett, C. D. (2017). “French political economic interests in francophone Africa: Weighing the merits of dependency theory and modernist theory in the political and economic relations between France and her former African colonies”, Senior Honors Projects, Spring.
  • Plantey, A. (2012). “The First Steps: Political Liberation and ‘Lımıted Sovereıgnty’”, (ed.) Jean Ping, And Africa Will Shine Forth: A Statesman’s Memoir, New York: International Peace Institute Press.
  • Reed, M. C. (1987). “Gabon: A Neo-Colonial Enclave of Enduring French Interest”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2.
  • Reeves, M. L (2012). “African Agency in the Rally of French Equatorial Africa, August-November 1940”, Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects, USA: Western Kentucky University.
  • Rich, J. (2002). “King or Knave?: Felix Adende Rapontchombo and Political Survival in the Gabon Estuary”, African Studies Quarterly, Volume 6, Issue 3, Fall.
  • Sibieude, B. (2016). “The Daily Lives of Françafrique: French Expatriate Communities in Port-Gentil, Gabon, 1960-1989”, Global Histories, Volume II, October.
  • Sıradağ, A. (2014). “Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy towards Africa: Pragmatism or Altruism”, Afro Eurasian Studies Journal, Vol 3. Issue 1, Spring.
  • Smıley, X. (1981). “Present-day Alignments”, (ed.) Margaret Cornell, Europe and Africa: Issues in Post-colonial Relations, London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Sun, D. & Zoubir, Y. (2011). “Sentry Box in the Backyard: Analysis of French Military Bases in Africa”, Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), Vol. 5, No. 3.
  • Terheggen, A. (2011). “The tropical timber industry in Gabon: a forward linkages approach to industrialisation”, Centre for Social Science Research, March.
  • Valery, P. (2012). “Backward March: The Walk of the Crayfish”, (ed.) Jean Ping, And Africa Will Shine Forth: A Statesman’s Memoir, New York: International Peace Institute Press.
  • Warson, J. (2017). “Protecting empire from without: francophone African migrant workers, British West Africa and French efforts to maintain power in Africa, 1945-1960”, (ed.) Andrew W.M. Smith and Chris Jeppesen, Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect?, London: UCL Press.
  • Wesley, E. and Peterson, F. (2017). “Is Economic Inequality Really a Problem? A Review of the Arguments”, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 147.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cihan Daban 0000-0002-2890-2415

Publication Date December 17, 2021
Submission Date August 3, 2021
Acceptance Date October 14, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Daban, C. (2021). AFRİKA’DA ASKERİ-POLİTİK FAALİYETLERİN SOSYO-EKONOMİK YAPILAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: GABON CUMHURİYETİ ÖRNEĞİ. İmgelem, 5(9), 249-279. https://doi.org/10.53791/imgelem.978098

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