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The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats

Year 2015, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 143 - 150, 01.07.2015

Abstract

Some hormonal disturbances have been demonstrated in starvation, but in ruminants such as goats, the role of galanin in adaptation to starvation or endocrine functions is not well studied. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of long term starvation on galanin, leptin, thyroid hormones, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, ghrelin and factors involved in energy metabolism including HDL, Cholesterol, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, NEFA, TG and VLDL concentrations in adult goats. Eight non-lactating non-pregnant goats aged 4-5 years and BCS 3 were randomly divided to control and test groups. The animals were trained to eat their daily forage ration during a 10 day period. The experimental procedure was applied for 20 days, during which control group received 120% of maintenance energy, while the test group was supplied with 80% of maintenance energy for the first 10 days and with 40% of maintenance energy for another 10 days. Blood samples were collected at day 10 of training and 2, 4, 10, 12, 14 and 20 days after beginning of starvation. Blood parameters were measured according to standard procedures. No significant difference was observed in the concentrations of cholesterol, fT3, T4, T3, growth hormone, NEFA, insulin and ghrelin between control and test groups (P=0.05). There was significant difference in galanin, leptin, fT4, HDL, glucose, TG, VLDL and prolactin concentrations between control and test groups (P=0.05). Control of energy balance and the role of galanin in adaptation to long starvation or endocrine functions in goat are different from other species.

References

  • Akabayashi, A., Koenig, J.I., Watanabe, Y., Alexander, J.T., Leibowitz, S.F., 1994. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 10375-10379.
  • Baranowska, B., Chmielowska, M., Wolinska-Witort, E., Roguski, K., Wasilewska-Dziubinska, E., 2001.The relationship between neuropeptides and hormones in starvation. Neuroendocrinology Letters 22, 349-55.
  • Barker-Gibb, M.L., Clarke, I.J., 1996. Increased galanin and neuropeptide-Y hypothalamus of ovariectomized ewes following a prolonged period of reduced body weight is associated with changes in plasma growth hormone but not gonadotropin levels. Neuroendocrinology 64, 194-207.
  • Burtis, C.A., Ashwood, E.R., 1994. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders Com, Philadelphia, pp. 735-888.
  • Chaillou, E., Baumont, R., Chilliard, Y., Tillet, Y., 2002a. Several subpopulations of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons exist in the infundibular nucleus of sheep: an immunohistochemical study of animals on different diets. Journal of Comparative Neurology 444, 129-143.
  • Chaillou, E., Baumont, R., Tramu, G., Tillet, Y., 2002b. Long- term undernutrition followed by short-term refeeding effects on the corticotropin-releasing hormone containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in sheep. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14, 269-275.
  • Chailou, E., Baumont, R., Fellmann, D., Tramus, G., Tillet, Y., of 2003. Sensitivity galanin and melatonin- concentrating nutritional status: an immunohistochemical study in the neurons Neuroendocrinology 15, 459-467. to ewe. Journal of
  • Considine, R.V., Caro, J.F., 1997. Leptin and the regulation of body weight. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell 29, 1255-1272.
  • Crawley, J.N., 1999. The role of galanin in feeding behavior. Neuropeptides 33, 369-375.
  • De Weille, J., Schmid-Antomarchi, H., Fosset, M., Lazdunski, M., 1988. ATP-sensitive K+-channels that are blocked by hypoglycemia-inducing sulfonylureas in insulin- secreting cells are activated by galanin, a hyperglycemia-inducing hormone. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85, 1312-1316.
  • DeWille, J., Farmer, S.J., 1993. Linoleic acid controls neonatal tissue-specific stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA levels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1170, 291-295.
  • Edwards, C.M.B., Abusnana, S., Sunter, D., Murphy, K.G., Ghatei, M.A., Bloom, S.R., 1999. The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin. Journal of Endocrinology 160, 7-12.
  • Flier, J.F., Harris, M., Hollenberg, A.N., 2000. Leptin, nutrition and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 859-861.
  • Friedman, J.M., Halaas, J.L., 1998. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763-770.
  • Gonzalez, L.C., Pinilla, L., Tena-Sempere, M., Aguilar, E. 1998. Leptin116-130 stimulates prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion in fasted adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology 70, 213-220.
  • Hakansson, M.L., Brown, H., Ghilardi, N., Skoda, R.C., Meister, B., 1998. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 559-572. neurons of the
  • Hammond, P.J., Khandan-nia, N., Withers, D.J., Jones, P.M., Ghatei, M.A., Bloom, S.R., 1997. Regulation of anterior pituitary galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide by estrogen and prolactin status. Journal of Endocrinology 152, 211-219.
  • Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., 2006. Biological, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 100, 398-410.
  • Hulting, A.L., Meister, B., Grimelius, L., Wersall, J., Anggard, A., Hokfelt, T., 1989. Production of a galanin-like peptide immunohistochemical evidence. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 137, 561-562. pituitary adenoma:
  • Hyde, J.F., Engle, M.G., Maley, B.E., 1991. Colocalization of galanin and prolactin within secretory granules of anterior pituitary cells in estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats. Endocrinology 129, 270-276.
  • Isley, W.L., Underwood, L.E., Smith, E.P., Clemmons, D.R., 1983. Dietary components that regulate serum somatomedin-C concentrations in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 71, 175-182.
  • Khazali, H., 2008. The effect of galanin on the mean plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones in camel. Endocrine Abstracts 15, 198.
  • Leibowitz, S.F., 2000. Macronutrients and brain peptides: what they do and how they respond. In: Berthoud HR, Seeley RJ, eds. Neural and metabolic control of macronutrient intake. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 389-406.
  • Leibowitz, S.F., Dourmashkin, J.T., Chang, G.Q., Hill, J.O., Gayles, E.C., Fried, S.K., Wang, J., 2004. Acute high-fat diet paradigms link galanin to triglycerides and their transport and metabolism in muscle. Brain Research 1008, 168-178.
  • Lopez, F.J., Meade, E.H., Negro-Vilar, A., 1993. Endogenous galanin modulates the gonadotropin and prolactin surges in the rat. Endocrinology 132, 795-800.
  • McGowan, M.W., Artiss, J.D., Strandbergh, D.R., Zak, B., 1983. A peroxidase coupled method for the colorimetric determination Chemistry 29, 538-542.
  • triglycerides. Clinical
  • Nilsson, T., Arkhammar, P., Rorsman, P., Berggren, P.O., 1989. Suppression of insulin release by galanin and somatostatin is mediated by a G-protein. An effect involving repolarization and reduction in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 973-980
  • Oomura, Y., Nakamura, T., Sugimori, M., Yamada, Y., 1975. Effect of free fatty acid on the rat lateral hypothalamic neurons. Physiology & Behavior 14, 483-486.
  • Sahu, A., 1998a. Leptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology 139, 4739-4742.
  • Sahu, A., 1998b. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 139, 795-798.
  • Silanikove, N., 2000. The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Ruminant Research 35, 181-193.
  • Sugino, T., Hasegawa, Y., Kikkawa, Y., Yamaura, J., Yamagishi, M., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Terashima, Y., 2002a. A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295, 255- 260.
  • Sugino, T., Hasegawa, Y., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Terashima, Y., 2004. Effects of ghrelin on food intake and neuroendocrine function in sheep. Animal Reproduction Science 82-83, 183-194.
  • Sugino, T., Yamaura, J., Yamagishi, M., Ogura, A., Hayashi, R., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Hasegawa, Y., Terashima, Y., 2002b. A transient surge of ghrelin secretion before feeding is modified by different feeding regimens in sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 298, 785-788.
  • Tempel, D.L., Leibowitz, K.J., Leibowitz, S.F., 1988. Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection. Peptides 9, 309-314.
  • Vrontakis, M.E., Yamamoto, T., Schroedter, I.C., Nagy, J.I., Friesen, H.G., 1989. Estrogen induction of galanin synthesis in the rat anterior pituitary gland demonstrated immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience Letters 100, 59- 64. situ hybridization and
  • Wang, J., Akabayashi, A., Yu, H.J., Dourmashkin, J., Alexander, J.T., Silver, I., Lighter, J., Leibowitz, S.F., 1998. Hypothalamic galanin: control by signals of fat metabolism. Brain Research 19, 157-165.
  • Wang, J., Leibowitz, K.L., 1997. Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats. Brain Research 777, 231-236.
  • Williams, L.M., Adam, C.L., Mercer, J.G., Moar, K.M., Slater, D., Hunter, L., Findlay, P.A., Hoggard, N., 1999. Leptin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in the sheep brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 11, 165- 169.
  • Wittmann, G., Sarkar, S., Hrabovszky, E., Liposits, Z., Lechan, R.M., Fekete, C., 2004. Galanin- but not galanin-like peptide-containing hypophysiotropic TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Research 1002, 43-50. terminals innervate
  • Wortley, K.E., Chang, G.Q., Davydova, Z., Leibowitz, S.F., 2003. Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression hypertriglyceridemia. American Journal of Physiology 284, 1454-1465. during states of
  • Wynick, D., Small, C.J., Bacon, A., Holmes, F.E., Norman, M., Ormandy, C.J., Kilic, E., Kerr, N.C., Ghatei, M., Talamantes, F., Bloom, S.R., Pachnis, V., 1998. Galanin regulates proliferation. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 12671- 12676. and lactotroph
  • Yoshida, T., Monkawa, T., Hayashi, M., Saruta, T., 1997. Regulation of expression of leptin mRNA and secretion of leptin by thyroid hormone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 232, 822-826.
  • Yun, R., Dourmashkin, J.T., Hill, J., Gayles, E.C., Fried, S.K., Leibowitz, S.F., 2005. PVN galanin increases fat storage and promotes obesity by causing muscle to utilize carbohydrate more than fat. Peptides 26, 2265-2273.
  • Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopole, L., Friedman, J., 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425-435.

Erişkin Keçilerde Uzun Süreli Açlığın Galanin, Leptin, Tiroid Hormonları, İnsulin, Prolaktin, Büyüme Hormonu, Grelin ve Enerji Metabolizması ile İlgili Faktörler Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2015, Volume: 41 Issue: 2, 143 - 150, 01.07.2015

Abstract

Açlık durumunda bazı hormonal bozukluklar gösterilmiş, ancak keçiler gibi geviş getiren hayvanlarda galaninin açlığa ya da endokrin fonksiyonlara uyumu iyi araştırılmamıştır. Mevcut çalışma erişkin keçilerde uzun sureli açlığın galanin, leptin, tiroid hormonları, insulin, prolaktin, büyüme hormonu, grelin ve HDL, kolestreol, β-hidroksibutirat, glukoz, NEFA, TG ve VLDL konsatrasyonları da dahil olmak üzere enerji metabolizması ile ilgili faktörler üzerine olan etkisini değerlendirmek için yürütülmüştür. 4-5 yaşları arasında, süt emzirmeyen ve gebe olmayan vücut kondisyon skoru 3 olan sekiz keçi rastgele olarak kontrol ve test gruplarına ayrıldı. Hayvanlara 10 günlük bir süre boyunca yemleme programına alıştırıldı. Deneysel işlem 20 gün uygulandı; bu süre içinde kontrol grup idame enerjisinin %120’sini aldı, test grubuna ise ilk 10 gün içinde idame enerjisinin %80’i verildi; diğer 10 gün boyunca ise idame enerjisinin %40’ı verildi. Yemleme programına alıştırmanın 10. gününde ve açlık başlamasından sonraki 2, 4, 10, 12, 14 ve 20. günlerde kan örnekleri alındı. Kan parametreleri standart işlemlere göre ölçüldü. Kontrol ve test grupları arasında kolesterol, fT3, T4, T3, büyüme hormonu, NEFA, insulin ve grelin yönünden bir farklılık görülmedi (P=0,05). Kontrol ve test grupları arasında galanin, leptin, fT4, HDL, glukoz, TG, VLDL ve prolaktin konsantrasyonlarında anlamlı farklılıklar vardı (P=0,05). Keçilerde uzun sureli açlığa uyumda galaninin rolü ve enerji dengesi kontrolü ya da endokrin fonksiyonları diğer türlerden farklılık göstermektedir.

References

  • Akabayashi, A., Koenig, J.I., Watanabe, Y., Alexander, J.T., Leibowitz, S.F., 1994. Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 10375-10379.
  • Baranowska, B., Chmielowska, M., Wolinska-Witort, E., Roguski, K., Wasilewska-Dziubinska, E., 2001.The relationship between neuropeptides and hormones in starvation. Neuroendocrinology Letters 22, 349-55.
  • Barker-Gibb, M.L., Clarke, I.J., 1996. Increased galanin and neuropeptide-Y hypothalamus of ovariectomized ewes following a prolonged period of reduced body weight is associated with changes in plasma growth hormone but not gonadotropin levels. Neuroendocrinology 64, 194-207.
  • Burtis, C.A., Ashwood, E.R., 1994. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed., W. B. Saunders Com, Philadelphia, pp. 735-888.
  • Chaillou, E., Baumont, R., Chilliard, Y., Tillet, Y., 2002a. Several subpopulations of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons exist in the infundibular nucleus of sheep: an immunohistochemical study of animals on different diets. Journal of Comparative Neurology 444, 129-143.
  • Chaillou, E., Baumont, R., Tramu, G., Tillet, Y., 2002b. Long- term undernutrition followed by short-term refeeding effects on the corticotropin-releasing hormone containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in sheep. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14, 269-275.
  • Chailou, E., Baumont, R., Fellmann, D., Tramus, G., Tillet, Y., of 2003. Sensitivity galanin and melatonin- concentrating nutritional status: an immunohistochemical study in the neurons Neuroendocrinology 15, 459-467. to ewe. Journal of
  • Considine, R.V., Caro, J.F., 1997. Leptin and the regulation of body weight. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell 29, 1255-1272.
  • Crawley, J.N., 1999. The role of galanin in feeding behavior. Neuropeptides 33, 369-375.
  • De Weille, J., Schmid-Antomarchi, H., Fosset, M., Lazdunski, M., 1988. ATP-sensitive K+-channels that are blocked by hypoglycemia-inducing sulfonylureas in insulin- secreting cells are activated by galanin, a hyperglycemia-inducing hormone. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85, 1312-1316.
  • DeWille, J., Farmer, S.J., 1993. Linoleic acid controls neonatal tissue-specific stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA levels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1170, 291-295.
  • Edwards, C.M.B., Abusnana, S., Sunter, D., Murphy, K.G., Ghatei, M.A., Bloom, S.R., 1999. The effect of the orexins on food intake: comparison with neuropeptide Y, melanin-concentrating hormone and galanin. Journal of Endocrinology 160, 7-12.
  • Flier, J.F., Harris, M., Hollenberg, A.N., 2000. Leptin, nutrition and the thyroid: the why, the wherefore, and the wiring. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 859-861.
  • Friedman, J.M., Halaas, J.L., 1998. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 395, 763-770.
  • Gonzalez, L.C., Pinilla, L., Tena-Sempere, M., Aguilar, E. 1998. Leptin116-130 stimulates prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion in fasted adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology 70, 213-220.
  • Hakansson, M.L., Brown, H., Ghilardi, N., Skoda, R.C., Meister, B., 1998. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 559-572. neurons of the
  • Hammond, P.J., Khandan-nia, N., Withers, D.J., Jones, P.M., Ghatei, M.A., Bloom, S.R., 1997. Regulation of anterior pituitary galanin and vasoactive intestinal peptide by estrogen and prolactin status. Journal of Endocrinology 152, 211-219.
  • Hosoda, H., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., 2006. Biological, physiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 100, 398-410.
  • Hulting, A.L., Meister, B., Grimelius, L., Wersall, J., Anggard, A., Hokfelt, T., 1989. Production of a galanin-like peptide immunohistochemical evidence. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 137, 561-562. pituitary adenoma:
  • Hyde, J.F., Engle, M.G., Maley, B.E., 1991. Colocalization of galanin and prolactin within secretory granules of anterior pituitary cells in estrogen-treated Fischer 344 rats. Endocrinology 129, 270-276.
  • Isley, W.L., Underwood, L.E., Smith, E.P., Clemmons, D.R., 1983. Dietary components that regulate serum somatomedin-C concentrations in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 71, 175-182.
  • Khazali, H., 2008. The effect of galanin on the mean plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones in camel. Endocrine Abstracts 15, 198.
  • Leibowitz, S.F., 2000. Macronutrients and brain peptides: what they do and how they respond. In: Berthoud HR, Seeley RJ, eds. Neural and metabolic control of macronutrient intake. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 389-406.
  • Leibowitz, S.F., Dourmashkin, J.T., Chang, G.Q., Hill, J.O., Gayles, E.C., Fried, S.K., Wang, J., 2004. Acute high-fat diet paradigms link galanin to triglycerides and their transport and metabolism in muscle. Brain Research 1008, 168-178.
  • Lopez, F.J., Meade, E.H., Negro-Vilar, A., 1993. Endogenous galanin modulates the gonadotropin and prolactin surges in the rat. Endocrinology 132, 795-800.
  • McGowan, M.W., Artiss, J.D., Strandbergh, D.R., Zak, B., 1983. A peroxidase coupled method for the colorimetric determination Chemistry 29, 538-542.
  • triglycerides. Clinical
  • Nilsson, T., Arkhammar, P., Rorsman, P., Berggren, P.O., 1989. Suppression of insulin release by galanin and somatostatin is mediated by a G-protein. An effect involving repolarization and reduction in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 973-980
  • Oomura, Y., Nakamura, T., Sugimori, M., Yamada, Y., 1975. Effect of free fatty acid on the rat lateral hypothalamic neurons. Physiology & Behavior 14, 483-486.
  • Sahu, A., 1998a. Leptin decreases food intake induced by melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), galanin (GAL), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Endocrinology 139, 4739-4742.
  • Sahu, A., 1998b. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 139, 795-798.
  • Silanikove, N., 2000. The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Ruminant Research 35, 181-193.
  • Sugino, T., Hasegawa, Y., Kikkawa, Y., Yamaura, J., Yamagishi, M., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Terashima, Y., 2002a. A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295, 255- 260.
  • Sugino, T., Hasegawa, Y., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Terashima, Y., 2004. Effects of ghrelin on food intake and neuroendocrine function in sheep. Animal Reproduction Science 82-83, 183-194.
  • Sugino, T., Yamaura, J., Yamagishi, M., Ogura, A., Hayashi, R., Kurose, Y., Kojima, M., Kangawa, K., Hasegawa, Y., Terashima, Y., 2002b. A transient surge of ghrelin secretion before feeding is modified by different feeding regimens in sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 298, 785-788.
  • Tempel, D.L., Leibowitz, K.J., Leibowitz, S.F., 1988. Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection. Peptides 9, 309-314.
  • Vrontakis, M.E., Yamamoto, T., Schroedter, I.C., Nagy, J.I., Friesen, H.G., 1989. Estrogen induction of galanin synthesis in the rat anterior pituitary gland demonstrated immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience Letters 100, 59- 64. situ hybridization and
  • Wang, J., Akabayashi, A., Yu, H.J., Dourmashkin, J., Alexander, J.T., Silver, I., Lighter, J., Leibowitz, S.F., 1998. Hypothalamic galanin: control by signals of fat metabolism. Brain Research 19, 157-165.
  • Wang, J., Leibowitz, K.L., 1997. Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats. Brain Research 777, 231-236.
  • Williams, L.M., Adam, C.L., Mercer, J.G., Moar, K.M., Slater, D., Hunter, L., Findlay, P.A., Hoggard, N., 1999. Leptin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in the sheep brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 11, 165- 169.
  • Wittmann, G., Sarkar, S., Hrabovszky, E., Liposits, Z., Lechan, R.M., Fekete, C., 2004. Galanin- but not galanin-like peptide-containing hypophysiotropic TRH-synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Research 1002, 43-50. terminals innervate
  • Wortley, K.E., Chang, G.Q., Davydova, Z., Leibowitz, S.F., 2003. Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression hypertriglyceridemia. American Journal of Physiology 284, 1454-1465. during states of
  • Wynick, D., Small, C.J., Bacon, A., Holmes, F.E., Norman, M., Ormandy, C.J., Kilic, E., Kerr, N.C., Ghatei, M., Talamantes, F., Bloom, S.R., Pachnis, V., 1998. Galanin regulates proliferation. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 12671- 12676. and lactotroph
  • Yoshida, T., Monkawa, T., Hayashi, M., Saruta, T., 1997. Regulation of expression of leptin mRNA and secretion of leptin by thyroid hormone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 232, 822-826.
  • Yun, R., Dourmashkin, J.T., Hill, J., Gayles, E.C., Fried, S.K., Leibowitz, S.F., 2005. PVN galanin increases fat storage and promotes obesity by causing muscle to utilize carbohydrate more than fat. Peptides 26, 2265-2273.
  • Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopole, L., Friedman, J., 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372, 425-435.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Neda Eskandarzade This is me

Mehdi Saeb This is me

Saeed Nazıfı

Saeedeh Saeb This is me

Nasrin Kazemıpour This is me

Maryam Ansarı-ları This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 41 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Eskandarzade, N., Saeb, M., Nazıfı, S., Saeb, S., et al. (2015). The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233
AMA Eskandarzade N, Saeb M, Nazıfı S, Saeb S, Kazemıpour N, Ansarı-ları M. The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats. iuvfd. August 2015;41(2):143-150. doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233
Chicago Eskandarzade, Neda, Mehdi Saeb, Saeed Nazıfı, Saeedeh Saeb, Nasrin Kazemıpour, and Maryam Ansarı-ları. “The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41, no. 2 (August 2015): 143-50. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233.
EndNote Eskandarzade N, Saeb M, Nazıfı S, Saeb S, Kazemıpour N, Ansarı-ları M (August 1, 2015) The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41 2 143–150.
IEEE N. Eskandarzade, M. Saeb, S. Nazıfı, S. Saeb, N. Kazemıpour, and M. Ansarı-ları, “The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats”, iuvfd, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 143–150, 2015, doi: 10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233.
ISNAD Eskandarzade, Neda et al. “The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 41/2 (August 2015), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233.
JAMA Eskandarzade N, Saeb M, Nazıfı S, Saeb S, Kazemıpour N, Ansarı-ları M. The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats. iuvfd. 2015;41:143–150.
MLA Eskandarzade, Neda et al. “The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats”. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 41, no. 2, 2015, pp. 143-50, doi:10.16988/iuvfd.2015.65233.
Vancouver Eskandarzade N, Saeb M, Nazıfı S, Saeb S, Kazemıpour N, Ansarı-ları M. The Effect of Long Term Starvation on Galanin, Leptin, Thyroid Hormones, Insulin, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Ghrelin and Factors Involved in Energy Metabolism in Adult Goats. iuvfd. 2015;41(2):143-50.