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Birleşik Krallık’ın İşçi Partisi Dönemindeki (1997-2010) Avrupa Birliği Politikalarına Yönelik Bir Analiz

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 328 - 346, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1357620

Abstract

Birleşik Krallık’ın dış politika tercihlerinin daha Avrupa yanlısı mı yoksa ABD yanlısı mı olduğu, eğilimlerinin “Avrupacı” (Europeanist) mı yoksa Atlantikçi (Atlanticist) kanatta mı yer aldığı hep tartışılan konulardan biri olmuştur. Bu çerçevede, Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği politikaları da başlangıcından itibaren zaman zaman pürüzlü etkileşimlere sahip olsa da, süreklilik arz etmiştir. Bu süreç içerisinde 1997-2010 arasındaki İşçi Partisi iktidarı yıllarına odaklanan bu çalışma bir dönem analizidir. Makalenin temel araştırma sorusu Birleşik Krallık’ın 1997-2010 yıllarında İşçi Partisi iktidarı dönemindeki AB politikasının Atlantikçi ya da Avrupacı açıdan nasıl evrildiğidir. 1997 ile 2010 arasında önce Tony Blair daha sonra Gordon Brown önderliğinde şekillenen AB politikaları hem geleneksel çekinceleri taşımış hem de uzlaşı yakalamanın zor olduğu sektörlerde Avrupa bütünleşmesine yönelik ciddi adımlar atmıştır. Tony Blair’in art arda kazanmış olduğu üç seçim döneminde giderek farklılaşan AB politikaları gözlemlenmiştir. Başlangıçta AB yanlısı bir tutumla başlayıp ekonomik ve parasal birlik, ortak savunma ve güvenlik politikaları gibi alanlarda Avrupa bütünleşmesini destekleyen temel politika, 11 Eylül saldırıları neticesinde konjonktürel kırılmayla belirli bir derecede değişmiştir. Teröre karşı küresel savaş doktrini kapsamında ABD’nin yakın müttefiki olan Birleşik Krallık, 11 Eylül sonrasında Atlantikçi bir yapıyla dış politikadaki eğilimlerini transatlantik bağları yönünde yoğunlaştırmış, Avrupacı yaklaşımdan uzaklaşarak AB bütünleşmesi sürecine daha mesafeli bir tutum sergilemiştir.

References

  • Bache I. & Jordan A. (2006). Britain in Europe and Europe in Britain. I. Bache & A. Jordan (Dü) içinde, The Europeanization of British Politics (3-16). Palgrave.
  • Bergen, P. L. (2023). September 11 Attacks. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks (06.09.2023).
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  • Dunne, Tim. (2004). 'When the Shooting Starts': Atlanticism in British Security Strategy. International Affairs, 80, 893-909. 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00424.x.
  • Erkul, İ. Ç. (2021). Birleşik Krallık Dış Politikası, 1979-2020. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Gallagher, T. (2023). Tony Blair. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tony-Blair (05.09.2023).
  • HM Treasury. (2003). The Five Test Framework. Londra. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/europe/03/euro/pdf/1.pdf (05.09.2023).
  • McCourt, D. (2013). Embracing Humanitarian Intervention: Atlanticism and the UK Interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00532.x
  • Mölder, H. (2018). British Approach to the European Union: From Tonly Blair to David Cameron. David Ramiro Troitiño, Tanel Kerikmäe, Archil Chochia (Dü) içinde, Brexit-History, Reasoning and Perspectives (153-173). Springer.
  • Niblett, R. (2007). Choosing Between America and Europe: A New Context for British Foreign Policy. International Affairs, 83(4), 627-641. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00644.x
  • Oliver T. & Allen D. (2006). Foreign Policy. I. Bache & A. Jordan (Dü) içinde, The Europeanization of British Politics (187-200). Palgrave.
  • Overbeek, H. W. (1993). Atlanticism and Europeanism in British Foreign Policy. H. W. Overbeek (Dü.) içerisinde Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy (pp. 110-133). Routledge.
  • Piper, J. R. (2005). The Major Nation-States in the European Union. Routledge.
  • Pylas P. (2020). Britain’s EU Journey: When Blair’s EU Aspirations Faded Away. AP News, https://apnews.com/article/brexit-business-tony-blair-international-news-europe-53f2426e8576b1d713fca631a79766fc, (06.09.2023)
  • Rees, N. (2010). Britain, European integration, and European Union. Jones B. & Norton P. (Ed.), Politics UK (Seventh Ed.), 615-637. Pearson.
  • Schweiger, C. (2007). Britain, Germany and the Future of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith J. (2005). A Missed Opportunity? New Labour’s European Policy 1997-2005. International Affairs, 81, 4, 703-721.
  • Sokullu, E. C. (2017). İngiltere’nin AB İle İmtihanı: Siyasal Söylemlerde Avrupa-Şüpheciliğin Evrimi ve Brexit, Ebru Canan Sokullu ve diğerleri (Dü) içinde, Brexit Sonrası Birleşik Krallık ve AB’nin Geleceği (s. 11-34). Akademos Yayınları.
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An Analysis on the Policies of the United Kingdom Towards the European Union During the Labour Party Period (1997-2010)

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 328 - 346, 29.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1357620

Abstract

It has been always a matter of discussion for the British foreign policy whether it has tended to act pro-European or pro-American, or namely in an Atlanticist or Europeanist tendency. Within this framework, despite the fact that the policies of the United Kingdom towards the European Union have faced occasionally rough interactions, it has reflected a continuity since its inception as well. This study, which focuses on the Labour Party government years between 1997 and 2010, is a period analysis. The main research question of the article is “how have the policies of the UK towards the European Union evolved in terms of Atlanticism and Europeanism during the Labour Party government between 1997 and 2010?”. Between 1997 and 2010, EU policies of the United Kingdom were shaped first by the leadership of Tony Blair and then by the leadership of Gordon Brown, along with both traditional reservations and also with serious steps for the European integration in varying sectors on which it seems hard to arrive at a consensus. Differentiating EU policies have been observed under the three consecutive election periods won by Tony Blair. The foundational EU policy which started first with a pro-EU tendency and supportive of European integration in areas such as economic and monetary union, common defense and security policies changed to a certain extent after September 11 attacks, which constituted a conjectural breaking point. The United Kingdom, which has been a close ally of the United States within the scope of the global war on terror doctrine, intensified its foreign policy tendencies towards transatlantic ties after September 11 and displayed a more distant attitude towards the EU integration process.

References

  • Bache I. & Jordan A. (2006). Britain in Europe and Europe in Britain. I. Bache & A. Jordan (Dü) içinde, The Europeanization of British Politics (3-16). Palgrave.
  • Bergen, P. L. (2023). September 11 Attacks. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks (06.09.2023).
  • Bulmer, S. (2008). New Labour and the European Union 1997-2007: A Constructive Partner. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik – Working Paper FG 1, 2008 / 5. https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/arbeitspapiere/bulmer_KS.pdf (06.09.2023).
  • Daddow, O. (2012). Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and the Eurosceptic tradition in Britain. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15(2), 210-227. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00534.x.
  • Dunne, Tim. (2004). 'When the Shooting Starts': Atlanticism in British Security Strategy. International Affairs, 80, 893-909. 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00424.x.
  • Erkul, İ. Ç. (2021). Birleşik Krallık Dış Politikası, 1979-2020. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Gallagher, T. (2023). Tony Blair. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tony-Blair (05.09.2023).
  • HM Treasury. (2003). The Five Test Framework. Londra. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/europe/03/euro/pdf/1.pdf (05.09.2023).
  • McCourt, D. (2013). Embracing Humanitarian Intervention: Atlanticism and the UK Interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 15(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00532.x
  • Mölder, H. (2018). British Approach to the European Union: From Tonly Blair to David Cameron. David Ramiro Troitiño, Tanel Kerikmäe, Archil Chochia (Dü) içinde, Brexit-History, Reasoning and Perspectives (153-173). Springer.
  • Niblett, R. (2007). Choosing Between America and Europe: A New Context for British Foreign Policy. International Affairs, 83(4), 627-641. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00644.x
  • Oliver T. & Allen D. (2006). Foreign Policy. I. Bache & A. Jordan (Dü) içinde, The Europeanization of British Politics (187-200). Palgrave.
  • Overbeek, H. W. (1993). Atlanticism and Europeanism in British Foreign Policy. H. W. Overbeek (Dü.) içerisinde Restructuring Hegemony in the Global Political Economy (pp. 110-133). Routledge.
  • Piper, J. R. (2005). The Major Nation-States in the European Union. Routledge.
  • Pylas P. (2020). Britain’s EU Journey: When Blair’s EU Aspirations Faded Away. AP News, https://apnews.com/article/brexit-business-tony-blair-international-news-europe-53f2426e8576b1d713fca631a79766fc, (06.09.2023)
  • Rees, N. (2010). Britain, European integration, and European Union. Jones B. & Norton P. (Ed.), Politics UK (Seventh Ed.), 615-637. Pearson.
  • Schweiger, C. (2007). Britain, Germany and the Future of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Smith J. (2005). A Missed Opportunity? New Labour’s European Policy 1997-2005. International Affairs, 81, 4, 703-721.
  • Sokullu, E. C. (2017). İngiltere’nin AB İle İmtihanı: Siyasal Söylemlerde Avrupa-Şüpheciliğin Evrimi ve Brexit, Ebru Canan Sokullu ve diğerleri (Dü) içinde, Brexit Sonrası Birleşik Krallık ve AB’nin Geleceği (s. 11-34). Akademos Yayınları.
  • The UK’s Five Tests. (2002, November 21). BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/2423783.stm (05.09.2023).
  • Witte, G. (2023). Afghanistan War: 2001-2014. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghanistan-War (05.09.2023).
  • Williams, G.L., Jones, B.J. (2001). The Origins and Development of Atlanticism. Williams, G.L., Jones, B.J. (Dü) içinde NATO and the Transatlantic Alliance in the 21st Century, (49-60). Palgrave Macmillan.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Politics, European Studies, International Security
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Demirel 0000-0001-7134-8985

Publication Date September 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demirel, M. (2023). Birleşik Krallık’ın İşçi Partisi Dönemindeki (1997-2010) Avrupa Birliği Politikalarına Yönelik Bir Analiz. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 328-346. https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1357620